Alphazero，Leela Chess Zero和Stockfish Nnue革新了计算机国际象棋。本书对此类引擎的技术内部工作进行了完整的介绍。该书分为四个主要章节 - 不包括第1章（简介）和第6章（结论）：第2章引入神经网络，涵盖了所有用于构建深层网络的基本构建块，例如Alphazero使用的网络。内容包括感知器，后传播和梯度下降，分类，回归，多层感知器，矢量化技术，卷积网络，挤压网络，挤压和激发网络，完全连接的网络，批处理归一化和横向归一化和跨性线性单位，残留层，剩余层，过度效果和底漆。第3章介绍了用于国际象棋发动机以及Alphazero使用的经典搜索技术。内容包括minimax，alpha-beta搜索和蒙特卡洛树搜索。第4章展示了现代国际象棋发动机的设计。除了开创性的Alphago，Alphago Zero和Alphazero我们涵盖Leela Chess Zero，Fat Fritz，Fat Fritz 2以及有效更新的神经网络（NNUE）以及MAIA。第5章是关于实施微型α。 Shexapawn是国际象棋的简约版本，被用作为此的示例。 Minimax搜索可以解决六ap峰，并产生了监督学习的培训位置。然后，作为比较，实施了类似Alphazero的训练回路，其中通过自我游戏进行训练与强化学习结合在一起。最后，比较了类似α的培训和监督培训。

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a recently proposed search method that combines the precision of tree search with the generality of random sampling. It has received considerable interest due to its spectacular success in the difficult problem of computer Go, but has also proved beneficial in a range of other domains. This paper is a survey of the literature to date, intended to provide a snapshot of the state of the art after the first five years of MCTS research. We outline the core algorithm's derivation, impart some structure on the many variations and enhancements that have been proposed, and summarise the results from the key game and non-game domains to which MCTS methods have been applied. A number of open research questions indicate that the field is ripe for future work.

蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCT）是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样，并存储动作的统计数据，以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而，该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术，但是，在更复杂的游戏（例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏）以及各种实用领域（例如，运输，日程安排或安全性）有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。

2048 is a single-player stochastic puzzle game. This intriguing and addictive game has been popular worldwide and has attracted researchers to develop game-playing programs. Due to its simplicity and complexity, 2048 has become an interesting and challenging platform for evaluating the effectiveness of machine learning methods. This dissertation conducts comprehensive research on reinforcement learning and computer game algorithms for 2048. First, this dissertation proposes optimistic temporal difference learning, which significantly improves the quality of learning by employing optimistic initialization to encourage exploration for 2048. Furthermore, based on this approach, a state-of-the-art program for 2048 is developed, which achieves the highest performance among all learning-based programs, namely an average score of 625377 points and a rate of 72% for reaching 32768-tiles. Second, this dissertation investigates several techniques related to 2048, including the n-tuple network ensemble learning, Monte Carlo tree search, and deep reinforcement learning. These techniques are promising for further improving the performance of the current state-of-the-art program. Finally, this dissertation discusses pedagogical applications related to 2048 by proposing course designs and summarizing the teaching experience. The proposed course designs use 2048-like games as materials for beginners to learn reinforcement learning and computer game algorithms. The courses have been successfully applied to graduate-level students and received well by student feedback.

这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多，所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例，以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中，我们将看看物理丢失约束，更紧密耦合的学习算法，具有可微分的模拟，以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期：这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。

这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识，以在自己的项目中使用机器学习，并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中，我们讨论受监督，无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始，例如原理分析，T-SNE，聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构，例如密集的进料和常规神经网络，经常性的神经网络，受限的玻尔兹曼机器，（变性）自动编码器，生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题，并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习，我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。

Superhuman神经网络代理如alphazero是什么？这个问题是科学和实际的兴趣。如果强神经网络的陈述与人类概念没有相似之处，我们理解他们的决定的忠实解释的能力将受到限制，最终限制了我们可以通过神经网络解释来实现的。在这项工作中，我们提供了证据表明，人类知识是由alphapero神经网络获得的，因为它在国际象棋游戏中列车。通过探究广泛的人类象棋概念，我们在alphazero网络中显示了这些概念的时间和地点。我们还提供了一种关注开放游戏的行为分析，包括来自国际象棋Grandmaster Vladimir Kramnik的定性分析。最后，我们开展了初步调查，观察alphazero的表现的低级细节，并在线提供由此产生的行为和代表性分析。

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

Recent work pre-training Transformers with self-supervised objectives on large text corpora has shown great success when fine-tuned on downstream NLP tasks including text summarization. However, pre-training objectives tailored for abstractive text summarization have not been explored. Furthermore there is a lack of systematic evaluation across diverse domains. In this work, we propose pre-training large Transformer-based encoder-decoder models on massive text corpora with a new selfsupervised objective. In PEGASUS, important sentences are removed/masked from an input document and are generated together as one output sequence from the remaining sentences, similar to an extractive summary. We evaluated our best PEGASUS model on 12 downstream summarization tasks spanning news, science, stories, instructions, emails, patents, and legislative bills. Experiments demonstrate it achieves state-of-the-art performance on all 12 downstream datasets measured by ROUGE scores. Our model also shows surprising performance on low-resource summarization, surpassing previous state-of-the-art results on 6 datasets with only 1000 examples. Finally we validated our results using human evaluation and show that our model summaries achieve human performance on multiple datasets.

即使机器学习算法已经在数据科学中发挥了重要作用，但许多当前方法对输入数据提出了不现实的假设。由于不兼容的数据格式，或数据集中的异质，分层或完全缺少的数据片段，因此很难应用此类方法。作为解决方案，我们提出了一个用于样本表示，模型定义和培训的多功能，统一的框架，称为“ Hmill”。我们深入审查框架构建和扩展的机器学习的多个范围范式。从理论上讲，为HMILL的关键组件的设计合理，我们将通用近似定理的扩展显示到框架中实现的模型所实现的所有功能的集合。本文还包含有关我们实施中技术和绩效改进的详细讨论，该讨论将在MIT许可下发布供下载。该框架的主要资产是其灵活性，它可以通过相同的工具对不同的现实世界数据源进行建模。除了单独观察到每个对象的一组属性的标准设置外，我们解释了如何在框架中实现表示整个对象系统的图表中的消息推断。为了支持我们的主张，我们使用框架解决了网络安全域的三个不同问题。第一种用例涉及来自原始网络观察结果的IoT设备识别。在第二个问题中，我们研究了如何使用以有向图表示的操作系统的快照可以对恶意二进制文件进行分类。最后提供的示例是通过网络中实体之间建模域黑名单扩展的任务。在所有三个问题中，基于建议的框架的解决方案可实现与专业方法相当的性能。

行为树（BT）是一种在自主代理中（例如机器人或计算机游戏中的虚拟实体）之间在不同任务之间进行切换的方法。 BT是创建模块化和反应性的复杂系统的一种非常有效的方法。这些属性在许多应用中至关重要，这导致BT从计算机游戏编程到AI和机器人技术的许多分支。在本书中，我们将首先对BTS进行介绍，然后我们描述BTS与早期切换结构的关系，并且在许多情况下如何概括。然后，这些想法被用作一套高效且易于使用的设计原理的基础。安全性，鲁棒性和效率等属性对于自主系统很重要，我们描述了一套使用BTS的状态空间描述正式分析这些系统的工具。借助新的分析工具，我们可以对BTS如何推广早期方法的形式形式化。我们还显示了BTS在自动化计划和机器学习中的使用。最后，我们描述了一组扩展的工具，以捕获随机BT的行为，其中动作的结果由概率描述。这些工具可以计算成功概率和完成时间。

The game of chess is the longest-studied domain in the history of artificial intelligence. The strongest programs are based on a combination of sophisticated search techniques, domain-specific adaptations, and handcrafted evaluation functions that have been refined by human experts over several decades. By contrast, the AlphaGo Zero program recently achieved superhuman performance in the game of Go by reinforcement learning from selfplay. In this paper, we generalize this approach into a single AlphaZero algorithm that can achieve superhuman performance in many challenging games. Starting from random play and given no domain knowledge except the game rules, AlphaZero convincingly defeated a world champion program in the games of chess and shogi (Japanese chess) as well as Go.The study of computer chess is as old as computer science itself. Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, Claude Shannon, and John von Neumann devised hardware, algorithms and theory to analyse and play the game of chess. Chess subsequently became a grand challenge task for a generation of artificial intelligence researchers, culminating in high-performance computer chess programs that play at a super-human level (1,2). However, these systems are highly tuned to their domain, and cannot be generalized to other games without substantial human effort, whereas general game-playing systems (3, 4) remain comparatively weak.A long-standing ambition of artificial intelligence has been to create programs that can instead learn for themselves from first principles (5, 6). Recently, the AlphaGo Zero algorithm achieved superhuman performance in the game of Go, by representing Go knowledge using deep convolutional neural networks (7, 8), trained solely by reinforcement learning from games

尽管深度强化学习（RL）最近取得了许多成功，但其方法仍然效率低下，这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示，以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法，可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用：（i）GRICA受到独立组件分析（ICA）的启发，并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外，格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 （ii）潜在表示预测（LARP）还需要更多的上下文：除了要求状态作为输入外，它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 （iii）重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示，以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL，而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现，每种方法都有其优势和缺点，并从我们的实验中得出结论，包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

背景信息：在过去几年中，机器学习（ML）一直是许多创新的核心。然而，包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中，例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的，因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的：本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战，以及文献中提出的解决方案，以解决它们，回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统？'方法：我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述（SLR），涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题，被认为是ML认证的主要支柱：鲁棒性，不确定性，解释性，验证，安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题，并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果：单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情，以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系，以加深域名研究。最后，它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性，这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论：我们强调了目前部署的努力，以实现ML基于ML的软件系统，并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。

Multilayer Neural Networks trained with the backpropagation algorithm constitute the best example of a successful Gradient-Based Learning technique. Given an appropriate network architecture, Gradient-Based Learning algorithms can be used to synthesize a complex decision surface that can classify high-dimensional patterns such as handwritten characters, with minimal preprocessing. This paper reviews various methods applied to handwritten character recognition and compares them on a standard handwritten digit recognition task. Convolutional Neural Networks, that are specifically designed to deal with the variability of 2D shapes, are shown to outperform all other techniques.Real-life document recognition systems are composed of multiple modules including eld extraction, segmentation, recognition, and language modeling. A new learning paradigm, called Graph Transformer Networks (GTN), allows such multi-module systems to be trained globally using Gradient-Based methods so as to minimize an overall performance measure.Two systems for on-line handwriting recognition are described. Experiments demonstrate the advantage of global training, and the exibility of Graph Transformer Networks.A Graph Transformer Network for reading bank check is also described. It uses Convolutional Neural Network character recognizers combined with global training techniques to provides record accuracy on business and personal checks. It is deployed commercially and reads several million checks per day.

A long-standing goal of artificial intelligence is an algorithm that learns, tabula rasa, superhuman proficiency in challenging domains. Recently, AlphaGo became the first program to defeat a world champion in the game of Go. The tree search in AlphaGo evaluated positions and selected moves using deep neural networks. These neural networks were trained by supervised learning from human expert moves, and by reinforcement learning from selfplay. Here, we introduce an algorithm based solely on reinforcement learning, without human data, guidance, or domain knowledge beyond game rules. AlphaGo becomes its own teacher: a neural network is trained to predict AlphaGo's own move selections and also the winner of AlphaGo's games. This neural network improves the strength of tree search, resulting in higher quality move selection and stronger self-play in the next iteration. Starting tabula rasa, our new program AlphaGo Zero achieved superhuman performance, winning 100-0 against the previously published, champion-defeating AlphaGo.Much progress towards artificial intelligence has been made using supervised learning systems that are trained to replicate the decisions of human experts 1-4 . However, expert data is often expensive, unreliable, or simply unavailable. Even when reliable data is available it may impose a ceiling on the performance of systems trained in this manner 5 . In contrast, reinforcement learning systems are trained from their own experience, in principle allowing them to exceed human capabilities, and to operate in domains where human expertise is lacking. Recently, there has been rapid progress towards this goal, using deep neural networks trained by reinforcement learning.These systems have outperformed humans in computer games such as Atari 6, 7 and 3D virtual environments [8][9][10] . However, the most challenging domains in terms of human intellect -such as the

在许多游戏中，动作包括玩家制作的若干决定。这些决定可以被视为单独的动作，这在效率原因的多动作游戏中已经是一个常见的做法。播放器的这种划分进入一系列更简单/较低级别的移动，称为\ emph {拆分}。到目前为止，分裂移动已仅在顾问的直接案件中应用，此外，几乎没有研究揭示其对代理商的影响力量的影响。采取知识的视角，我们的目标是回答如何在Monte-Carlo树搜索（MCT）中有效地使用分裂移动，以及分裂设计对代理的实际影响是什么。本文提出了与任意分裂的动作有用的MCT的概括。我们设计了算法的几种变体，并尝试分别测量分离移动的影响，以分别对效率，MCT，模拟和基于动作的启发式的效率。测试是在一组棋盘游戏上进行，并使用常规的主台综合游戏进行播放形式主义进行，其中可以基于游戏的抽象描述自动派生不同粒度的分裂策略。结果以不同方式使用分流设计的代理行为概述。我们得出结论，拆分设计可能对单一以及多动作游戏有很大的利益。

培训和测试监督对象检测模型需要大量带有地面真相标签的图像。标签定义图像中的对象类及其位置，形状以及可能的其他信息，例如姿势。即使存在人力，标签过程也非常耗时。我们引入了一个新的标签工具，用于2D图像以及3D三角网格：3D标记工具（3DLT）。这是一个独立的，功能丰富和跨平台软件，不需要安装，并且可以在Windows，MacOS和基于Linux的发行版上运行。我们不再像当前工具那样在每个图像上分别标记相同的对象，而是使用深度信息从上述图像重建三角形网格，并仅在上述网格上标记一次对象。我们使用注册来简化3D标记，离群值检测来改进2D边界框的计算和表面重建，以将标记可能性扩展到大点云。我们的工具经过最先进的方法测试，并且在保持准确性和易用性的同时，它极大地超过了它们。

近年来，机器学习的巨大进步已经开始对许多科学和技术的许多领域产生重大影响。在本文的文章中，我们探讨了量子技术如何从这项革命中受益。我们在说明性示例中展示了过去几年的科学家如何开始使用机器学习和更广泛的人工智能方法来分析量子测量，估计量子设备的参数，发现新的量子实验设置，协议和反馈策略，以及反馈策略，以及通常改善量子计算，量子通信和量子模拟的各个方面。我们重点介绍了公开挑战和未来的可能性，并在未来十年的一些投机愿景下得出结论。