在本文中，我们提出了一种基于统计机器学习的采样算法，以获得有条件的非线性最佳扰动（CNOP），该算法与传统的确定性优化方法基本不同。新方法不仅可以直接通过客观值（Zeroth-order）信息来减少极其昂贵的梯度（一阶）信息，而且还避免使用伴随技术，从而引起巨大的存储问题和线性化的不稳定性。同时，显示了通过采样的近似梯度的直观厌食和严格的浓度不等式。通过对理论模型的标准空间坚固性的性能，具有较小粘度的Burgers方程来获得CNOP的数值实验表明，以损失准确性为代价，较少的样本比基于邻接的方法相对短，而直接从定义中短。 。最后，我们揭示了所有算法获得的CNOP的非线性时间演变几乎与扰动的Norm Square的数量一致，其差异和相对差异基于定义方法。

通过在线规范相关性分析的问题，我们提出了\ emph {随机缩放梯度下降}（SSGD）算法，以最小化通用riemannian歧管上的随机功能的期望。 SSGD概括了投影随机梯度下降的思想，允许使用缩放的随机梯度而不是随机梯度。在特殊情况下，球形约束的特殊情况，在广义特征向量问题中产生的，我们建立了$ \ sqrt {1 / t} $的令人反感的有限样本，并表明该速率最佳最佳，直至具有积极的积极因素相关参数。在渐近方面，一种新的轨迹平均争论使我们能够实现局部渐近常态，其速率与鲁普特 - Polyak-Quaditsky平均的速率匹配。我们将这些想法携带在一个在线规范相关分析，从事文献中的第一次获得了最佳的一次性尺度算法，其具有局部渐近融合到正常性的最佳一次性尺度算法。还提供了用于合成数据的规范相关分析的数值研究。

经典算法通常对于解决非障碍最小值的非凸优化问题通常无效。在本文中，我们通过利用量子隧道的全局效应来探讨非凸优化的量子加速。具体而言，我们引入了一种称为量子隧道步行（QTW）的量子算法，并将其应用于局部最小值大约全局最小值的非凸问题。我们表明，当不同局部最小值较高但薄且最小值平坦时，QTW在经典随机梯度下降（SGD）上实现了量子加速。基于此观察结果，我们构建了一个特定的双孔景观，其中经典算法无法有效地击中一个目标，但是QTW可以在已知井附近提供适当的初始状态时可以很好地击中一个目标。最后，我们通过数值实验证实了我们的发现。

本文认为，使用一组不平等凸期望约束最小化凸期望函数的问题。我们提出了一种可计算的随机近似类型算法，即乘数的随机线性近端方法来解决此凸随机优化问题。该算法可以粗略地看作是随机近似和传统的乘数近端方法的混合体。在轻度条件下，我们表明该算法表现出$ o（k^{ - 1/2}）$预期的收敛速率，如果正确选择了算法中的参数，则客观降低和约束违规率，其中$ k $表示$ k $表示的数量表示迭代。此外，我们表明，算法具有$ o（\ log（k）k^{ - 1/2}）$约束违规和$ o（\ log^{3/2}（k）k）^{ - 1/2}）$目标结合。一些初步的数值结果证明了所提出的算法的性能。

在许多学科中，动态系统的数据信息预测模型的开发引起了广泛的兴趣。我们提出了一个统一的框架，用于混合机械和机器学习方法，以从嘈杂和部分观察到的数据中识别动态系统。我们将纯数据驱动的学习与混合模型进行比较，这些学习结合了不完善的域知识。我们的公式与所选的机器学习模型不可知，在连续和离散的时间设置中都呈现，并且与表现出很大的内存和错误的模型误差兼容。首先，我们从学习理论的角度研究无内存线性（W.R.T.参数依赖性）模型误差，从而定义了过多的风险和概括误差。对于沿阵行的连续时间系统，我们证明，多余的风险和泛化误差都通过与T的正方形介于T的术语（指定训练数据的时间间隔）的术语界定。其次，我们研究了通过记忆建模而受益的方案，证明了两类连续时间复发性神经网络（RNN）的通用近似定理：两者都可以学习与内存有关的模型误差。此外，我们将一类RNN连接到储层计算，从而将学习依赖性错误的学习与使用随机特征在Banach空间之间进行监督学习的最新工作联系起来。给出了数值结果（Lorenz '63，Lorenz '96多尺度系统），以比较纯粹的数据驱动和混合方法，发现混合方法较少，渴望数据较少，并且更有效。最后，我们从数值上证明了如何利用数据同化来从嘈杂，部分观察到的数据中学习隐藏的动态，并说明了通过这种方法和培训此类模型来表示记忆的挑战。

众所周知，给定顺滑，界限 - 下面，并且可能的非透露函数，标准梯度的方法可以找到$ \ epsilon $ -stationary积分（渐变范围小于$ \ epsilon $）$ \ mathcal {O}（1 / \ epsilon ^ 2）$迭代。然而，许多重要的非渗透优化问题，例如与培训现代神经网络相关的问题，本质上是不平衡的，使这些结果不适用。在本文中，我们研究了来自Oracle复杂性视点的非透射性优化，其中假设算法仅向各个点处的函数提供访问。我们提供两个主要结果：首先，我们考虑越近$ \ epsilon $ -storationary积分的问题。这也许是找到$ \ epsilon $ -storationary积分的最自然的放松，这在非对象案例中是不可能的。我们证明，对于任何距离和epsilon $小于某些常数，无法有效地实现这种轻松的目标。我们的第二次结果涉及通过减少到平滑的优化来解决非光度非渗透优化的可能性：即，在光滑的近似值对目标函数的平滑近似下应用平滑的优化方法。对于这种方法，我们在温和的假设下证明了oracle复杂性和平滑度之间的固有权衡：一方面，可以非常有效地平滑非光滑非凸函数（例如，通过随机平滑），但具有尺寸依赖性因子在平滑度参数中，在插入标准平滑优化方法时，这会强烈影响迭代复杂性。另一方面，可以用合适的平滑方法消除这些尺寸因子，而是仅通过使平滑过程的Oracle复杂性呈指数大。

计算科学和统计推断中的许多应用都需要计算有关具有未知归一化常数的复杂高维分布以及这些常数的估计。在这里，我们开发了一种基于从简单的基本分布生成样品，沿着速度场生成的流量运输的方法，并沿这些流程线执行平均值。这种非平衡重要性采样（NEIS）策略是直接实施的，可用于具有任意目标分布的计算。在理论方面，我们讨论了如何将速度场定制到目标，并建立所提出的估计器是一个完美的估计器，具有零变化。我们还通过将基本分布映射到目标上，通过传输图绘制了NEIS和方法之间的连接。在计算方面，我们展示了如何使用深度学习来代表神经网络，并将其训练为零方差最佳。这些结果在高维示例上进行了数值说明，我们表明训练速度场可以将NEIS估计量的方差降低至6个数量级，而不是Vanilla估计量。我们还表明，NEIS在这些示例上的表现要比NEAL的退火重要性采样（AIS）更好。

非滑动非概念优化问题在机器学习和业务决策中广泛出现，而两个核心挑战阻碍了具有有限时间收敛保证的有效解决方案方法的开发：缺乏计算可触及的最佳标准和缺乏计算功能强大的口腔。本文的贡献是两个方面。首先，我们建立了著名的Goldstein Subdferential〜 \ Citep {Goldstein-1977-Optimization}与均匀平滑之间的关系，从而为设计有限时间融合到一组无梯度的方法的基础和直觉提供了基础和直觉戈德斯坦固定点。其次，我们提出了无梯度方法（GFM）和随机GFM，用于解决一类非平滑非凸优化问题，并证明它们两个都可以返回$（\ delta，\ epsilon）$ - Lipschitz函数的Goldstein Sentary Point $ f $以$ o（d^{3/2} \ delta^{ - 1} \ epsilon^{ - 4}）$的预期收敛速率为$ o（d^{3/2} \ delta^{ - 1} \ epsilon^{ - 4}）$，其中$ d $是问题维度。还提出了两阶段版本的GFM和SGFM，并被证明可以改善大泄漏结果。最后，我们证明了2-SGFM使用\ textsc {minst}数据集对训练Relu神经网络的有效性。

The affine rank minimization problem consists of finding a matrix of minimum rank that satisfies a given system of linear equality constraints. Such problems have appeared in the literature of a diverse set of fields including system identification and control, Euclidean embedding, and collaborative filtering. Although specific instances can often be solved with specialized algorithms, the general affine rank minimization problem is NP-hard, because it contains vector cardinality minimization as a special case.In this paper, we show that if a certain restricted isometry property holds for the linear transformation defining the constraints, the minimum rank solution can be recovered by solving a convex optimization problem, namely the minimization of the nuclear norm over the given affine space. We present several random ensembles of equations where the restricted isometry property holds with overwhelming probability, provided the codimension of the subspace is Ω(r(m + n) log mn), where m, n are the dimensions of the matrix, and r is its rank.The techniques used in our analysis have strong parallels in the compressed sensing framework. We discuss how affine rank minimization generalizes this pre-existing concept and outline a dictionary relating concepts from cardinality minimization to those of rank minimization. We also discuss several algorithmic approaches to solving the norm minimization relaxations, and illustrate our results with numerical examples.

在本文中，我们为非稳定于3D流体结构交互系统提供了一种基于深度学习的阶数（DL-ROM）。所提出的DL-ROM具有非线性状态空间模型的格式，并采用具有长短期存储器（LSTM）的经常性神经网络。我们考虑一种以状态空间格式的可弹性安装的球体的规范流体结构系统，其具有不可压缩的流体流动。我们开发了一种非线性数据驱动的耦合，用于预测横向方向自由振动球的非定常力和涡旋诱导的振动（VIV）锁定。我们设计输入输出关系作为用于流体结构系统的低维逼近的力和位移数据集的时间序列。基于VIV锁定过程的先验知识，输入功能包含一系列频率和幅度，其能够实现高效的DL-ROM，而无需用于低维建模的大量训练数据集。一旦训练，网络就提供了输入 - 输出动态的非线性映射，其可以通过反馈过程预测较长地平线的耦合流体结构动态。通过将LSTM网络与Eigensystem实现算法（时代）集成，我们构造了用于减少阶稳定性分析的数据驱动状态空间模型。我们通过特征值选择过程调查VIV的潜在机制和稳定性特征。为了了解频率锁定机制，我们研究了针对降低振荡频率和质量比的范围的特征值轨迹。与全阶模拟一致，通过组合的LSTM-ERA程序精确捕获频率锁定分支。所提出的DL-ROM与涉及流体结构相互作用的物理学数字双胞胎的基于物理的数字双胞胎。

在这项工作中，我们分析了一种高效的采样算法，用于通用可达性分析，这仍然是一种令人难度的挑战性问题，其应用范围从神经网络验证到动态系统的安全分析。通过采样输入，评估其在真正可到达的集合中的图像，并将其$ \ epsilon $ -padded凸壳作为集合估计器，该算法适用于一般问题设置，易于实现。我们主要贡献是使用随机集理论的渐近和有限样本精度保证的推导。该分析通知算法设计以获得$ \ epsilon $-close达到的近似值，具有很高的概率，提供了可达性问题最具挑战性的洞察力，并激励了该技术的安全关键应用。在神经网络验证任务上，我们表明这种方法比现有工作更准确，明显更快。我们的分析知情，我们还设计了一种强大的模型预测控制器，我们在硬件实验中展示。

This work considers a computationally and statistically efficient parameter estimation method for a wide class of latent variable models-including Gaussian mixture models, hidden Markov models, and latent Dirichlet allocation-which exploits a certain tensor structure in their low-order observable moments (typically, of second-and third-order). Specifically, parameter estimation is reduced to the problem of extracting a certain (orthogonal) decomposition of a symmetric tensor derived from the moments; this decomposition can be viewed as a natural generalization of the singular value decomposition for matrices. Although tensor decompositions are generally intractable to compute, the decomposition of these specially structured tensors can be efficiently obtained by a variety of approaches, including power iterations and maximization approaches (similar to the case of matrices). A detailed analysis of a robust tensor power method is provided, establishing an analogue of Wedin's perturbation theorem for the singular vectors of matrices. This implies a robust and computationally tractable estimation approach for several popular latent variable models.

在本文中，我们通过随机搜索方向的Kiefer-Wolfowitz算法调查了随机优化问题模型参数的统计参数问题。我们首先介绍了Polyak-ruppert-veriving型Kiefer-Wolfowitz（AKW）估计器的渐近分布，其渐近协方差矩阵取决于函数查询复杂性和搜索方向的分布。分布结果反映了统计效率与函数查询复杂性之间的权衡。我们进一步分析了随机搜索方向的选择来最小化渐变协方差矩阵，并得出结论，最佳搜索方向取决于相对于Fisher信息矩阵的不同摘要统计的最优标准。根据渐近分布结果，我们通过提供两个有效置信区间的结构进行一次通过统计推理。我们提供了验证我们的理论结果的数值实验，并通过程序的实际效果。

We introduce a class of first-order methods for smooth constrained optimization that are based on an analogy to non-smooth dynamical systems. Two distinctive features of our approach are that (i) projections or optimizations over the entire feasible set are avoided, in stark contrast to projected gradient methods or the Frank-Wolfe method, and (ii) iterates are allowed to become infeasible, which differs from active set or feasible direction methods, where the descent motion stops as soon as a new constraint is encountered. The resulting algorithmic procedure is simple to implement even when constraints are nonlinear, and is suitable for large-scale constrained optimization problems in which the feasible set fails to have a simple structure. The key underlying idea is that constraints are expressed in terms of velocities instead of positions, which has the algorithmic consequence that optimizations over feasible sets at each iteration are replaced with optimizations over local, sparse convex approximations. In particular, this means that at each iteration only constraints that are violated are taken into account. The result is a simplified suite of algorithms and an expanded range of possible applications in machine learning.

We study distributionally robust optimization (DRO) with Sinkhorn distance -- a variant of Wasserstein distance based on entropic regularization. We provide convex programming dual reformulation for a general nominal distribution. Compared with Wasserstein DRO, it is computationally tractable for a larger class of loss functions, and its worst-case distribution is more reasonable. We propose an efficient first-order algorithm with bisection search to solve the dual reformulation. We demonstrate that our proposed algorithm finds $\delta$-optimal solution of the new DRO formulation with computation cost $\tilde{O}(\delta^{-3})$ and memory cost $\tilde{O}(\delta^{-2})$, and the computation cost further improves to $\tilde{O}(\delta^{-2})$ when the loss function is smooth. Finally, we provide various numerical examples using both synthetic and real data to demonstrate its competitive performance and light computational speed.

非线性自适应控制理论中的一个关键假设是系统的不确定性可以在一组已知基本函数的线性跨度中表示。虽然该假设导致有效的算法，但它将应用限制为非常特定的系统类别。我们介绍一种新的非参数自适应算法，其在参数上学习无限尺寸密度，以取消再现内核希尔伯特空间中的未知干扰。令人惊讶的是，所产生的控制输入承认，尽管其底层无限尺寸结构，但是尽管它的潜在无限尺寸结构实现了其实施的分析表达。虽然这种自适应输入具有丰富和富有敏感性的 - 例如，传统的线性参数化 - 其计算复杂性随时间线性增长，使其比其参数对应力相对较高。利用随机傅里叶特征的理论，我们提供了一种有效的随机实现，该实现恢复了经典参数方法的复杂性，同时可透明地保留非参数输入的表征性。特别地，我们的显式范围仅取决于系统的基础参数，允许我们所提出的算法有效地缩放到高维系统。作为该方法的说明，我们展示了随机近似算法学习由牛顿重力交互的十点批量组成的60维系统的预测模型的能力。

Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.

We consider minimizing a smooth and strongly convex objective function using a stochastic Newton method. At each iteration, the algorithm is given an oracle access to a stochastic estimate of the Hessian matrix. The oracle model includes popular algorithms such as Subsampled Newton and Newton Sketch. Despite using second-order information, these existing methods do not exhibit superlinear convergence, unless the stochastic noise is gradually reduced to zero during the iteration, which would lead to a computational blow-up in the per-iteration cost. We propose to address this limitation with Hessian averaging: instead of using the most recent Hessian estimate, our algorithm maintains an average of all the past estimates. This reduces the stochastic noise while avoiding the computational blow-up. We show that this scheme exhibits local $Q$-superlinear convergence with a non-asymptotic rate of $(\Upsilon\sqrt{\log (t)/t}\,)^{t}$, where $\Upsilon$ is proportional to the level of stochastic noise in the Hessian oracle. A potential drawback of this (uniform averaging) approach is that the averaged estimates contain Hessian information from the global phase of the method, i.e., before the iterates converge to a local neighborhood. This leads to a distortion that may substantially delay the superlinear convergence until long after the local neighborhood is reached. To address this drawback, we study a number of weighted averaging schemes that assign larger weights to recent Hessians, so that the superlinear convergence arises sooner, albeit with a slightly slower rate. Remarkably, we show that there exists a universal weighted averaging scheme that transitions to local convergence at an optimal stage, and still exhibits a superlinear convergence rate nearly (up to a logarithmic factor) matching that of uniform Hessian averaging.

这项教程调查概述了统计学习理论中最新的非征血性进步与控制和系统识别相关。尽管在所有控制领域都取得了重大进展，但在线性系统的识别和学习线性二次调节器时，该理论是最发达的，这是本手稿的重点。从理论的角度来看，这些进步的大部分劳动都在适应现代高维统计和学习理论的工具。虽然与控制对机器学习的工具感兴趣的理论家高度相关，但基础材料并不总是容易访问。为了解决这个问题，我们提供了相关材料的独立介绍，概述了基于最新结果的所有关键思想和技术机械。我们还提出了许多开放问题和未来的方向。

We consider the constrained sampling problem where the goal is to sample from a distribution $\pi(x)\propto e^{-f(x)}$ and $x$ is constrained on a convex body $\mathcal{C}\subset \mathbb{R}^d$. Motivated by penalty methods from optimization, we propose penalized Langevin Dynamics (PLD) and penalized Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (PHMC) that convert the constrained sampling problem into an unconstrained one by introducing a penalty function for constraint violations. When $f$ is smooth and the gradient is available, we show $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(d/\varepsilon^{10})$ iteration complexity for PLD to sample the target up to an $\varepsilon$-error where the error is measured in terms of the total variation distance and $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\cdot)$ hides some logarithmic factors. For PHMC, we improve this result to $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\sqrt{d}/\varepsilon^{7})$ when the Hessian of $f$ is Lipschitz and the boundary of $\mathcal{C}$ is sufficiently smooth. To our knowledge, these are the first convergence rate results for Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods in the constrained sampling setting that can handle non-convex $f$ and can provide guarantees with the best dimension dependency among existing methods with deterministic gradients. We then consider the setting where unbiased stochastic gradients are available. We propose PSGLD and PSGHMC that can handle stochastic gradients without Metropolis-Hasting correction steps. When $f$ is strongly convex and smooth, we obtain an iteration complexity of $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(d/\varepsilon^{18})$ and $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(d\sqrt{d}/\varepsilon^{39})$ respectively in the 2-Wasserstein distance. For the more general case, when $f$ is smooth and non-convex, we also provide finite-time performance bounds and iteration complexity results. Finally, we test our algorithms on Bayesian LASSO regression and Bayesian constrained deep learning problems.