The LiDAR and inertial sensors based localization and mapping are of great significance for Unmanned Ground Vehicle related applications. In this work, we have developed an improved LiDAR-inertial localization and mapping system for unmanned ground vehicles, which is appropriate for versatile search and rescue applications. Compared with existing LiDAR-based localization and mapping systems such as LOAM, we have two major contributions: the first is the improvement of the robustness of particle swarm filter-based LiDAR SLAM, while the second is the loop closure methods developed for global optimization to improve the localization accuracy of the whole system. We demonstrate by experiments that the accuracy and robustness of the LiDAR SLAM system are both improved. Finally, we have done systematic experimental tests at the Hong Kong science park as well as other indoor or outdoor real complicated testing circumstances, which demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. It is demonstrated that our system has high accuracy, robustness, as well as efficiency. Our system is of great importance to the localization and mapping of the unmanned ground vehicle in an unknown environment.

The current LiDAR SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) system suffers greatly from low accuracy and limited robustness when faced with complicated circumstances. From our experiments, we find that current LiDAR SLAM systems have limited performance when the noise level in the obtained point clouds is large. Therefore, in this work, we propose a general framework to tackle the problem of denoising and loop closure for LiDAR SLAM in complex environments with many noises and outliers caused by reflective materials. Current approaches for point clouds denoising are mainly designed for small-scale point clouds and can not be extended to large-scale point clouds scenes. In this work, we firstly proposed a lightweight network for large-scale point clouds denoising. Subsequently, we have also designed an efficient loop closure network for place recognition in global optimization to improve the localization accuracy of the whole system. Finally, we have demonstrated by extensive experiments and benchmark studies that our method can have a significant boost on the localization accuracy of the LiDAR SLAM system when faced with noisy point clouds, with a marginal increase in computational cost.

In this work, we propose a lightweight integrated LiDAR-Inertial SLAM system with high efficiency and a great loop closure capacity. We found that the current State-of-the-art LiDAR-Inertial SLAM system has poor performance in loop closure. The LiDAR-Inertial SLAM system often fails with the large drifting and suffers from limited efficiency when faced with large-scale circumstances. In this work, firstly, to improve the speed of the whole LiDAR-Inertial SLAM system, we have proposed a new data structure of the sparse voxel-hashing to enhance the efficiency of the LiDAR-Inertial SLAM system. Secondly, to improve the point cloud-based localization performance, we have integrated the loop closure algorithms to improve the localization performance. Extensive experiments on the real-scene large-scale complicated circumstances demonstrate the great effectiveness and robustness of the proposed LiDAR-Inertial SLAM system.

We propose a framework for tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping, LIO-SAM, that achieves highly accurate, real-time mobile robot trajectory estimation and map-building. LIO-SAM formulates lidar-inertial odometry atop a factor graph, allowing a multitude of relative and absolute measurements, including loop closures, to be incorporated from different sources as factors into the system. The estimated motion from inertial measurement unit (IMU) pre-integration de-skews point clouds and produces an initial guess for lidar odometry optimization. The obtained lidar odometry solution is used to estimate the bias of the IMU. To ensure high performance in real-time, we marginalize old lidar scans for pose optimization, rather than matching lidar scans to a global map. Scan-matching at a local scale instead of a global scale significantly improves the real-time performance of the system, as does the selective introduction of keyframes, and an efficient sliding window approach that registers a new keyframe to a fixed-size set of prior "sub-keyframes." The proposed method is extensively evaluated on datasets gathered from three platforms over various scales and environments.

在本文中，我们评估了八种流行和开源的3D激光雷达和视觉大满贯（同时定位和映射）算法，即壤土，乐高壤土，lio sam，hdl graph，orb slam3，basalt vio和svo2。我们已经设计了室内和室外的实验，以研究以下项目的影响：i）传感器安装位置的影响，ii）地形类型和振动的影响，iii）运动的影响（线性和角速速度的变化）。我们根据相对和绝对姿势误差比较它们的性能。我们还提供了他们所需的计算资源的比较。我们通过我们的多摄像机和多大摄像机室内和室外数据集进行彻底分析和讨论结果，并确定环境案例的最佳性能系统。我们希望我们的发现可以帮助人们根据目标环境选择一个适合其需求的传感器和相应的SLAM算法组合。

在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新型的视觉定位方法，以根据RGB摄像机的可视数据准确估计机器人在3D激光镜头内的六个自由度（6-DOF）姿势。使用基于先进的激光雷达的同时定位和映射（SLAM）算法，可获得3D地图，能够收集精确的稀疏图。将从相机图像中提取的功能与3D地图的点进行了比较，然后解决了几何优化问题，以实现精确的视觉定位。我们的方法允许使用配备昂贵激光雷达的侦察兵机器人一次 - 用于映射环境，并且仅使用RGB摄像头的多个操作机器人 - 执行任务任务，其本地化精度高于常见的基于相机的解决方案。该方法在Skolkovo科学技术研究所（Skoltech）收集的自定义数据集上进行了测试。在评估本地化准确性的过程中，我们设法达到了厘米级的准确性；中间翻译误差高达1.3厘米。仅使用相机实现的确切定位使使用自动移动机器人可以解决需要高度本地化精度的最复杂的任务。

A reliable pose estimator robust to environmental disturbances is desirable for mobile robots. To this end, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important role because they can perceive the full motion state of the vehicle independently. However, it suffers from accumulative error due to inherent noise and bias instability, especially for low-cost sensors. In our previous studies on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2021, wu2021}, we proposed to limit the error drift of the pure inertial navigation system (INS) by mounting an IMU to the wheel of the robot to take advantage of rotation modulation. However, it still drifted over a long period of time due to the lack of external correction signals. In this letter, we propose to exploit the environmental perception ability of Wheel-INS to achieve simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) with only one IMU. To be specific, we use the road bank angles (mirrored by the robot roll angles estimated by Wheel-INS) as terrain features to enable the loop closure with a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter. The road bank angle is sampled and stored according to the robot position in the grid maps maintained by the particles. The weights of the particles are updated according to the difference between the currently estimated roll sequence and the terrain map. Field experiments suggest the feasibility of the idea to perform SLAM in Wheel-INS using the robot roll angle estimates. In addition, the positioning accuracy is improved significantly (more than 30\%) over Wheel-INS. Source code of our implementation is publicly available (https://github.com/i2Nav-WHU/Wheel-SLAM).

交付机器人旨在获得高精度以促进完全自主权。需要一个精确的人行行周围环境的三维点云图来估计自定位。有或没有循环结束方法，由于传感器漂移，较大的城市或城市地图映射后累积误差会逐渐增加。因此，使用漂移或错位的地图存在很高的风险。本文提出了一种融合GPS更新3D点云并消除累积错误的技术。提出的方法与其他现有方法显示了定量比较和定性评估的出色结果。

同时本地化和映射（SLAM）是自动移动机器人中的基本问题之一，在该机器人需要重建以前看不见的环境的同时，同时在地图上进行了本身。特别是，Visual-Slam使用移动机器人中的各种传感器来收集和感测地图的表示。传统上，基于几何模型的技术被用来解决大满贯问题，在充满挑战的环境下，该问题往往容易出错。诸如深度学习技术之类的计算机视觉方面的最新进展提供了一种数据驱动的方法来解决视觉范围问题。这篇综述总结了使用各种基于学习的方法的视觉 - 峰领域的最新进展。我们首先提供了基于几何模型的方法的简洁概述，然后进行有关SLAM当前范式的技术评论。然后，我们介绍了从移动机器人那里收集感官输入并执行场景理解的各种基于学习的方法。讨论并将基于深度学习的语义理解中的当前范式讨论并置于视觉峰的背景下。最后，我们讨论了在视觉 - 峰中基于学习的方法方向上的挑战和进一步的机会。

同时定位和映射（SLAM）被认为是智能车辆和移动机器人的重要功能。但是，当前的大多数LiDAR SLAM方法都是基于静态环境的假设。因此，在具有多个移动对象的动态环境中的本地化实际上是不可靠的。本文提出了一个动态的SLAM框架RF-LIO，该框架在LIO-SAM上构建，该框架添加了自适应多分辨率范围图像，并使用紧密耦合的LIDAR惯性探测器首先删除移动对象，然后将激光镜扫描与子束相匹配。因此，即使在高动态环境中，它也可以获得准确的姿势。在自收集的数据集和Open UrbanLoco数据集上评估了提出的RF-LIO。高动态环境中的实验结果表明，与壤土和LIO-SAM相比，所提出的RF-LIO的绝对轨迹精度分别可以提高90％和70％。 RF-LIO是高动态环境中最先进的大满贯系统之一。

我们提出了一种准确而坚固的多模态传感器融合框架，Metroloc，朝着最极端的场景之一，大规模地铁车辆本地化和映射。 Metroloc在以IMU为中心的状态估计器上构建，以较轻耦合的方法紧密地耦合光检测和测距（LIDAR），视觉和惯性信息。所提出的框架由三个子模块组成：IMU Odometry，LiDar - 惯性内径术（LIO）和视觉惯性内径（VIO）。 IMU被视为主要传感器，从LIO和VIO实现了从LIO和VIO的观察，以限制加速度计和陀螺仪偏差。与以前的点LIO方法相比，我们的方法通过将线路和平面特征引入运动估计来利用更多几何信息。 VIO还通过使用两条线和点来利用环境结构信息。我们所提出的方法在具有维护车辆的长期地铁环境中广泛测试。实验结果表明，该系统比使用实时性能的最先进的方法更准确和强大。此外，我们开发了一系列虚拟现实（VR）应用，以实现高效，经济，互动的轨道车辆状态和轨道基础设施监控，已经部署到室外测试铁路。

The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.

在室内运行的自主机器人和GPS拒绝的环境可以使用LIDAR进行大满贯。但是，由于循环闭合检测和计算负载以执行扫描匹配的挑战，在几何衰减的环境中，LIDAR的表现不佳。现有的WiFi基础架构可以用低硬件和计算成本来进行本地化和映射。然而，使用WiFi进行准确的姿势估计是具有挑战性的，因为由于信号传播的不可预测性，可以在同一位置测量不同的信号值。因此，我们介绍了WiFi指纹序列的使用量估计（即循环闭合）。这种方法利用移动机器人移动时获得的位置指纹的空间连贯性。这具有更好的校正探针流漂移的能力。该方法还结合了激光扫描，从而提高了大型和几何衰减环境的计算效率，同时保持LIDAR SLAM的准确性。我们在室内环境中进行了实验，以说明该方法的有效性。基于根平方误差（RMSE）评估结果，并在测试环境中达到了88m的精度。

We propose a real-time method for odometry and mapping using range measurements from a 2-axis lidar moving in 6-DOF. The problem is hard because the range measurements are received at different times, and errors in motion estimation can cause mis-registration of the resulting point cloud. To date, coherent 3D maps can be built by off-line batch methods, often using loop closure to correct for drift over time. Our method achieves both low-drift and low-computational complexity without the need for high accuracy ranging or inertial measurements.The key idea in obtaining this level of performance is the division of the complex problem of simultaneous localization and mapping, which seeks to optimize a large number of variables simultaneously, by two algorithms. One algorithm performs odometry at a high frequency but low fidelity to estimate velocity of the lidar. Another algorithm runs at a frequency of an order of magnitude lower for fine matching and registration of the point cloud. Combination of the two algorithms allows the method to map in real-time. The method has been evaluated by a large set of experiments as well as on the KITTI odometry benchmark. The results indicate that the method can achieve accuracy at the level of state of the art offline batch methods.

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is one of the key components of a control system that aims to ensure autonomous navigation of a mobile robot in unknown environments. In a variety of practical cases a robot might need to travel long distances in order to accomplish its mission. This requires long-term work of SLAM methods and building large maps. Consequently the computational burden (including high memory consumption for map storage) becomes a bottleneck. Indeed, state-of-the-art SLAM algorithms include specific techniques and optimizations to tackle this challenge, still their performance in long-term scenarios needs proper assessment. To this end, we perform an empirical evaluation of two widespread state-of-the-art RGB-D SLAM methods, suitable for long-term navigation, i.e. RTAB-Map and Voxgraph. We evaluate them in a large simulated indoor environment, consisting of corridors and halls, while varying the odometer noise for a more realistic setup. We provide both qualitative and quantitative analysis of both methods uncovering their strengths and weaknesses. We find that both methods build a high-quality map with low odometry noise but tend to fail with high odometry noise. Voxgraph has lower relative trajectory estimation error and memory consumption than RTAB-Map, while its absolute error is higher.

传统的LIDAR射测（LO）系统主要利用从经过的环境获得的几何信息来注册激光扫描并估算Lidar Ego-Motion，而在动态或非结构化环境中可能不可靠。本文提出了Inten-loam，一种低饮用和健壮的激光镜和映射方法，该方法完全利用激光扫描的隐式信息（即几何，强度和时间特征）。扫描点被投影到圆柱形图像上，这些图像有助于促进各种特征的有效和适应性提取，即地面，梁，立面和反射器。我们提出了一种新型基于强度的点登记算法，并将其纳入LIDAR的探光仪，从而使LO系统能够使用几何和强度特征点共同估计LIDAR EGO-MOTION。为了消除动态对象的干扰，我们提出了一种基于时间的动态对象删除方法，以在MAP更新之前过滤它们。此外，使用与时间相关的体素网格滤波器组织并缩减了本地地图，以维持当前扫描和静态局部图之间的相似性。在模拟和实际数据集上进行了广泛的实验。结果表明，所提出的方法在正常驾驶方案中实现了类似或更高的精度W.R.T，在非结构化环境中，最先进的方法优于基于几何的LO。

LiDAR mapping is important yet challenging in self-driving and mobile robotics. To tackle such a global point cloud registration problem, DeepMapping converts the complex map estimation into a self-supervised training of simple deep networks. Despite its broad convergence range on small datasets, DeepMapping still cannot produce satisfactory results on large-scale datasets with thousands of frames. This is due to the lack of loop closures and exact cross-frame point correspondences, and the slow convergence of its global localization network. We propose DeepMapping2 by adding two novel techniques to address these issues: (1) organization of training batch based on map topology from loop closing, and (2) self-supervised local-to-global point consistency loss leveraging pairwise registration. Our experiments and ablation studies on public datasets (KITTI, NCLT, and Nebula) demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our code will be released.

本文介绍了在线本地化和彩色网格重建（OLCMR）ROS感知体系结构，用于地面探索机器人，旨在在具有挑战性的未知环境中执行强大的同时定位和映射（SLAM），并实时提供相关的彩色3D网格表示。它旨在被远程人类操作员使用在任务或之后或之后轻松地可视化映射的环境，或作为在勘探机器人技术领域进行进一步研究的开发基础。该体系结构主要由精心挑选的基于激光雷达的SLAM算法的开源ROS实现以及使用点云和RGB摄像机图像投影到3D空间中的彩色表面重建过程。在较新的大学手持式LIDAR-VISION参考数据集上评估了整体表演，并在分别在城市和乡村户外环境中分别在代表性的车轮机器人上收集的两个实验轨迹。索引术语：现场机器人，映射，猛击，彩色表面重建

With the advanced request to employ a team of robots to perform a task collaboratively, the research community has become increasingly interested in collaborative simultaneous localization and mapping. Unfortunately, existing datasets are limited in the scale and variation of the collaborative trajectories, even though generalization between inter-trajectories among different agents is crucial to the overall viability of collaborative tasks. To help align the research community's contributions with realistic multiagent ordinated SLAM problems, we propose S3E, a large-scale multimodal dataset captured by a fleet of unmanned ground vehicles along four designed collaborative trajectory paradigms. S3E consists of 7 outdoor and 5 indoor sequences that each exceed 200 seconds, consisting of well temporal synchronized and spatial calibrated high-frequency IMU, high-quality stereo camera, and 360 degree LiDAR data. Crucially, our effort exceeds previous attempts regarding dataset size, scene variability, and complexity. It has 4x as much average recording time as the pioneering EuRoC dataset. We also provide careful dataset analysis as well as baselines for collaborative SLAM and single counterparts. Data and more up-to-date details are found at https://github.com/PengYu-Team/S3E.

Conventional sensor-based localization relies on high-precision maps, which are generally built using specialized mapping techniques involving high labor and computational costs. In the architectural, engineering and construction industry, Building Information Models (BIM) are available and can provide informative descriptions of environments. This paper explores an effective way to localize a mobile 3D LiDAR sensor on BIM-generated maps considering both geometric and semantic properties. First, original BIM elements are converted to semantically augmented point cloud maps using categories and locations. After that, a coarse-to-fine semantic localization is performed to align laser points to the map based on iterative closest point registration. The experimental results show that the semantic localization can track the pose successfully with only one LiDAR sensor, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed mapping-free localization framework. The results also show that using semantic information can help reduce localization errors on BIM-generated maps.