This work considers a computationally and statistically efficient parameter estimation method for a wide class of latent variable models-including Gaussian mixture models, hidden Markov models, and latent Dirichlet allocation-which exploits a certain tensor structure in their low-order observable moments (typically, of second-and third-order). Specifically, parameter estimation is reduced to the problem of extracting a certain (orthogonal) decomposition of a symmetric tensor derived from the moments; this decomposition can be viewed as a natural generalization of the singular value decomposition for matrices. Although tensor decompositions are generally intractable to compute, the decomposition of these specially structured tensors can be efficiently obtained by a variety of approaches, including power iterations and maximization approaches (similar to the case of matrices). A detailed analysis of a robust tensor power method is provided, establishing an analogue of Wedin's perturbation theorem for the singular vectors of matrices. This implies a robust and computationally tractable estimation approach for several popular latent variable models.
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近似消息传递(AMP)是解决高维统计问题的有效迭代范式。但是,当迭代次数超过$ o \ big(\ frac {\ log n} {\ log log \ log \ log n} \时big)$(带有$ n $问题维度)。为了解决这一不足,本文开发了一个非吸附框架,用于理解峰值矩阵估计中的AMP。基于AMP更新的新分解和可控的残差项,我们布置了一个分析配方,以表征在存在独立初始化的情况下AMP的有限样本行为,该过程被进一步概括以进行光谱初始化。作为提出的分析配方的两个具体后果:(i)求解$ \ mathbb {z} _2 $同步时,我们预测了频谱初始化AMP的行为,最高为$ o \ big(\ frac {n} {\ mathrm {\ mathrm { poly} \ log n} \ big)$迭代,表明该算法成功而无需随后的细化阶段(如最近由\ citet {celentano2021local}推测); (ii)我们表征了稀疏PCA中AMP的非反应性行为(在尖刺的Wigner模型中),以广泛的信噪比。
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我们调查与高斯的混合的数据分享共同但未知,潜在虐待协方差矩阵的数据。我们首先考虑具有两个等级大小的组件的高斯混合,并根据最大似然估计导出最大切割整数程序。当样品的数量在维度下线性增长时,我们证明其解决方案实现了最佳的错误分类率,直到对数因子。但是,解决最大切割问题似乎是在计算上棘手的。为了克服这一点,我们开发了一种高效的频谱算法,该算法达到最佳速率,但需要一种二次样本量。虽然这种样本复杂性比最大切割问题更差,但我们猜测没有多项式方法可以更好地执行。此外,我们收集了支持统计计算差距存在的数值和理论证据。最后,我们将MAX-CUT程序概括为$ k $ -means程序,该程序处理多组分混合物的可能性不平等。它享有相似的最优性保证,用于满足运输成本不平等的分布式的混合物,包括高斯和强烈的对数的分布。
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我们开发了第一个快速频谱算法,用于分解$ \ mathbb {r}^d $排名到$ o的随机三阶张量。我们的算法仅涉及简单的线性代数操作,并且可以在当前矩阵乘法时间下在时间$ o(d^{6.05})$中恢复所有组件。在这项工作之前,只能通过方形的总和[MA,Shi,Steurer 2016]实现可比的保证。相反,快速算法[Hopkins,Schramm,Shi,Steurer 2016]只能分解排名最多的张量(D^{4/3}/\ text {polylog}(d))$。我们的算法结果取决于两种关键成分。将三阶张量的清洁提升到六阶张量,可以用张量网络的语言表示。将张量网络仔细分解为一系列矩形矩阵乘法,这使我们能够快速实现该算法。
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The Forster transform is a method of regularizing a dataset by placing it in {\em radial isotropic position} while maintaining some of its essential properties. Forster transforms have played a key role in a diverse range of settings spanning computer science and functional analysis. Prior work had given {\em weakly} polynomial time algorithms for computing Forster transforms, when they exist. Our main result is the first {\em strongly polynomial time} algorithm to compute an approximate Forster transform of a given dataset or certify that no such transformation exists. By leveraging our strongly polynomial Forster algorithm, we obtain the first strongly polynomial time algorithm for {\em distribution-free} PAC learning of halfspaces. This learning result is surprising because {\em proper} PAC learning of halfspaces is {\em equivalent} to linear programming. Our learning approach extends to give a strongly polynomial halfspace learner in the presence of random classification noise and, more generally, Massart noise.
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我们考虑了在高维度中平均分离的高斯聚类混合物的问题。我们是从$ k $身份协方差高斯的混合物提供的样本,使任何两对手段之间的最小成对距离至少为$ \ delta $,对于某些参数$ \ delta> 0 $,目标是恢复这些样本的地面真相聚类。它是分离$ \ delta = \ theta(\ sqrt {\ log k})$既有必要且足以理解恢复良好的聚类。但是,实现这种担保的估计值效率低下。我们提供了在多项式时间内运行的第一算法,几乎符合此保证。更确切地说,我们给出了一种算法,它需要多项式许多样本和时间,并且可以成功恢复良好的聚类,只要分离为$ \ delta = \ oomega(\ log ^ {1/2 + c} k)$ ,任何$ c> 0 $。以前,当分离以k $的分离和可以容忍$ \ textsf {poly}(\ log k)$分离所需的quasi arynomial时间时,才知道该问题的多项式时间算法。我们还将我们的结果扩展到分布的分布式的混合物,该分布在额外的温和假设下满足Poincar \ {e}不等式的分布。我们认为我们相信的主要技术工具是一种新颖的方式,可以隐含地代表和估计分配的​​高度时刻,这使我们能够明确地提取关于高度时刻的重要信息而没有明确地缩小全瞬间张量。
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Higher-order multiway data is ubiquitous in machine learning and statistics and often exhibits community-like structures, where each component (node) along each different mode has a community membership associated with it. In this paper we propose the tensor mixed-membership blockmodel, a generalization of the tensor blockmodel positing that memberships need not be discrete, but instead are convex combinations of latent communities. We establish the identifiability of our model and propose a computationally efficient estimation procedure based on the higher-order orthogonal iteration algorithm (HOOI) for tensor SVD composed with a simplex corner-finding algorithm. We then demonstrate the consistency of our estimation procedure by providing a per-node error bound, which showcases the effect of higher-order structures on estimation accuracy. To prove our consistency result, we develop the $\ell_{2,\infty}$ tensor perturbation bound for HOOI under independent, possibly heteroskedastic, subgaussian noise that may be of independent interest. Our analysis uses a novel leave-one-out construction for the iterates, and our bounds depend only on spectral properties of the underlying low-rank tensor under nearly optimal signal-to-noise ratio conditions such that tensor SVD is computationally feasible. Whereas other leave-one-out analyses typically focus on sequences constructed by analyzing the output of a given algorithm with a small part of the noise removed, our leave-one-out analysis constructions use both the previous iterates and the additional tensor structure to eliminate a potential additional source of error. Finally, we apply our methodology to real and simulated data, including applications to two flight datasets and a trade network dataset, demonstrating some effects not identifiable from the model with discrete community memberships.
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我们研究了在存在$ \ epsilon $ - 对抗异常值的高维稀疏平均值估计的问题。先前的工作为此任务获得了该任务的样本和计算有效算法,用于辅助性Subgaussian分布。在这项工作中,我们开发了第一个有效的算法,用于强大的稀疏平均值估计,而没有对协方差的先验知识。对于$ \ Mathbb r^d $上的分布,带有“认证有限”的$ t $ tum-矩和足够轻的尾巴,我们的算法达到了$ o(\ epsilon^{1-1/t})$带有样品复杂性$的错误(\ epsilon^{1-1/t}) m =(k \ log(d))^{o(t)}/\ epsilon^{2-2/t} $。对于高斯分布的特殊情况,我们的算法达到了$ \ tilde o(\ epsilon)$的接近最佳错误,带有样品复杂性$ m = o(k^4 \ mathrm {polylog}(d)(d))/\ epsilon^^ 2 $。我们的算法遵循基于方形的总和,对算法方法的证明。我们通过统计查询和低度多项式测试的下限来补充上限,提供了证据,表明我们算法实现的样本时间 - 错误权衡在质量上是最好的。
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我们考虑估计与I.I.D的排名$ 1 $矩阵因素的问题。高斯,排名$ 1 $的测量值,这些测量值非线性转化和损坏。考虑到非线性的两种典型选择,我们研究了从随机初始化开始的此非convex优化问题的天然交流更新规则的收敛性能。我们通过得出确定性递归,即使在高维问题中也是准确的,我们显示出算法的样本分割版本的敏锐收敛保证。值得注意的是,虽然无限样本的种群更新是非信息性的,并提示单个步骤中的精确恢复,但算法 - 我们的确定性预测 - 从随机初始化中迅速地收敛。我们尖锐的非反应分析也暴露了此问题的其他几种细粒度,包括非线性和噪声水平如何影响收敛行为。从技术层面上讲,我们的结果可以通过证明我们的确定性递归可以通过我们的确定性顺序来预测我们的确定性序列,而当每次迭代都以$ n $观测来运行时,我们的确定性顺序可以通过$ n^{ - 1/2} $的波动。我们的技术利用了源自有关高维$ m $估计文献的遗留工具,并为通过随机数据的其他高维优化问题的随机初始化而彻底地分析了高阶迭代算法的途径。
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Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.
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我们给出了\ emph {list-codobable协方差估计}的第一个多项式时间算法。对于任何$ \ alpha> 0 $,我们的算法获取输入样本$ y \ subseteq \ subseteq \ mathbb {r}^d $ size $ n \ geq d^{\ mathsf {poly}(1/\ alpha)} $获得通过对抗损坏I.I.D的$(1- \ alpha)n $点。从高斯分布中的样本$ x $ size $ n $,其未知平均值$ \ mu _*$和协方差$ \ sigma _*$。在$ n^{\ mathsf {poly}(1/\ alpha)} $ time中,它输出$ k = k(\ alpha)=(1/\ alpha)^{\ mathsf {poly}的常数大小列表(1/\ alpha)} $候选参数,具有高概率,包含$(\ hat {\ mu},\ hat {\ sigma})$,使得总变化距离$ tv(\ Mathcal {n}(n})(n}(n})( \ mu _*,\ sigma _*),\ Mathcal {n}(\ hat {\ mu},\ hat {\ sigma}))<1-o _ {\ alpha}(1)$。这是距离的统计上最强的概念,意味着具有独立尺寸误差的参数的乘法光谱和相对Frobenius距离近似。我们的算法更普遍地适用于$(1- \ alpha)$ - 任何具有低度平方总和证书的分布$ d $的损坏,这是两个自然分析属性的:1)一维边际和抗浓度2)2度多项式的超收缩率。在我们工作之前,估计可定性设置的协方差的唯一已知结果是针对Karmarkar,Klivans和Kothari(2019),Raghavendra和Yau(2019和2019和2019和2019和2019年)的特殊情况。 2020年)和巴克西(Bakshi)和科塔里(Kothari)(2020年)。这些结果需要超级物理时间,以在基础维度中获得任何子构误差。我们的结果意味着第一个多项式\ emph {extcect}算法,用于列表可解码的线性回归和子空间恢复,尤其允许获得$ 2^{ - \ Mathsf { - \ Mathsf {poly}(d)} $多项式时间错误。我们的结果还意味着改进了用于聚类非球体混合物的算法。
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In the classical setting of self-selection, the goal is to learn $k$ models, simultaneously from observations $(x^{(i)}, y^{(i)})$ where $y^{(i)}$ is the output of one of $k$ underlying models on input $x^{(i)}$. In contrast to mixture models, where we observe the output of a randomly selected model, here the observed model depends on the outputs themselves, and is determined by some known selection criterion. For example, we might observe the highest output, the smallest output, or the median output of the $k$ models. In known-index self-selection, the identity of the observed model output is observable; in unknown-index self-selection, it is not. Self-selection has a long history in Econometrics and applications in various theoretical and applied fields, including treatment effect estimation, imitation learning, learning from strategically reported data, and learning from markets at disequilibrium. In this work, we present the first computationally and statistically efficient estimation algorithms for the most standard setting of this problem where the models are linear. In the known-index case, we require poly$(1/\varepsilon, k, d)$ sample and time complexity to estimate all model parameters to accuracy $\varepsilon$ in $d$ dimensions, and can accommodate quite general selection criteria. In the more challenging unknown-index case, even the identifiability of the linear models (from infinitely many samples) was not known. We show three results in this case for the commonly studied $\max$ self-selection criterion: (1) we show that the linear models are indeed identifiable, (2) for general $k$ we provide an algorithm with poly$(d) \exp(\text{poly}(k))$ sample and time complexity to estimate the regression parameters up to error $1/\text{poly}(k)$, and (3) for $k = 2$ we provide an algorithm for any error $\varepsilon$ and poly$(d, 1/\varepsilon)$ sample and time complexity.
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本文研究了聚类基质值观测值的计算和统计限制。我们提出了一个低级别的混合模型(LRMM),该模型适用于经典的高斯混合模型(GMM)来处理基质值观测值,该观测值假设人口中心矩阵的低级别。通过集成Lloyd算法和低级近似值设计了一种计算有效的聚类方法。一旦定位良好,该算法将快速收敛并达到最小值最佳的指数型聚类错误率。同时,我们表明一种基于张量的光谱方法可提供良好的初始聚类。与GMM相当,最小值最佳聚类错误率是由分离强度(即种群中心矩阵之间的最小距离)决定的。通过利用低级度,提出的算法对分离强度的要求较弱。但是,与GMM不同,LRMM的统计难度和计算难度的特征是信号强度,即最小的人口中心矩阵的非零奇异值。提供了证据表明,即使信号强度不够强,即使分离强度很强,也没有多项式时间算法是一致的。在高斯以下噪声下进一步证明了我们低级劳埃德算法的性能。讨论了LRMM下估计和聚类之间的有趣差异。通过全面的仿真实验证实了低级劳埃德算法的优点。最后,我们的方法在现实世界数据集的文献中优于其他方法。
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随机奇异值分解(RSVD)是用于计算大型数据矩阵截断的SVD的一类计算算法。给定A $ n \ times n $对称矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $,原型RSVD算法输出通过计算$ \ mathbf {m mathbf {m} $的$ k $引导singular vectors的近似m}^{g} \ mathbf {g} $;这里$ g \ geq 1 $是一个整数,$ \ mathbf {g} \ in \ mathbb {r}^{n \ times k} $是一个随机的高斯素描矩阵。在本文中,我们研究了一般的“信号加上噪声”框架下的RSVD的统计特性,即,观察到的矩阵$ \ hat {\ mathbf {m}} $被认为是某种真实但未知的加法扰动信号矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $。我们首先得出$ \ ell_2 $(频谱规范)和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ infty} $(最大行行列$ \ ell_2 $ norm)$ \ hat {\ hat {\ Mathbf {M}} $和信号矩阵$ \ Mathbf {M} $的真实单数向量。这些上限取决于信噪比(SNR)和功率迭代$ g $的数量。观察到一个相变现象,其中较小的SNR需要较大的$ g $值以保证$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ fo \ infty} $ distances的收敛。我们还表明,每当噪声矩阵满足一定的痕量生长条件时,这些相变发生的$ g $的阈值都会很清晰。最后,我们得出了近似奇异向量的行波和近似矩阵的进入波动的正常近似。我们通过将RSVD的几乎最佳性能保证在应用于三个统计推断问题的情况下,即社区检测,矩阵完成和主要的组件分析,并使用缺失的数据来说明我们的理论结果。
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聚类是无监督学习中的基本原始,它引发了丰富的计算挑战性推理任务。在这项工作中,我们专注于将$ D $ -dimential高斯混合的规范任务与未知(和可能的退化)协方差集成。最近的作品(Ghosh等人。恢复在高斯聚类实例中种植的某些隐藏结构。在许多类似的推理任务上的工作开始,这些较低界限强烈建议存在群集的固有统计到计算间隙,即群集任务是\ yringit {statistically}可能但没有\ texit {多项式 - 时间}算法成功。我们考虑的聚类任务的一个特殊情况相当于在否则随机子空间中找到种植的超立体载体的问题。我们表明,也许令人惊讶的是,这种特定的聚类模型\ extent {没有展示}统计到计算间隙,即使在这种情况下继续应用上述的低度和SOS下限。为此,我们提供了一种基于Lenstra - Lenstra - Lovasz晶格基础减少方法的多项式算法,该方法实现了$ D + 1 $样本的统计上最佳的样本复杂性。该结果扩展了猜想统计到计算间隙的问题的类问题可以通过“脆弱”多项式算法“关闭”,突出显示噪声在统计到计算间隙的发作中的关键而微妙作用。
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混合模型被广泛用于拟合复杂和多模式数据集。在本文中,我们研究了具有高维稀疏潜在参数矢量的混合物,并考虑了支持这些向量的恢复的问题。尽管对混合模型中的参数学习进行了充分研究,但稀疏性约束仍然相对尚未探索。参数向量的稀疏性是各种设置的自然约束,支持恢复是参数估计的主要步骤。我们为支持恢复提供有效的算法,该算法具有对数样品的复杂性依赖于潜在空间的维度。我们的算法非常笼统,即它们适用于1)许多不同规范分布的混合物,包括统一,泊松,拉普拉斯,高斯人等。2)在统一参数的不同假设下,线性回归和线性分类器与高斯协变量的混合物与高斯协变量的混合物。在大多数这些设置中,我们的结果是对问题的首先保证,而在其余部分中,我们的结果为现有作品提供了改进。
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In a mixed generalized linear model, the objective is to learn multiple signals from unlabeled observations: each sample comes from exactly one signal, but it is not known which one. We consider the prototypical problem of estimating two statistically independent signals in a mixed generalized linear model with Gaussian covariates. Spectral methods are a popular class of estimators which output the top two eigenvectors of a suitable data-dependent matrix. However, despite the wide applicability, their design is still obtained via heuristic considerations, and the number of samples $n$ needed to guarantee recovery is super-linear in the signal dimension $d$. In this paper, we develop exact asymptotics on spectral methods in the challenging proportional regime in which $n, d$ grow large and their ratio converges to a finite constant. By doing so, we are able to optimize the design of the spectral method, and combine it with a simple linear estimator, in order to minimize the estimation error. Our characterization exploits a mix of tools from random matrices, free probability and the theory of approximate message passing algorithms. Numerical simulations for mixed linear regression and phase retrieval display the advantage enabled by our analysis over existing designs of spectral methods.
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网络数据通常在各种应用程序中收集,代表感兴趣的功能之间直接测量或统计上推断的连接。在越来越多的域中,这些网络会随着时间的流逝而收集,例如不同日子或多个主题之间的社交媒体平台用户之间的交互,例如在大脑连接性的多主体研究中。在分析多个大型网络时,降低降低技术通常用于将网络嵌入更易于处理的低维空间中。为此,我们通过专门的张量分解来开发用于网络集合的主组件分析(PCA)的框架,我们将半对称性张量PCA或SS-TPCA术语。我们得出计算有效的算法来计算我们提出的SS-TPCA分解,并在标准的低级别信号加噪声模型下建立方法的统计效率。值得注意的是,我们表明SS-TPCA具有与经典矩阵PCA相同的估计精度,并且与网络中顶点数的平方根成正比,而不是预期的边缘数。我们的框架继承了古典PCA的许多优势,适用于广泛的无监督学习任务,包括识别主要网络,隔离有意义的更改点或外出观察,以及表征最不同边缘的“可变性网络”。最后,我们证明了我们的提案对模拟数据的有效性以及经验法律研究的示例。用于建立我们主要一致性结果的技术令人惊讶地简单明了,可能会在其他各种网络分析问题中找到使用。
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特征向量扰动分析在各种数据科学应用中起着至关重要的作用。然而,大量的先前作品着重于建立$ \ ell_ {2} $ eigenVector扰动边界,这些范围通常在解决依赖特征向量的细粒度行为的任务方面非常不足。本文通过研究未知特征向量的线性函数的扰动来取得进展。在存在高斯噪声的情况下,着重于两个基本问题 - 矩阵denoising和主成分分析 - 我们开发了一个统计理论的套件,该理论表征了未知特征向量的任意线性函数的扰动。为了减轻自然``插件''估计器固有的不可忽略的偏见问题,我们开发了偏低的估计器,即(1)(1)为场景家庭实现最小的下限(模仿某些对数因素),并且(2)可以以数据驱动的方式计算,而无需样品分裂。值得注意的是,即使相关的特征间隙{\ em少于先前的统计理论所要求的,提出的估计器几乎是最佳的最佳选择。
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我们研究了随机近似程序,以便基于观察来自ergodic Markov链的长度$ n $的轨迹来求近求解$ d -dimension的线性固定点方程。我们首先表现出$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {d}} \ tfrac {d} {n} $的非渐近性界限。$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix $是混合时间。然后,我们证明了一种在适当平均迭代序列上的非渐近实例依赖性,具有匹配局部渐近最小的限制的领先术语,包括对参数$的敏锐依赖(d,t _ {\ mathrm {mix}}) $以高阶术语。我们将这些上限与非渐近Minimax的下限补充,该下限是建立平均SA估计器的实例 - 最优性。我们通过Markov噪声的政策评估导出了这些结果的推导 - 覆盖了所有$ \ lambda \中的TD($ \ lambda $)算法,以便[0,1)$ - 和线性自回归模型。我们的实例依赖性表征为HyperParameter调整的细粒度模型选择程序的设计开放了门(例如,在运行TD($ \ Lambda $)算法时选择$ \ lambda $的值)。
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