Array programming provides a powerful, compact, expressive syntax for accessing, manipulating, and operating on data in vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays [1]. NumPy is the primary array programming library for the Python language [2,3,4,5]. It plays an essential role in research analysis pipelines in fields as diverse as physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology, psychology, material science, engineering, finance, and economics. For example, in astronomy, NumPy was an important part of the software stack used in the discovery of gravitational waves [6] and the first imaging of a black hole [7].Here we show how a few fundamental array concepts lead to a simple and powerful programming paradigm for organizing, exploring, and analyzing scientific data. NumPy is the foundation upon which the entire scientific Python universe is constructed. It is so pervasive that several projects, targeting audiences with specialized needs, have developed their own NumPy-like interfaces and array objects. Because of its central position in the ecosystem, NumPy increasingly plays the role of an interoperability layer between these new array computation libraries.

Bridging cultures that have often been distant, Julia combines expertise from the diverse fields of computer science and computational science to create a new approach to numerical computing. Julia is designed to be easy and fast. Julia questions notions generally held as "laws of nature" by practitioners of numerical computing:1. High-level dynamic programs have to be slow, 2. One must prototype in one language and then rewrite in another language for speed or deployment, and 3. There are parts of a system for the programmer, and other parts best left untouched as they are built by the experts.We introduce the Julia programming language and its design -a dance between specialization and abstraction. Specialization allows for custom treatment. Multiple dispatch, a technique from computer science, picks the right algorithm for the right circumstance. Abstraction, what good computation is really about, recognizes what remains the same after differences are stripped away. Abstractions in mathematics are captured as code through another technique from computer science, generic programming.Julia shows that one can have machine performance without sacrificing human convenience.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

一般矩阵乘法或GEMM内核在高性能计算和机器学习中占据中心位置。最近的NVIDIA GPU包括Gemm加速器，如Nvidia的张量核心。他们的剥削受到双语言问题的阻碍：它需要低级编程，这意味着低程序员的工作效率或使用只提供有限组件集的库。由于建立的组件方面的REPRASING算法经常引入开销，因此图书馆缺乏灵活性限制了探索新算法的自由。因此，使用GEMMS的研究人员无法立即享受编程生产力，高性能和研究灵活性。在本文中，我们解决了这个问题。我们在科学朱莉娅编程语言中展示了三组抽象和接口来编程宝石。界面和抽象共同设计用于研究人员的需求和朱莉娅的特征，以实现足够的担忧和灵活性的充分分离，以便在不支付性能价格的情况下轻松地扩展基本宝石。将我们的Gemms与最先进的图书馆Cublas和Cutlass进行比较，我们证明我们的性能在图书馆的相同球场中，并且在某些情况下甚至超过它，而无需在CUDA C ++中编写单行代码或者组装，而不面临灵活限制。

我们认为，利用公共，跨平台，语言 - 不可止结的包管理器和jupyter紧密地耦合广泛使用的机器人操作系统，这是有益的，这是一种提供科学计算的基于网络的互动计算环境。我们为公务员提供新的ROS套餐，可以轻松地安装ROS沿着数据科学和机器学习套件。多个ROS版本（目前ROS1 Melodic和Neatic以及ROS2 Foxy和Galactic）可以同时在一台机器上运行，具有适用于Linux，Windows和OSX的预编译二进制文件，以及ARM架构（例如Raspberry PI和新的苹果硅）。要处理ROS生态系统的大尺寸，我们通过重写C ++的关键零件来显着提高公共求解器和构建系统的速度。我们进一步为ROS提供了一系列jupyterlab扩展，包括用于实时绘图，调试和机器人控制的插件，以及与ZETHU的紧密集成，RVIZ如可视化工具。罗布斯特克在一起结合了最好的数据科学和机器人世界，帮助研究人员和开发人员为学术和工业项目建立定制解决方案。

scikit-learn is an increasingly popular machine learning library. Written in Python, it is designed to be simple and efficient, accessible to non-experts, and reusable in various contexts. In this paper, we present and discuss our design choices for the application programming interface (API) of the project. In particular, we describe the simple and elegant interface shared by all learning and processing units in the library and then discuss its advantages in terms of composition and reusability. The paper also comments on implementation details specific to the Python ecosystem and analyzes obstacles faced by users and developers of the library.

Deep learning frameworks have often focused on either usability or speed, but not both. PyTorch is a machine learning library that shows that these two goals are in fact compatible: it provides an imperative and Pythonic programming style that supports code as a model, makes debugging easy and is consistent with other popular scientific computing libraries, while remaining efficient and supporting hardware accelerators such as GPUs. In this paper, we detail the principles that drove the implementation of PyTorch and how they are reflected in its architecture. We emphasize that every aspect of PyTorch is a regular Python program under the full control of its user. We also explain how the careful and pragmatic implementation of the key components of its runtime enables them to work together to achieve compelling performance. We demonstrate the efficiency of individual subsystems, as well as the overall speed of PyTorch on several common benchmarks.

机器学习（ML）研究出版物通常在GitHub上提供开源实现，使他们的受众可以复制，验证甚至扩展机器学习算法，数据集和元数据。但是，到目前为止，关于此类ML研究存储库的协作活动程度知之甚少，特别是（1）此类存储库从叉子获得贡献的程度，（2）此类贡献的性质（即类型，变化），以及（3）变更的性质，这些变化未归还给叉子，这可能代表了错过的机会。在本文中，我们对1,346毫升研究存储库及其67,369叉进行了验证，无论是定量还是定性（通过Hindle等人的构建代码更改的开创性分类法）。我们发现，尽管ML研究存储库是大量分叉的，但只有9％的叉子对叉子存储库进行了修改。后者的42％发送给家长存储库的更改，其中一半（52％）被父家存储库接受。我们对539个贡献的定性分析和378个本地（仅叉）变化，扩展了Hindle等人的分类法，其中一个与ML（数据）相关的新顶级变更类别和15个新的子类别，包括9个ML--特定的（输入数据，输出数据，程序数据，共享，变更评估，参数调整，性能，预处理，模型培训）。虽然没有由叉子造成的更改主要是涉及域特定于域的定制和本地实验（例如，参数调整），但原点ML存储库确实错过了不可忽视的15.4％文档更改的13.6％的功能更改，而功能更改的13.6％和11.4％的错误修复更改。本文中的发现将对从业者，研究人员，工具匠和教育者有用。

随着机器学习系统的计算要求以及机器学习框架的规模和复杂性的增加，基本框架创新变得具有挑战性。尽管计算需求驱动了最近的编译器，网络和硬件的进步，但通过机器学习工具对这些进步的利用却以较慢的速度发生。这部分是由于与现有框架原型制作新的计算范式有关的困难。大型框架将机器学习研究人员和从业人员作为最终用户的优先级优先，并且很少关注能够向前推动框架的系统研究人员 - 我们认为两者都是同等重要的利益相关者。我们介绍了手电筒，这是一个开源库，旨在通过优先考虑开放式，模块化，可定制的内部设备以及最新的，可用于研究的模型和培训设置，以刺激机器学习工具和系统的创新。手电筒使系统研究人员能够快速原型并尝试机器学习计算中的新思想，并且开销低，与其他流行的机器学习框架竞争并经常超过其他流行的机器学习框架。我们将手电筒视为一种工具，可以使可以使广泛使用的图书馆受益，并使机器学习和系统研究人员更加紧密地结合在一起。手电筒可从https://github.com/flashlight/flashlight获得。

自主机器人结合了各种技能，形成越来越复杂的行为，称为任务。尽管这些技能通常以相对较低的抽象级别进行编程，但它们的协调是建筑分离的，并且经常以高级语言或框架表达。几十年来，州机器一直是首选的语言，但是最近，行为树的语言在机器人主义者中引起了人们的关注。行为树最初是为计算机游戏设计的，用于建模自主参与者，提供了基于树木的可扩展的使命表示，并受到支持支持模块化设计和代码的重复使用。但是，尽管使用了该语言的几种实现，但对现实世界中的用法和范围知之甚少。行为树提供的概念与传统语言（例如州机器）有何关系？应用程序中如何使用行为树和状态机概念？我们介绍了对行为树中关键语言概念的研究及其在现实世界机器人应用中的使用。我们识别行为树语言，并将其语义与机器人技术中最著名的行为建模语言进行比较。我们为使用这些语言的机器人应用程序挖掘开源存储库并分析此用法。我们发现两种行为建模语言在语言设计及其在开源项目中的用法之间的相似性方面，以满足机器人域的需求。我们为现实世界行为模型的数据集提供了贡献，希望激发社区使用和进一步开发这种语言，相关的工具和分析技术。

Recent advances in deep learning (dl) have led to the release of several dl software libraries such as pytorch, Caffe, and TensorFlow, in order to assist machine learning (ml) practitioners in developing and deploying state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNN), but they are not able to properly cope with limitations in the dl libraries such as testing or data processing. In this paper, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the most frequent dl libraries combination, the distribution of dl library dependencies across the ml workflow, and formulate a set of recommendations to (i) hardware builders for more optimized accelerators and (ii) library builder for more refined future releases. Our study is based on 1,484 open-source dl projects with 46,110 contributors selected based on their reputation. First, we found an increasing trend in the usage of deep learning libraries. Second, we highlight several usage patterns of deep learning libraries. In addition, we identify dependencies between dl libraries and the most frequent combination where we discover that pytorch and Scikit-learn and, Keras and TensorFlow are the most frequent combination in 18% and 14% of the projects. The developer uses two or three dl libraries in the same projects and tends to use different multiple dl libraries in both the same function and the same files. The developer shows patterns in using various deep-learning libraries and prefers simple functions with fewer arguments and straightforward goals. Finally, we present the implications of our findings for researchers, library maintainers, and hardware vendors.

TensorFlow is a machine learning system that operates at large scale and in heterogeneous environments. Tensor-Flow uses dataflow graphs to represent computation, shared state, and the operations that mutate that state. It maps the nodes of a dataflow graph across many machines in a cluster, and within a machine across multiple computational devices, including multicore CPUs, generalpurpose GPUs, and custom-designed ASICs known as Tensor Processing Units (TPUs). This architecture gives flexibility to the application developer: whereas in previous "parameter server" designs the management of shared state is built into the system, TensorFlow enables developers to experiment with novel optimizations and training algorithms. TensorFlow supports a variety of applications, with a focus on training and inference on deep neural networks. Several Google services use TensorFlow in production, we have released it as an open-source project, and it has become widely used for machine learning research. In this paper, we describe the TensorFlow dataflow model and demonstrate the compelling performance that Tensor-Flow achieves for several real-world applications.

Alphazero，Leela Chess Zero和Stockfish Nnue革新了计算机国际象棋。本书对此类引擎的技术内部工作进行了完整的介绍。该书分为四个主要章节 - 不包括第1章（简介）和第6章（结论）：第2章引入神经网络，涵盖了所有用于构建深层网络的基本构建块，例如Alphazero使用的网络。内容包括感知器，后传播和梯度下降，分类，回归，多层感知器，矢量化技术，卷积网络，挤压网络，挤压和激发网络，完全连接的网络，批处理归一化和横向归一化和跨性线性单位，残留层，剩余层，过度效果和底漆。第3章介绍了用于国际象棋发动机以及Alphazero使用的经典搜索技术。内容包括minimax，alpha-beta搜索和蒙特卡洛树搜索。第4章展示了现代国际象棋发动机的设计。除了开创性的Alphago，Alphago Zero和Alphazero我们涵盖Leela Chess Zero，Fat Fritz，Fat Fritz 2以及有效更新的神经网络（NNUE）以及MAIA。第5章是关于实施微型α。 Shexapawn是国际象棋的简约版本，被用作为此的示例。 Minimax搜索可以解决六ap峰，并产生了监督学习的培训位置。然后，作为比较，实施了类似Alphazero的训练回路，其中通过自我游戏进行训练与强化学习结合在一起。最后，比较了类似α的培训和监督培训。

Machine Learning for Source Code (ML4Code) is an active research field in which extensive experimentation is needed to discover how to best use source code's richly structured information. With this in mind, we introduce JEMMA, an Extensible Java Dataset for ML4Code Applications, which is a large-scale, diverse, and high-quality dataset targeted at ML4Code. Our goal with JEMMA is to lower the barrier to entry in ML4Code by providing the building blocks to experiment with source code models and tasks. JEMMA comes with a considerable amount of pre-processed information such as metadata, representations (e.g., code tokens, ASTs, graphs), and several properties (e.g., metrics, static analysis results) for 50,000 Java projects from the 50KC dataset, with over 1.2 million classes and over 8 million methods. JEMMA is also extensible allowing users to add new properties and representations to the dataset, and evaluate tasks on them. Thus, JEMMA becomes a workbench that researchers can use to experiment with novel representations and tasks operating on source code. To demonstrate the utility of the dataset, we also report results from two empirical studies on our data, ultimately showing that significant work lies ahead in the design of context-aware source code models that can reason over a broader network of source code entities in a software project, the very task that JEMMA is designed to help with.

机器学习传感器代表了嵌入式机器学习应用程序未来的范式转移。当前的嵌入式机器学习（ML）实例化遭受了复杂的整合，缺乏模块化以及数据流动的隐私和安全问题。本文提出了一个以数据为中心的范式，用于将传感器智能嵌入边缘设备上，以应对这些挑战。我们对“传感器2.0”的愿景需要将传感器输入数据和ML处理从硬件级别隔离到更广泛的系统，并提供一个薄的界面，以模拟传统传感器的功能。这种分离导致模块化且易于使用的ML传感器设备。我们讨论了将ML处理构建到嵌入式系统上控制微处理器的软件堆栈中的标准方法所带来的挑战，以及ML传感器的模块化如何减轻这些问题。 ML传感器提高了隐私和准确性，同时使系统构建者更容易将ML集成到其产品中，以简单的组件。我们提供了预期的ML传感器和说明性数据表的例子，以表现出来，并希望这将建立对话使我们朝着传感器2.0迈进。

现代深度学习框架提供嵌入在Python中的必要的急切执行编程接口，以提供生产的开发体验。但是，深度学习从业者有时需要捕获和转换程序结构以进行性能优化，可视化，分析和硬件集成。我们研究了深度学习中使用的程序捕获和转型的不同设计。通过设计典型的深度学习用例而不是长尾部，可以为程序捕获和转换创建更简单的框架。我们在Torch.fx中应用了这一原理，是一个完全在Python写入的Pytorch的程序捕获和转换库，并通过ML从业者进行高开发人员生产力优化。我们存在案例研究，展示了Torch.fx如何实现先前在Pytorch生态系统中无法访问的工作流程。

在过去十年中，已经开发出新的深度学习（DL）算法，工作负载和硬件来解决各种问题。尽管工作量和硬件生态系统的进步，DL系统的编程方法是停滞不前的。 DL工作负载从DL库中的高度优化，特定于平台和不灵活的内核，或者在新颖的操作员的情况下，通过具有强大性能的DL框架基元建立参考实现。这项工作介绍了Tensor加工基元（TPP），一个编程抽象，用于高效的DL工作负载的高效，便携式实现。 TPPS定义了一组紧凑而多才多艺的2D张镜操作员（或虚拟张量ISA），随后可以用作构建块，以在高维张量上构建复杂的运算符。 TPP规范是平台 - 不可行的，因此通过TPPS表示的代码是便携式的，而TPP实现是高度优化的，并且特定于平台。我们展示了我们使用独立内核和端到端DL＆HPC工作负载完全通过TPPS表达的方法的效力和生存性，这在多个平台上优于最先进的实现。

This paper presents the OPUS ecosystem with a focus on the development of open machine translation models and tools, and their integration into end-user applications, development platforms and professional workflows. We discuss our on-going mission of increasing language coverage and translation quality, and also describe on-going work on the development of modular translation models and speed-optimized compact solutions for real-time translation on regular desktops and small devices.

Scikit-learn is a Python module integrating a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for medium-scale supervised and unsupervised problems. This package focuses on bringing machine learning to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language. Emphasis is put on ease of use, performance, documentation, and API consistency. It has minimal dependencies and is distributed under the simplified BSD license, encouraging its use in both academic and commercial settings. Source code, binaries, and documentation can be downloaded from http://scikit-learn.sourceforge.net.

通过机器学习的人工智能越来越多地用于数字社会。基于机器学习的解决方案带来了巨大的机会，从而创造了“软件2.0”，而且为工程界提供了巨大的挑战。由于数据科学家使用的实验方法在开发机器学习模型时，敏捷是一个重要的特征。在这个主题演讲中，我们讨论了两种当代开发现象，这是机器学习开发的基础，即笔记本界面和MLOPS。首先，我们提出了一种解决方案，可以通过支持对集成开发环境的简单过渡来解决笔记本电脑中工作的一些内在弱点。其次，我们通过在MLOPS语境中引入隐喻障碍和钢筋来提出AI系统的加强工程。基于机器学习的解决方案是动态的本质上，我们认为强化连续工程是质量保证明天可信赖的AI系统。