Colleges and universities use predictive analytics in a variety of ways to increase student success rates. Despite the potential for predictive analytics, two major barriers exist to their adoption in higher education: (a) the lack of democratization in deployment, and (b) the potential to exacerbate inequalities. Education researchers and policymakers encounter numerous challenges in deploying predictive modeling in practice. These challenges present in different steps of modeling including data preparation, model development, and evaluation. Nevertheless, each of these steps can introduce additional bias to the system if not appropriately performed. Most large-scale and nationally representative education data sets suffer from a significant number of incomplete responses from the research participants. While many education-related studies addressed the challenges of missing data, little is known about the impact of handling missing values on the fairness of predictive outcomes in practice. In this paper, we set out to first assess the disparities in predictive modeling outcomes for college-student success, then investigate the impact of imputation techniques on the model performance and fairness using a commonly used set of metrics. We conduct a prospective evaluation to provide a less biased estimation of future performance and fairness than an evaluation of historical data. Our comprehensive analysis of a real large-scale education dataset reveals key insights on modeling disparities and how imputation techniques impact the fairness of the student-success predictive outcome under different testing scenarios. Our results indicate that imputation introduces bias if the testing set follows the historical distribution. However, if the injustice in society is addressed and consequently the upcoming batch of observations is equalized, the model would be less biased.
translated by 谷歌翻译
It is of critical importance to be aware of the historical discrimination embedded in the data and to consider a fairness measure to reduce bias throughout the predictive modeling pipeline. Given various notions of fairness defined in the literature, investigating the correlation and interaction among metrics is vital for addressing unfairness. Practitioners and data scientists should be able to comprehend each metric and examine their impact on one another given the context, use case, and regulations. Exploring the combinatorial space of different metrics for such examination is burdensome. To alleviate the burden of selecting fairness notions for consideration, we propose a framework that estimates the correlation among fairness notions. Our framework consequently identifies a set of diverse and semantically distinct metrics as representative for a given context. We propose a Monte-Carlo sampling technique for computing the correlations between fairness metrics by indirect and efficient perturbation in the model space. Using the estimated correlations, we then find a subset of representative metrics. The paper proposes a generic method that can be generalized to any arbitrary set of fairness metrics. We showcase the validity of the proposal using comprehensive experiments on real-world benchmark datasets.
translated by 谷歌翻译
预测学生的学习成绩是教育数据挖掘(EDM)的关键任务之一。传统上,这种模型的高预测质量被认为至关重要。最近,公平和歧视W.R.T.受保护的属性(例如性别或种族)引起了人们的关注。尽管EDM中有几种公平感知的学习方法,但对这些措施的比较评估仍然缺失。在本文中,我们评估了各种教育数据集和公平感知学习模型上学生绩效预测问题的不同群体公平措施。我们的研究表明,公平度量的选择很重要,对于选择等级阈值的选择同样。
translated by 谷歌翻译
A significant level of stigma and inequality exists in mental healthcare, especially in under-served populations, which spreads through collected data. When not properly accounted for, machine learning (ML) models learned from data can reinforce the structural biases already present in society. Here, we present a systematic study of bias in ML models designed to predict depression in four different case studies covering different countries and populations. We find that standard ML approaches show regularly biased behaviors. However, we show that standard mitigation techniques, and our own post-hoc method, can be effective in reducing the level of unfair bias. We provide practical recommendations to develop ML models for depression risk prediction with increased fairness and trust in the real world. No single best ML model for depression prediction provides equality of outcomes. This emphasizes the importance of analyzing fairness during model selection and transparent reporting about the impact of debiasing interventions.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文总结并评估了追求人工智能(AI)系统公平性的各种方法,方法和技术。它检查了这些措施的优点和缺点,并提出了定义,测量和防止AI偏见的实际准则。特别是,它警告了一些简单而常见的方法来评估AI系统中的偏见,并提供更复杂和有效的替代方法。该论文还通过在高影响力AI系统的不同利益相关者之间提供通用语言来解决该领域的广泛争议和困惑。它描述了涉及AI公平的各种权衡,并提供了平衡它们的实用建议。它提供了评估公平目标成本和收益的技术,并定义了人类判断在设定这些目标中的作用。本文为AI从业者,组织领导者和政策制定者提供了讨论和指南,以及针对更多技术受众的其他材料的各种链接。提供了许多现实世界的例子,以从实际角度阐明概念,挑战和建议。
translated by 谷歌翻译
住院患者的高血糖治疗对发病率和死亡率都有重大影响。这项研究使用了大型临床数据库来预测需要住院的糖尿病患者的需求,这可能会改善患者的安全性。但是,这些预测可能容易受到社会决定因素(例如种族,年龄和性别)造成的健康差异的影响。这些偏见必须在数据收集过程的早期,在进入系统之前就可以消除,并通过模型预测加强,从而导致模型决策的偏见。在本文中,我们提出了一条能够做出预测以及检测和减轻偏见的机器学习管道。该管道分析了临床数据,确定是否存在偏见,将其删除,然后做出预测。我们使用实验证明了模型预测中的分类准确性和公平性。结果表明,当我们在模型早期减轻偏见时,我们会得到更公平的预测。我们还发现,随着我们获得更好的公平性,我们牺牲了一定程度的准确性,这在先前的研究中也得到了验证。我们邀请研究界为确定可以通过本管道解决的其他因素做出贡献。
translated by 谷歌翻译
公平性是确保机器学习(ML)预测系统不会歧视特定个人或整个子人群(尤其是少数族裔)的重要要求。鉴于观察公平概念的固有主观性,文献中已经引入了几种公平概念。本文是一项调查,说明了通过大量示例和场景之间的公平概念之间的微妙之处。此外,与文献中的其他调查不同,它解决了以下问题:哪种公平概念最适合给定的现实世界情景,为什么?我们试图回答这个问题的尝试包括(1)确定手头现实世界情景的一组与公平相关的特征,(2)分析每个公平概念的行为,然后(3)适合这两个元素以推荐每个特定设置中最合适的公平概念。结果总结在决策图中可以由从业者和政策制定者使用,以导航相对较大的ML目录。
translated by 谷歌翻译
分类,一种重大研究的数据驱动机器学习任务,驱动越来越多的预测系统,涉及批准的人类决策,如贷款批准和犯罪风险评估。然而,分类器经常展示歧视性行为,特别是当呈现有偏置数据时。因此,分类公平已经成为一个高优先级的研究区。数据管理研究显示与数据和算法公平有关的主题的增加和兴趣,包括公平分类的主题。公平分类的跨学科努力,具有最大存在的机器学习研究,导致大量的公平概念和尚未系统地评估和比较的广泛方法。在本文中,我们对13个公平分类方法和额外变种的广泛分析,超越,公平,公平,效率,可扩展性,对数据误差的鲁棒性,对潜在的ML模型,数据效率和使用各种指标的稳定性的敏感性和稳定性现实世界数据集。我们的分析突出了对不同指标的影响的新颖见解和高级方法特征对不同方面的性能方面。我们还讨论了选择适合不同实际设置的方法的一般原则,并确定以数据管理为中心的解决方案可能产生最大影响的区域。
translated by 谷歌翻译
数据所有者面临着对数据的使用如何损害不足的社区的责任。利益相关者希望确定导致算法偏向任何特定人口群体的数据的特征,例如,其种族,性别,年龄和/或宗教。具体而言,我们有兴趣识别特征空间的子集,在该特征空间中,从特征到观察到的结果之间的地面真相响应函数在人群组之间有所不同。为此,我们提出了一种决策树算法的森林,该算法产生了一个分数,该分数捕获个人的反应随敏感属性而变化的可能性。从经验上讲,我们发现我们的方法使我们能够识别出最有可能被几个分类器错误分类的个人,包括随机森林,逻辑回归,支持向量机和K-Neartivt Neighbors。我们方法的优点是,它允许利益相关者表征可能有助于歧视的风险样本,并使用预见来估计即将到来的样本的风险。
translated by 谷歌翻译
业务分析(BA)的广泛采用带来了财务收益和提高效率。但是,当BA以公正的影响为决定时,这些进步同时引起了人们对法律和道德挑战的不断增加。作为对这些关注的回应,对算法公平性的新兴研究涉及算法输出,这些算法可能会导致不同的结果或其他形式的对人群亚组的不公正现象,尤其是那些在历史上被边缘化的人。公平性是根据法律合规,社会责任和效用是相关的;如果不充分和系统地解决,不公平的BA系统可能会导致社会危害,也可能威胁到组织自己的生存,其竞争力和整体绩效。本文提供了有关算法公平的前瞻性,注重BA的评论。我们首先回顾有关偏见来源和措施的最新研究以及偏见缓解算法。然后,我们对公用事业关系的详细讨论进行了详细的讨论,强调经常假设这两种构造之间经常是错误的或短视的。最后,我们通过确定企业学者解决有效和负责任的BA的关键的有影响力的公开挑战的机会来绘制前进的道路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器学习显着增强了机器人的能力,使他们能够在人类环境中执行广泛的任务并适应我们不确定的现实世界。机器学习各个领域的最新作品强调了公平性的重要性,以确保这些算法不会再现人类的偏见并导致歧视性结果。随着机器人学习系统在我们的日常生活中越来越多地执行越来越多的任务,了解这种偏见的影响至关重要,以防止对某些人群的意外行为。在这项工作中,我们从跨学科的角度进行了关于机器人学习公平性的首次调查,该研究跨越了技术,道德和法律挑战。我们提出了偏见来源的分类法和由此产生的歧视类型。使用来自不同机器人学习域的示例,我们研究了不公平结果和减轻策略的场景。我们通过涵盖不同的公平定义,道德和法律考虑以及公平机器人学习的方法来介绍该领域的早期进步。通过这项工作,我们旨在为公平机器人学习中的开创性发展铺平道路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
由于决策越来越依赖机器学习和(大)数据,数据驱动AI系统的公平问题正在接受研究和行业的增加。已经提出了各种公平知识的机器学习解决方案,该解决方案提出了数据,学习算法和/或模型输出中的公平相关的干预措施。然而,提出新方法的重要组成部分正在经验上对其进行验证在代表现实和不同的设置的基准数据集上。因此,在本文中,我们概述了用于公平知识机器学习的真实数据集。我们专注于表格数据作为公平感知机器学习的最常见的数据表示。我们通过识别不同属性之间的关系,特别是w.r.t.来开始分析。受保护的属性和类属性,使用贝叶斯网络。为了更深入地了解数据集中的偏见和公平性,我们调查使用探索性分析的有趣关系。
translated by 谷歌翻译
了解机器学习(ML)管道不同阶段的多重公平性增强干预措施的累积效应是公平文献的关键且毫无疑问的方面。这些知识对于数据科学家/ML从业人员设计公平的ML管道可能很有价值。本文通过进行了一项广泛的经验研究迈出了探索该领域的第一步,其中包括60种干预措施,9个公平指标,2个公用事业指标(准确性和F1得分),跨4个基准数据集。我们定量分析实验数据,以衡量多种干预措施对公平,公用事业和人口群体的影响。我们发现,采用多种干预措施会导致更好的公平性和更低的效用,而不是个人干预措施。但是,添加更多的干预措施并不总是会导致更好的公平或更差的公用事业。达到高性能(F1得分)以及高公平的可能性随大的干预措施增加。不利的一面是,我们发现提高公平的干预措施会对不同的人群群体,尤其是特权群体产生负面影响。这项研究强调了对新的公平指标的必要性,这些指标是对不同人口群体的影响,除了群体之间的差异。最后,我们提供了一系列干预措施的列表,这些措施为不同的公平和公用事业指标做得最好,以帮助设计公平的ML管道。
translated by 谷歌翻译
作为一种预测模型的评分系统具有可解释性和透明度的显着优势,并有助于快速决策。因此,评分系统已广泛用于各种行业,如医疗保健和刑事司法。然而,这些模型中的公平问题长期以来一直受到批评,并且使用大数据和机器学习算法在评分系统的构建中提高了这个问题。在本文中,我们提出了一般框架来创建公平知识,数据驱动评分系统。首先,我们开发一个社会福利功能,融入了效率和群体公平。然后,我们将社会福利最大化问题转换为机器学习中的风险最小化任务,并在混合整数编程的帮助下导出了公平感知评分系统。最后,导出了几种理论界限用于提供参数选择建议。我们拟议的框架提供了适当的解决方案,以解决进程中的分组公平问题。它使政策制定者能够设置和定制其所需的公平要求以及其他特定于应用程序的约束。我们用几个经验数据集测试所提出的算法。实验证据支持拟议的评分制度在实现利益攸关方的最佳福利以及平衡可解释性,公平性和效率的需求方面的有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器学习(ML)技术在教育方面越来越普遍,从预测学生辍学,到协助大学入学以及促进MOOC的兴起。考虑到这些新颖用途的快速增长,迫切需要调查ML技术如何支持长期以来的教育原则和目标。在这项工作中,我们阐明了这一复杂的景观绘制,以对教育专家的访谈进行定性见解。这些访谈包括对过去十年中著名应用ML会议上发表的ML教育(ML4ED)论文的深入评估。我们的中心研究目标是批判性地研究这些论文的陈述或暗示教育和社会目标如何与他们解决的ML问题保持一致。也就是说,技术问题的提出,目标,方法和解释结果与手头的教育问题保持一致。我们发现,在ML生命周期的两个部分中存在跨学科的差距,并且尤其突出:从教育目标和将预测转换为干预措施的ML问题的提出。我们使用这些见解来提出扩展的ML生命周期,这也可能适用于在其他领域中使用ML。我们的工作加入了越来越多的跨教育和ML研究的荟萃分析研究,以及对ML社会影响的批判性分析。具体而言,它填补了对机器学习的主要技术理解与与学生合作和政策合作的教育研究人员的观点之间的差距。
translated by 谷歌翻译
A recent explosion of research focuses on developing methods and tools for building fair predictive models. However, most of this work relies on the assumption that the training and testing data are representative of the target population on which the model will be deployed. However, real-world training data often suffer from selection bias and are not representative of the target population for many reasons, including the cost and feasibility of collecting and labeling data, historical discrimination, and individual biases. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for certifying and ensuring the fairness of predictive models trained on biased data. We take inspiration from query answering over incomplete and inconsistent databases to present and formalize the problem of consistent range approximation (CRA) of answers to queries about aggregate information for the target population. We aim to leverage background knowledge about the data collection process, biased data, and limited or no auxiliary data sources to compute a range of answers for aggregate queries over the target population that are consistent with available information. We then develop methods that use CRA of such aggregate queries to build predictive models that are certifiably fair on the target population even when no external information about that population is available during training. We evaluate our methods on real data and demonstrate improvements over state of the art. Significantly, we show that enforcing fairness using our methods can lead to predictive models that are not only fair, but more accurate on the target population.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.
translated by 谷歌翻译
自几十年前以来,已经证明了机器学习评估贷款申请人信誉的实用性。但是,自动决策可能会导致对群体或个人的不同治疗方法,可能导致歧视。本文基准了12种最大的偏见缓解方法,讨论其绩效,该绩效基于5个不同的公平指标,获得的准确性以及为金融机构提供的潜在利润。我们的发现表明,在确保准确性和利润的同时,实现公平性方面的困难。此外,它突出了一些表现最好和最差的人,并有助于弥合实验机学习及其工业应用之间的差距。
translated by 谷歌翻译
解决公平问题对于安全使用机器学习算法来支持对人们的生活产生关键影响的决策,例如雇用工作,儿童虐待,疾病诊断,贷款授予等。过去十年,例如统计奇偶校验和均衡的赔率。然而,最新的公平概念是基于因果关系的,反映了现在广泛接受的想法,即使用因果关系对于适当解决公平问题是必要的。本文研究了基于因果关系的公平概念的详尽清单,并研究了其在现实情况下的适用性。由于大多数基于因果关系的公平概念都是根据不可观察的数量(例如干预措施和反事实)来定义的,因此它们在实践中的部署需要使用观察数据来计算或估计这些数量。本文提供了有关从观察数据(包括可识别性(Pearl的SCM框架))和估计(潜在结果框架)中推断出因果量的不同方法的全面报告。该调查论文的主要贡献是(1)指南,旨在在特定的现实情况下帮助选择合适的公平概念,以及(2)根据Pearl的因果关系阶梯的公平概念的排名,表明它很难部署。实践中的每个概念。
translated by 谷歌翻译