在室内运行的自主机器人和GPS拒绝的环境可以使用LIDAR进行大满贯。但是,由于循环闭合检测和计算负载以执行扫描匹配的挑战,在几何衰减的环境中,LIDAR的表现不佳。现有的WiFi基础架构可以用低硬件和计算成本来进行本地化和映射。然而,使用WiFi进行准确的姿势估计是具有挑战性的,因为由于信号传播的不可预测性,可以在同一位置测量不同的信号值。因此,我们介绍了WiFi指纹序列的使用量估计(即循环闭合)。这种方法利用移动机器人移动时获得的位置指纹的空间连贯性。这具有更好的校正探针流漂移的能力。该方法还结合了激光扫描,从而提高了大型和几何衰减环境的计算效率,同时保持LIDAR SLAM的准确性。我们在室内环境中进行了实验,以说明该方法的有效性。基于根平方误差(RMSE)评估结果,并在测试环境中达到了88m的精度。
translated by 谷歌翻译
为了在多个机器人系统中有效完成任务,必须解决的问题是同时定位和映射(SLAM)。激光雷达(光检测和范围)由于其出色的精度而用于许多SLAM解决方案,但其性能在无特征环境(如隧道或长走廊)中降低。集中式大满贯解决了云服务器的问题,云服务器需要大量的计算资源,并且缺乏针对中央节点故障的鲁棒性。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个分布式的SLAM解决方案,以使用超宽带(UWB)范围和探测测量值估算一组机器人的轨迹。所提出的方法在机器人团队之间分配了处理,并显着减轻了从集中式大满贯出现的计算问题。我们的解决方案通过最大程度地减少在机器人处于近距离接近时在不同位置进行的UWB范围测量方法来确定两个机器人之间的相对姿势(也称为环闭合)。 UWB在视线条件下提供了良好的距离度量,但是由于机器人的噪声和不可预测的路径,检索精确的姿势估计仍然是一个挑战。为了处理可疑的循环封闭,我们使用成对的一致性最大化(PCM)来检查循环封闭质量并执行异常拒绝。然后,在分布式姿势图优化(DPGO)模块中将过滤的环闭合与探光仪融合,以恢复机器人团队的完整轨迹。进行了广泛的实验以验证所提出的方法的有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
对自主导航和室内应用程序勘探机器人的最新兴趣刺激了对室内同时定位和映射(SLAM)机器人系统的研究。尽管大多数这些大满贯系统使用视觉和激光雷达传感器与探针传感器同时使用,但这些探针传感器会随着时间的流逝而漂移。为了打击这种漂移,视觉大满贯系统部署计算和内存密集型搜索算法来检测“环闭合”,这使得轨迹估计在全球范围内保持一致。为了绕过这些资源(计算和内存)密集算法,我们提出了VIWID,该算法将WiFi和视觉传感器集成在双层系统中。这种双层方法将局部和全局轨迹估计的任务分开,从而使VIWID资源有效,同时实现PAR或更好的性能到最先进的视觉大满贯。我们在四个数据集上展示了VIWID的性能,涵盖了超过1500 m的遍历路径,并分别显示出4.3倍和4倍的计算和记忆消耗量与最先进的视觉和LIDAR SLAM SLAM系统相比,具有PAR SLAM性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在未知和大规模的地下环境中,与一组异质的移动机器人团队进行搜救,需要高精度的本地化和映射。在复杂和感知衰落的地下环境中,这一至关重要的需求面临许多挑战,因为在船上感知系统需要在非警官条件下运作(由于黑暗和灰尘,坚固而泥泞的地形以及自我的存在以及自我的存在,都需要运作。 - 类似和模棱两可的场景)。在灾难响应方案和缺乏有关环境的先前信息的情况下,机器人必须依靠嘈杂的传感器数据并执行同时定位和映射(SLAM)来构建环境的3D地图,并定位自己和潜在的幸存者。为此,本文报告了Team Costar在DARPA Subterranean Challenge的背景下开发的多机器人大满贯系统。我们通过合并一个可适应不同的探针源和激光镜配置的单机器人前端界面来扩展以前的工作,即LAMP,这是一种可伸缩的多机前端,以支持大型大型和内部旋转循环闭合检测检测规模环境和多机器人团队,以及基于渐变的非凸度的稳健后端,配备了异常弹性姿势图优化。我们提供了有关多机器人前端和后端的详细消融研究,并评估美国跨矿山,发电厂和洞穴收集的挑战现实世界中的整体系统性能。我们还发布了我们的多机器人后端数据集(以及相应的地面真相),可以作为大规模地下大满贯的具有挑战性的基准。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新型的视觉定位方法,以根据RGB摄像机的可视数据准确估计机器人在3D激光镜头内的六个自由度(6-DOF)姿势。使用基于先进的激光雷达的同时定位和映射(SLAM)算法,可获得3D地图,能够收集精确的稀疏图。将从相机图像中提取的功能与3D地图的点进行了比较,然后解决了几何优化问题,以实现精确的视觉定位。我们的方法允许使用配备昂贵激光雷达的侦察兵机器人一次 - 用于映射环境,并且仅使用RGB摄像头的多个操作机器人 - 执行任务任务,其本地化精度高于常见的基于相机的解决方案。该方法在Skolkovo科学技术研究所(Skoltech)收集的自定义数据集上进行了测试。在评估本地化准确性的过程中,我们设法达到了厘米级的准确性;中间翻译误差高达1.3厘米。仅使用相机实现的确切定位使使用自动移动机器人可以解决需要高度本地化精度的最复杂的任务。
translated by 谷歌翻译
We propose a framework for tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping, LIO-SAM, that achieves highly accurate, real-time mobile robot trajectory estimation and map-building. LIO-SAM formulates lidar-inertial odometry atop a factor graph, allowing a multitude of relative and absolute measurements, including loop closures, to be incorporated from different sources as factors into the system. The estimated motion from inertial measurement unit (IMU) pre-integration de-skews point clouds and produces an initial guess for lidar odometry optimization. The obtained lidar odometry solution is used to estimate the bias of the IMU. To ensure high performance in real-time, we marginalize old lidar scans for pose optimization, rather than matching lidar scans to a global map. Scan-matching at a local scale instead of a global scale significantly improves the real-time performance of the system, as does the selective introduction of keyframes, and an efficient sliding window approach that registers a new keyframe to a fixed-size set of prior "sub-keyframes." The proposed method is extensively evaluated on datasets gathered from three platforms over various scales and environments.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们评估了八种流行和开源的3D激光雷达和视觉大满贯(同时定位和映射)算法,即壤土,乐高壤土,lio sam,hdl graph,orb slam3,basalt vio和svo2。我们已经设计了室内和室外的实验,以研究以下项目的影响:i)传感器安装位置的影响,ii)地形类型和振动的影响,iii)运动的影响(线性和角速速度的变化)。我们根据相对和绝对姿势误差比较它们的性能。我们还提供了他们所需的计算资源的比较。我们通过我们的多摄像机和多大摄像机室内和室外数据集进行彻底分析和讨论结果,并确定环境案例的最佳性能系统。我们希望我们的发现可以帮助人们根据目标环境选择一个适合其需求的传感器和相应的SLAM算法组合。
translated by 谷歌翻译
LIDAR(光检测和测距)SLAM(同时定位和映射)作为室内清洁,导航和行业和家庭中许多其他有用应用的基础。从一系列LIDAR扫描,它构建了一个准确的全球一致的环境模型,并估计它内部的机器人位置。 SLAM本质上是计算密集的;在具有有限的加工能力的移动机器人上实现快速可靠的SLAM系统是一个具有挑战性的问题。为了克服这种障碍,在本文中,我们提出了一种普遍,低功耗和资源有效的加速器设计,用于瞄准资源限制的FPGA。由于扫描匹配位于SLAM的核心,所提出的加速器包括可编程逻辑部分上的专用扫描匹配核心,并提供软件接口以便于使用。我们的加速器可以集成到各种SLAM方法,包括基于ROS(机器人操作系统) - 基于ROS(机器人操作系统),并且用户可以切换到不同的方法而不修改和重新合成逻辑部分。我们将加速器集成为三种广泛使用的方法,即扫描匹配,粒子滤波器和基于图形的SLAM。我们使用现实世界数据集评估资源利用率,速度和输出结果质量方面的设计。 Pynq-Z2板上的实验结果表明,我们的设计将扫描匹配和循环闭合检测任务加速高达14.84倍和18.92倍,分别在上述方法中产生4.67倍,4.00倍和4.06倍的整体性能改进。我们的设计能够实现实时性能,同时仅消耗2.4W并保持精度,可与软件对应物乃至最先进的方法相当。
translated by 谷歌翻译
多机器人大满贯系统在受GPS污染的环境中需要循环封闭以维护无漂移的集中式地图。随着越来越多的机器人和环境大小,检查和计算所有循环闭合候选者的转换变得不可行。在这项工作中,我们描述了一个循环闭合模块,该模块能够优先考虑哪个循环闭合以根据基础姿势图,与已知信标的接近性以及点云的特性进行计算。我们在DARPA地下挑战和许多具有挑战性的地下数据集中验证该系统,并证明该系统能够生成和保持低误差的地图。我们发现,我们提出的技术能够选择有效的循环封闭,与探空量解决方案相比,与没有优先级排序的基线版本相比,中位误差的平均值减少了51%,中位误差的平均误差和平均值减少了75%。我们还发现,与处理四个半小时内每个可能的循环封闭的系统相比,我们提出的系统能够在一小时的任务时间内找到较低的错误。可以找到此工作的代码和数据集https://github.com/nebula-autonomy/lamp
translated by 谷歌翻译
The LiDAR and inertial sensors based localization and mapping are of great significance for Unmanned Ground Vehicle related applications. In this work, we have developed an improved LiDAR-inertial localization and mapping system for unmanned ground vehicles, which is appropriate for versatile search and rescue applications. Compared with existing LiDAR-based localization and mapping systems such as LOAM, we have two major contributions: the first is the improvement of the robustness of particle swarm filter-based LiDAR SLAM, while the second is the loop closure methods developed for global optimization to improve the localization accuracy of the whole system. We demonstrate by experiments that the accuracy and robustness of the LiDAR SLAM system are both improved. Finally, we have done systematic experimental tests at the Hong Kong science park as well as other indoor or outdoor real complicated testing circumstances, which demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. It is demonstrated that our system has high accuracy, robustness, as well as efficiency. Our system is of great importance to the localization and mapping of the unmanned ground vehicle in an unknown environment.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文通过讨论参加了为期三年的SubT竞赛的六支球队的不同大满贯策略和成果,报道了地下大满贯的现状。特别是,本文有四个主要目标。首先,我们审查团队采用的算法,架构和系统;特别重点是以激光雷达以激光雷达为中心的SLAM解决方案(几乎所有竞争中所有团队的首选方法),异质的多机器人操作(包括空中机器人和地面机器人)和现实世界的地下操作(从存在需要处理严格的计算约束的晦涩之处)。我们不会回避讨论不同SubT SLAM系统背后的肮脏细节,这些系统通常会从技术论文中省略。其次,我们通过强调当前的SLAM系统的可能性以及我们认为与一些良好的系统工程有关的范围来讨论该领域的成熟度。第三,我们概述了我们认为是基本的开放问题,这些问题可能需要进一步的研究才能突破。最后,我们提供了在SubT挑战和相关工作期间生产的开源SLAM实现和数据集的列表,并构成了研究人员和从业人员的有用资源。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们在本文中介绍Raillomer,实现实时准确和鲁棒的内径测量和轨道车辆的测绘。 Raillomer从两个Lidars,IMU,火车车程和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收器接收测量。作为前端,来自IMU / Royomer缩放组的估计动作De-Skews DeSoised Point云并为框架到框架激光轨道测量产生初始猜测。作为后端,配制了基于滑动窗口的因子图以共同优化多模态信息。另外,我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道和结构外观描述符的平面约束,以进一步改善对重复结构的系统鲁棒性。为了确保全局常见和更少的模糊映射结果,我们开发了一种两级映射方法,首先以本地刻度执行扫描到地图,然后利用GNSS信息来注册模块。该方法在聚集的数据集上广泛评估了多次范围内的数据集,并且表明Raillomer即使在大或退化的环境中也能提供排入量级定位精度。我们还将Raillomer集成到互动列车状态和铁路监控系统原型设计中,已经部署到实验货量交通铁路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is one of the key components of a control system that aims to ensure autonomous navigation of a mobile robot in unknown environments. In a variety of practical cases a robot might need to travel long distances in order to accomplish its mission. This requires long-term work of SLAM methods and building large maps. Consequently the computational burden (including high memory consumption for map storage) becomes a bottleneck. Indeed, state-of-the-art SLAM algorithms include specific techniques and optimizations to tackle this challenge, still their performance in long-term scenarios needs proper assessment. To this end, we perform an empirical evaluation of two widespread state-of-the-art RGB-D SLAM methods, suitable for long-term navigation, i.e. RTAB-Map and Voxgraph. We evaluate them in a large simulated indoor environment, consisting of corridors and halls, while varying the odometer noise for a more realistic setup. We provide both qualitative and quantitative analysis of both methods uncovering their strengths and weaknesses. We find that both methods build a high-quality map with low odometry noise but tend to fail with high odometry noise. Voxgraph has lower relative trajectory estimation error and memory consumption than RTAB-Map, while its absolute error is higher.
translated by 谷歌翻译
大多数现实世界情景的环境,如商场和超市始终变化。预构建的地图,不会占这些变化的内容容易过时。因此,有必要具有环境的最新模型,以促进机器人的长期运行。为此,本文呈现了一般终身同时定位和映射(SLAM)框架。我们的框架使用多个会话映射表示,并利用一个有效的地图更新策略,包括地图建筑,姿势图形细化和稀疏化。为了减轻内存使用情况的无限性增加,我们提出了一种基于Chow-Liu最大相互信息生成树的地图修剪方法。在真正的超市环境中,通过一个月的机器人部署全面验证了拟议的SLAM框架。此外,我们释放了从室内和户外变化环境中收集的数据集,希望加速在社区中的终身猛烈的Slam研究。我们的数据集可在https://github.com/sanduan168/lifelong-slam-dataset中获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
This paper presents an accurate, highly efficient, and learning-free method for large-scale odometry estimation using spinning radar, empirically found to generalize well across very diverse environments -- outdoors, from urban to woodland, and indoors in warehouses and mines - without changing parameters. Our method integrates motion compensation within a sweep with one-to-many scan registration that minimizes distances between nearby oriented surface points and mitigates outliers with a robust loss function. Extending our previous approach CFEAR, we present an in-depth investigation on a wider range of data sets, quantifying the importance of filtering, resolution, registration cost and loss functions, keyframe history, and motion compensation. We present a new solving strategy and configuration that overcomes previous issues with sparsity and bias, and improves our state-of-the-art by 38%, thus, surprisingly, outperforming radar SLAM and approaching lidar SLAM. The most accurate configuration achieves 1.09% error at 5Hz on the Oxford benchmark, and the fastest achieves 1.79% error at 160Hz.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了一种新颖的方法,可用于快速准确的立体声视觉同时定位和映射(SLAM),独立于特征检测和匹配。通过优化3D点的规模,将单眼直接稀疏的内径术(DSO)扩展到立体声系统,以最小化立体声配置的光度误差,从而与传统立体声匹配相比产生计算有效和鲁棒的方法。我们进一步将其扩展到具有环路闭合的完整SLAM系统,以减少累积的错误。在假设前向相机运动中,我们使用从视觉径管中获得的3D点模拟LIDAR扫描,并适应LIDAR描述符以便放置识别以便于更有效地检测回路封闭件。之后,我们通过最小化潜在环封闭件的光度误差来估计使用直接对准的相对姿势。可选地,通过使用迭代最近的点(ICP)算法来实现通过直接对准的进一步改进。最后,我们优化一个姿势图,以提高全球的猛烈精度。通过避免在我们的SLAM系统中的特征检测或匹配,我们确保高计算效率和鲁棒性。与最先进的方法相比,公共数据集上的彻底实验验证展示了其有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Lidar-based SLAM systems perform well in a wide range of circumstances by relying on the geometry of the environment. However, even mature and reliable approaches struggle when the environment contains structureless areas such as long hallways. To allow the use of lidar-based SLAM in such environments, we propose to add reflector markers in specific locations that would otherwise be difficult. We present an algorithm to reliably detect these markers and two approaches to fuse the detected markers with geometry-based scan matching. The performance of the proposed methods is demonstrated on real-world datasets from several industrial environments.
translated by 谷歌翻译
The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Conventional sensor-based localization relies on high-precision maps, which are generally built using specialized mapping techniques involving high labor and computational costs. In the architectural, engineering and construction industry, Building Information Models (BIM) are available and can provide informative descriptions of environments. This paper explores an effective way to localize a mobile 3D LiDAR sensor on BIM-generated maps considering both geometric and semantic properties. First, original BIM elements are converted to semantically augmented point cloud maps using categories and locations. After that, a coarse-to-fine semantic localization is performed to align laser points to the map based on iterative closest point registration. The experimental results show that the semantic localization can track the pose successfully with only one LiDAR sensor, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed mapping-free localization framework. The results also show that using semantic information can help reduce localization errors on BIM-generated maps.
translated by 谷歌翻译
传统的LIDAR射测(LO)系统主要利用从经过的环境获得的几何信息来注册激光扫描并估算Lidar Ego-Motion,而在动态或非结构化环境中可能不可靠。本文提出了Inten-loam,一种低饮用和健壮的激光镜和映射方法,该方法完全利用激光扫描的隐式信息(即几何,强度和时间特征)。扫描点被投影到圆柱形图像上,这些图像有助于促进各种特征的有效和适应性提取,即地面,梁,立面和反射器。我们提出了一种新型基于强度的点登记算法,并将其纳入LIDAR的探光仪,从而使LO系统能够使用几何和强度特征点共同估计LIDAR EGO-MOTION。为了消除动态对象的干扰,我们提出了一种基于时间的动态对象删除方法,以在MAP更新之前过滤它们。此外,使用与时间相关的体素网格滤波器组织并缩减了本地地图,以维持当前扫描和静态局部图之间的相似性。在模拟和实际数据集上进行了广泛的实验。结果表明,所提出的方法在正常驾驶方案中实现了类似或更高的精度W.R.T,在非结构化环境中,最先进的方法优于基于几何的LO。
translated by 谷歌翻译