Recent advances in deep learning models for sequence classification have greatly improved their classification accuracy, specially when large training sets are available. However, several works have suggested that under some settings the predictions made by these models are poorly calibrated. In this work we study binary sequence classification problems and we look at model calibration from a different perspective by asking the question: Are deep learning models capable of learning the underlying target class distribution? We focus on sparse sequence classification, that is problems in which the target class is rare and compare three deep learning sequence classification models. We develop an evaluation that measures how well a classifier is learning the target class distribution. In addition, our evaluation disentangles good performance achieved by mere compression of the training sequences versus performance achieved by proper model generalization. Our results suggest that in this binary setting the deep-learning models are indeed able to learn the underlying class distribution in a non-trivial manner, i.e. by proper generalization beyond data compression.
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建模法检索和检索作为预测问题最近被出现为法律智能的主要方法。专注于法律文章检索任务,我们展示了一个名为Lamberta的深度学习框架,该框架被设计用于民法代码,并在意大利民法典上专门培训。为了我们的知识,这是第一项研究提出了基于伯特(来自变压器的双向编码器表示)学习框架的意大利法律制度对意大利法律制度的高级法律文章预测的研究,最近引起了深度学习方法的增加,呈现出色的有效性在几种自然语言处理和学习任务中。我们通过微调意大利文章或其部分的意大利预先训练的意大利预先训练的伯爵来定义Lamberta模型,因为法律文章作为分类任务检索。我们Lamberta框架的一个关键方面是我们构思它以解决极端的分类方案,其特征在于课程数量大,少量学习问题,以及意大利法律预测任务的缺乏测试查询基准。为了解决这些问题,我们为法律文章的无监督标签定义了不同的方法,原则上可以应用于任何法律制度。我们提供了深入了解我们Lamberta模型的解释性和可解释性,并且我们对单一标签以及多标签评估任务进行了广泛的查询模板实验分析。经验证据表明了Lamberta的有效性,以及对广泛使用的深度学习文本分类器和一些构思的几次学习者来说,其优越性是对属性感知预测任务的优势。
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are often used for text classification tasks as they usually achieve high levels of accuracy. However, DNNs can be computationally intensive with billions of parameters and large amounts of labeled data, which can make them expensive to use, to optimize and to transfer to out-of-distribution (OOD) cases in practice. In this paper, we propose a non-parametric alternative to DNNs that's easy, light-weight and universal in text classification: a combination of a simple compressor like gzip with a $k$-nearest-neighbor classifier. Without any training, pre-training or fine-tuning, our method achieves results that are competitive with non-pretrained deep learning methods on six in-distributed datasets. It even outperforms BERT on all five OOD datasets, including four low-resource languages. Our method also performs particularly well in few-shot settings where labeled data are too scarce for DNNs to achieve a satisfying accuracy.
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当疑问以获得更好的有效精度时,选择性分类允许模型放弃预测(例如,说“我不知道”)。尽管典型的选择性模型平均可以有效地产生更准确的预测,但它们仍可能允许具有很高置信度的错误预测,或者跳过置信度较低的正确预测。提供校准的不确定性估计以及预测(与真实频率相对应的概率)以及具有平均准确的预测一样重要。但是,不确定性估计对于某些输入可能不可靠。在本文中,我们开发了一种新的选择性分类方法,其中我们提出了一种拒绝“不确定”不确定性的示例的方法。通过这样做,我们旨在通过对所接受示例的分布进行{良好校准}的不确定性估计进行预测,这是我们称为选择性校准的属性。我们提出了一个用于学习选择性校准模型的框架,其中训练了单独的选择器网络以改善给定基本模型的选择性校准误差。特别是,我们的工作重点是实现强大的校准,该校准有意地设计为在室外数据上进行测试。我们通过受分配强大的优化启发的训练策略实现了这一目标,在该策略中,我们将模拟输入扰动应用于已知的,内域培训数据。我们证明了方法对多个图像分类和肺癌风险评估任务的经验有效性。
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Transformer models have achieved great success across many NLP problems. However, previous studies in automated ICD coding concluded that these models fail to outperform some of the earlier solutions such as CNN-based models. In this paper we challenge this conclusion. We present a simple and scalable method to process long text with the existing transformer models such as BERT. We show that this method significantly improves the previous results reported for transformer models in ICD coding, and is able to outperform one of the prominent CNN-based methods.
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Calibration is a popular framework to evaluate whether a classifier knows when it does not know - i.e., its predictive probabilities are a good indication of how likely a prediction is to be correct. Correctness is commonly estimated against the human majority class. Recently, calibration to human majority has been measured on tasks where humans inherently disagree about which class applies. We show that measuring calibration to human majority given inherent disagreements is theoretically problematic, demonstrate this empirically on the ChaosNLI dataset, and derive several instance-level measures of calibration that capture key statistical properties of human judgements - class frequency, ranking and entropy.
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我们提出了一项合成任务,乐高(学习平等和小组操作),该任务封装了遵循推理链的问题,我们研究了变压器体系结构如何学习这项任务。我们特别注意数据效应,例如预处理(看似无关的NLP任务)和数据集组成(例如,训练和测试时间时的链长度不同),以及体系结构变体,例如重量绑定层或添加卷积组件。我们研究了受过训练的模型最终如何在任务中取得成功,尤其是我们能够在某种程度上(一定程度地)理解一些注意力头以及网络中的信息如何流动。基于这些观察结果,我们提出了一个假设,即在这里进行预训练仅是因为是智能初始化而不是网络中存储的深层知识。我们还观察到,在某些数据制度中,受过训练的变压器发现“快捷方式”解决方案遵循推理链,这阻碍了该模型将其推广到主要任务的简单变体的能力,而且我们发现人们可以防止适当的快捷方式架构修改或仔细的数据准备。在我们的发现的激励下,我们开始探索学习执行C程序的任务,在此过程中,对变压器进行了卷积修改,即在密钥/查询/值图中添加卷积结构,显示出令人鼓舞的优势。
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Over the past years, fashion-related challenges have gained a lot of attention in the research community. Outfit generation and recommendation, i.e., the composition of a set of items of different types (e.g., tops, bottom, shoes, accessories) that go well together, are among the most challenging ones. That is because items have to be both compatible amongst each other and also personalized to match the taste of the customer. Recently there has been a plethora of work targeted at tackling these problems by adopting various techniques and algorithms from the machine learning literature. However, to date, there is no extensive comparison of the performance of the different algorithms for outfit generation and recommendation. In this paper, we close this gap by providing a broad evaluation and comparison of various algorithms, including both personalized and non-personalized approaches, using online, real-world user data from one of Europe's largest fashion stores. We present the adaptations we made to some of those models to make them suitable for personalized outfit generation. Moreover, we provide insights for models that have not yet been evaluated on this task, specifically, GPT, BERT and Seq-to-Seq LSTM.
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标记数据可以是昂贵的任务,因为它通常由域专家手动执行。对于深度学习而言,这是繁琐的,因为它取决于大型标记的数据集。主动学习(AL)是一种范式,旨在通过仅使用二手车型认为最具信息丰富的数据来减少标签努力。在文本分类设置中,在AL上完成了很少的研究,旁边没有涉及最近的最先进的自然语言处理(NLP)模型。在这里,我们介绍了一个实证研究,可以将基于不确定性的基于不确定性的算法与Bert $ _ {base} $相比,作为使用的分类器。我们评估两个NLP分类数据集的算法:斯坦福情绪树木银行和kvk-Front页面。此外,我们探讨了旨在解决不确定性的al的预定问题的启发式;即,它是不可规范的,并且易于选择异常值。此外,我们探讨了查询池大小对al的性能的影响。虽然发现,AL的拟议启发式没有提高AL的表现;我们的结果表明,使用BERT $ _ {Base} $概率使用不确定性的AL。随着查询池大小变大,性能的这种差异可以减少。
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仇恨言论是一种在线骚扰的形式,涉及使用滥用语言,并且在社交媒体帖子中通常可以看到。这种骚扰主要集中在诸如宗教,性别,种族等的特定群体特征上,如今它既有社会和经济后果。文本文章中对滥用语言的自动检测一直是一项艰巨的任务,但最近它从科学界获得了很多兴趣。本文解决了在社交媒体中辨别仇恨内容的重要问题。我们在这项工作中提出的模型是基于LSTM神经网络体系结构的现有方法的扩展,我们在短文中适当地增强和微调以检测某些形式的仇恨语言,例如种族主义或性别歧视。最重要的增强是转换为由复发性神经网络(RNN)分类器组成的两阶段方案。将第一阶段的所有一Vs式分类器(OVR)分类器的输出组合在一起,并用于训练第二阶段分类器,最终决定了骚扰的类型。我们的研究包括对在16K推文的公共语料库中评估的第二阶段提出的几种替代方法的性能比较,然后对另一个数据集进行了概括研究。报道的结果表明,与当前的最新技术相比,在仇恨言论检测任务中,所提出的方案的分类质量出色。
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在这项工作中,我们审查并评估了一个具有公开可用和广泛使用的数据集的深度学习知识追踪(DLKT)模型,以及学习编程的新型学生数据集。评估的DLKT模型已重新实现,用于评估先前报告的结果的可重复性和可复制性。我们测试在与模型的主要架构上独立于模型的比较模型中找到的不同输入和输出层变化,以及在某些研究中隐含地和明确地使用的不同最大尝试计数选项。几个指标用于反映评估知识追踪模型的质量。评估的知识追踪模型包括Vanilla-DKT,两个长短期内存深度知识跟踪(LSTM-DKT)变体,两个动态键值存储器网络(DKVMN)变体,以及自我细致的知识跟踪(SAKT)。我们评估Logistic回归,贝叶斯知识跟踪(BKT)和简单的非学习模型作为基准。我们的结果表明,DLKT模型一般优于非DLKT模型,DLKT模型之间的相对差异是微妙的,并且在数据集之间经常变化。我们的研究结果还表明,通常的纯模型,例如平均预测,比更复杂的知识追踪模型更好地表现出更好的性能,尤其是在准确性方面。此外,我们的公制和封路数据分析显示,用于选择最佳模型的度量标准对模型的性能有明显的影响,并且该度量选择可以影响模型排名。我们还研究了输入和输出层变化的影响,过滤出长期尝试序列,以及随机性和硬件等非模型属性。最后,我们讨论模型性能可重量和相关问题。我们的模型实现,评估代码和数据作为本工作的一部分发布。
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在本文中,我们试图通过引入深度学习模型的句法归纳偏见来建立两所学校之间的联系。我们提出了两个归纳偏见的家族,一个家庭用于选区结构,另一个用于依赖性结构。选区归纳偏见鼓励深度学习模型使用不同的单位(或神经元)分别处理长期和短期信息。这种分离为深度学习模型提供了一种方法,可以从顺序输入中构建潜在的层次表示形式,即更高级别的表示由高级表示形式组成,并且可以分解为一系列低级表示。例如,在不了解地面实际结构的情况下,我们提出的模型学会通过根据其句法结构组成变量和运算符的表示来处理逻辑表达。另一方面,依赖归纳偏置鼓励模型在输入序列中找到实体之间的潜在关系。对于自然语言,潜在关系通常被建模为一个定向依赖图,其中一个单词恰好具有一个父节点和零或几个孩子的节点。将此约束应用于类似变压器的模型之后,我们发现该模型能够诱导接近人类专家注释的有向图,并且在不同任务上也优于标准变压器模型。我们认为,这些实验结果为深度学习模型的未来发展展示了一个有趣的选择。
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The ability to quickly and accurately identify covariate shift at test time is a critical and often overlooked component of safe machine learning systems deployed in high-risk domains. While methods exist for detecting when predictions should not be made on out-of-distribution test examples, identifying distributional level differences between training and test time can help determine when a model should be removed from the deployment setting and retrained. In this work, we define harmful covariate shift (HCS) as a change in distribution that may weaken the generalization of a predictive model. To detect HCS, we use the discordance between an ensemble of classifiers trained to agree on training data and disagree on test data. We derive a loss function for training this ensemble and show that the disagreement rate and entropy represent powerful discriminative statistics for HCS. Empirically, we demonstrate the ability of our method to detect harmful covariate shift with statistical certainty on a variety of high-dimensional datasets. Across numerous domains and modalities, we show state-of-the-art performance compared to existing methods, particularly when the number of observed test samples is small.
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变量名称对于传达预期的程序行为至关重要。基于机器学习的程序分析方法使用变量名称表示广泛的任务,例如建议新的变量名称和错误检测。理想情况下,这些方法可以捕获句法相似性的名称之间的语义关系,例如,名称平均和均值的事实是相似的。不幸的是,以前的工作发现,即使是先前的最佳的表示方法主要是捕获相关性(是否有两个变量始终链接),而不是相似性(是否具有相同的含义)。我们提出了VarCLR,一种用于学习变量名称的语义表示的新方法,这些方法有效地捕获了这种更严格的意义上的可变相似性。我们观察到这个问题是对比学习的优秀契合,旨在最小化明确类似的输入之间的距离,同时最大化不同输入之间的距离。这需要标记的培训数据,因此我们构建了一种新颖的弱监督的变量重命名数据集,从GitHub编辑开采。我们表明VarCLR能够有效地应用BERT等复杂的通用语言模型,以变为变量名称表示,因此也是与变量名称相似性搜索或拼写校正等相关的下游任务。 varclr产生模型,显着越优于idbench的最先进的现有基准,明确地捕获可变相似度(与相关性不同)。最后,我们贡献了所有数据,代码和预先训练模型的版本,旨在为现有或未来程序分析中使用的可变表示提供的可变表示的替代品。
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有效的决策需要了解预测中固有的不确定性。在回归中,这种不确定性可以通过各种方法估算;然而,许多这些方法对调谐进行费力,产生过度自确性的不确定性间隔,或缺乏敏锐度(给予不精确的间隔)。我们通过提出一种通过定义具有两个不同损失功能的神经网络来捕获回归中的预测分布的新方法来解决这些挑战。具体地,一个网络近似于累积分布函数,第二网络近似于其逆。我们将此方法称为合作网络(CN)。理论分析表明,优化的固定点处于理想化的解决方案,并且该方法是渐近的与地面真理分布一致。凭经验,学习是简单且强大的。我们基准CN对两个合成和六个现实世界数据集的几种常见方法,包括预测来自电子健康记录的糖尿病患者的A1C值,其中不确定是至关重要的。在合成数据中,所提出的方法与基本上匹配地面真理。在真实世界数据集中,CN提高了许多性能度量的结果,包括对数似然估计,平均误差,覆盖估计和预测间隔宽度。
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Accurate uncertainty quantification is a major challenge in deep learning, as neural networks can make overconfident errors and assign high confidence predictions to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. The most popular approaches to estimate predictive uncertainty in deep learning are methods that combine predictions from multiple neural networks, such as Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) and deep ensembles. However their practicality in real-time, industrial-scale applications are limited due to the high memory and computational cost. Furthermore, ensembles and BNNs do not necessarily fix all the issues with the underlying member networks. In this work, we study principled approaches to improve uncertainty property of a single network, based on a single, deterministic representation. By formalizing the uncertainty quantification as a minimax learning problem, we first identify distance awareness, i.e., the model's ability to quantify the distance of a testing example from the training data, as a necessary condition for a DNN to achieve high-quality (i.e., minimax optimal) uncertainty estimation. We then propose Spectral-normalized Neural Gaussian Process (SNGP), a simple method that improves the distance-awareness ability of modern DNNs with two simple changes: (1) applying spectral normalization to hidden weights to enforce bi-Lipschitz smoothness in representations and (2) replacing the last output layer with a Gaussian process layer. On a suite of vision and language understanding benchmarks, SNGP outperforms other single-model approaches in prediction, calibration and out-of-domain detection. Furthermore, SNGP provides complementary benefits to popular techniques such as deep ensembles and data augmentation, making it a simple and scalable building block for probabilistic deep learning. Code is open-sourced at https://github.com/google/uncertainty-baselines
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在机器学习的关键安全应用中,通常要放弃对低信心的预测进行预测很重要。标准弃权方法倾向于专注于优化TOP-K的准确性,但是在许多应用中,准确性并不是感兴趣的指标。此外,在实际环境中,标签转移(训练时间和预测时间之间的班级比例变化)无处不在,现有的弃用方法不能很好地处理标签转移。在这项工作中,我们提出了弃权的一般框架,该框架可以应用于优化任何感兴趣的指标,该指标在测试时可适应标签变化,并与任何可以校准的分类器开箱即用。我们的方法利用了最近的报道,即校准概率估计值可以用作真实类标签的代理,从而使我们能够估计如果弃权示例,则可以估算任意度量的变化。我们在框架下介绍了计算有效的算法,以优化目标特异性,AUROC和加权Cohen的Kappa的灵敏度,并根据JS差异与先前的类概率引入新颖的强基线。关于合成,生物学和临床数据的实验支持我们的发现。
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Future surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will observe an order of magnitude more astrophysical transient events than any previous survey before. With this deluge of photometric data, it will be impossible for all such events to be classified by humans alone. Recent efforts have sought to leverage machine learning methods to tackle the challenge of astronomical transient classification, with ever improving success. Transformers are a recently developed deep learning architecture, first proposed for natural language processing, that have shown a great deal of recent success. In this work we develop a new transformer architecture, which uses multi-head self attention at its core, for general multi-variate time-series data. Furthermore, the proposed time-series transformer architecture supports the inclusion of an arbitrary number of additional features, while also offering interpretability. We apply the time-series transformer to the task of photometric classification, minimising the reliance of expert domain knowledge for feature selection, while achieving results comparable to state-of-the-art photometric classification methods. We achieve a logarithmic-loss of 0.507 on imbalanced data in a representative setting using data from the Photometric LSST Astronomical Time-Series Classification Challenge (PLAsTiCC). Moreover, we achieve a micro-averaged receiver operating characteristic area under curve of 0.98 and micro-averaged precision-recall area under curve of 0.87.
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通过卫星摄像机获取关于地球表面的大面积的信息使我们能够看到远远超过我们在地面上看到的更多。这有助于我们在检测和监测土地使用模式,大气条件,森林覆盖和许多非上市方面的地区的物理特征。所获得的图像不仅跟踪连续的自然现象,而且对解决严重森林砍伐的全球挑战也至关重要。其中亚马逊盆地每年占最大份额。适当的数据分析将有助于利用可持续健康的氛围来限制对生态系统和生物多样性的不利影响。本报告旨在通过不同的机器学习和优越的深度学习模型用大气和各种陆地覆盖或土地使用亚马逊雨林的卫星图像芯片。评估是基于F2度量完成的,而用于损耗函数,我们都有S形跨熵以及Softmax交叉熵。在使用预先训练的ImageNet架构中仅提取功能之后,图像被间接馈送到机器学习分类器。鉴于深度学习模型,通过传输学习使用微调Imagenet预训练模型的集合。到目前为止,我们的最佳分数与F2度量为0.927。
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域名(ood)概括是机器学习模型的重大挑战。已经提出了许多技术来克服这一挑战,通常专注于具有某些不变性属性的学习模型。在这项工作中,我们绘制了ood性能和模型校准之间的链接,争论跨多个域的校准可以被视为一个特殊的表达,导致更好的EOD泛化。具体而言,我们表明,在某些条件下,实现\ EMPH {多域校准}的模型可被证明无杂散相关性。这导致我们提出多域校准作为分类器的性能的可测量和可训练的代理。因此,我们介绍了易于申请的方法,并允许从业者通过训练或修改现有模型来改善多域校准,从而更好地在看不见的域上的性能。使用最近提出的野外的四个数据集以及彩色的MNIST数据集,我们证明了训练或调整模型,以便在多个域中校准它们导致在看不见的测试域中显着提高性能。我们认为,校准和革建化之间的这种有趣联系是从一个实际和理论的观点出发的。
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