Satellite image change detection aims at finding occurrences of targeted changes in a given scene taken at different instants. This task is highly challenging due to the acquisition conditions and also to the subjectivity of changes. In this paper, we investigate satellite image change detection using active learning. Our method is interactive and relies on a question and answer model which asks the oracle (user) questions about the most informative display (dubbed as virtual exemplars), and according to the user's responses, updates change detections. The main contribution of our method consists in a novel adversarial model that allows frugally probing the oracle with only the most representative, diverse and uncertain virtual exemplars. The latter are learned to challenge the most the trained change decision criteria which ultimately leads to a better re-estimate of these criteria in the following iterations of active learning. Conducted experiments show the out-performance of our proposed adversarial display model against other display strategies as well as the related work.

Most of the existing learning models, particularly deep neural networks, are reliant on large datasets whose hand-labeling is expensive and time demanding. A current trend is to make the learning of these models frugal and less dependent on large collections of labeled data. Among the existing solutions, deep active learning is currently witnessing a major interest and its purpose is to train deep networks using as few labeled samples as possible. However, the success of active learning is highly dependent on how critical are these samples when training models. In this paper, we devise a novel active learning approach for label-efficient training. The proposed method is iterative and aims at minimizing a constrained objective function that mixes diversity, representativity and uncertainty criteria. The proposed approach is probabilistic and unifies all these criteria in a single objective function whose solution models the probability of relevance of samples (i.e., how critical) when learning a decision function. We also introduce a novel weighting mechanism based on reinforcement learning, which adaptively balances these criteria at each training iteration, using a particular stateless Q-learning model. Extensive experiments conducted on staple image classification data, including Object-DOTA, show the effectiveness of our proposed model w.r.t. several baselines including random, uncertainty and flat as well as other work.

本文解决了在水模型部署民主化中采用了机器学习的一些挑战。第一个挑战是减少了在主动学习的帮助下减少了标签努力（因此关注数据质量），模型推断与Oracle之间的反馈循环：如在保险中，未标记的数据通常丰富，主动学习可能会成为一个重要的资产减少标签成本。为此目的，本文在研究其对合成和真实数据集的实证影响之前，阐述了各种古典主动学习方法。保险中的另一个关键挑战是模型推论中的公平问题。我们将在此主动学习框架中介绍和整合一个用于多级任务的后处理公平，以解决这两个问题。最后对不公平数据集的数值实验突出显示所提出的设置在模型精度和公平性之间存在良好的折衷。

While deep learning succeeds in a wide range of tasks, it highly depends on the massive collection of annotated data which is expensive and time-consuming. To lower the cost of data annotation, active learning has been proposed to interactively query an oracle to annotate a small proportion of informative samples in an unlabeled dataset. Inspired by the fact that the samples with higher loss are usually more informative to the model than the samples with lower loss, in this paper we present a novel deep active learning approach that queries the oracle for data annotation when the unlabeled sample is believed to incorporate high loss. The core of our approach is a measurement Temporal Output Discrepancy (TOD) that estimates the sample loss by evaluating the discrepancy of outputs given by models at different optimization steps. Our theoretical investigation shows that TOD lower-bounds the accumulated sample loss thus it can be used to select informative unlabeled samples. On basis of TOD, we further develop an effective unlabeled data sampling strategy as well as an unsupervised learning criterion for active learning. Due to the simplicity of TOD, our methods are efficient, flexible, and task-agnostic. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performances than the state-of-the-art active learning methods on image classification and semantic segmentation tasks. In addition, we show that TOD can be utilized to select the best model of potentially the highest testing accuracy from a pool of candidate models.

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.

在本文中，我们提出了一种与成对约束聚类的主动度量学习方法。该方法主动查询信息性实例对的标签，同时通过结合未标记的实例对估计底层度量，这导致更准确和有效的聚类过程。特别是，我们通过生成更多成对标签来增强查询的约束，以提供学习度量标准以增强聚类性能的附加信息。此外，我们通过顺序更新学习的度量并自适应地惩罚无关的特征来增加度量学习的鲁棒性。此外，我们提出了一种新的主​​动查询策略，通过结合邻域结构来更准确地评估实例对的信息增益，这提高了集群效率而无需额外的标记成本。理论上，我们提供了利用使用现有约束的方法使用增强查询的所提出的度量学习方法的更紧密的错误。此外，我们还使用主动查询策略而不是随机选择来研究改进。仿真设置和实际数据集的数值研究表明，当显着特征和无关的特征之间的信噪比低时，所提出的方法是特别有利的。

Recent aerial object detection models rely on a large amount of labeled training data, which requires unaffordable manual labeling costs in large aerial scenes with dense objects. Active learning is effective in reducing the data labeling cost by selectively querying the informative and representative unlabelled samples. However, existing active learning methods are mainly with class-balanced setting and image-based querying for generic object detection tasks, which are less applicable to aerial object detection scenario due to the long-tailed class distribution and dense small objects in aerial scenes. In this paper, we propose a novel active learning method for cost-effective aerial object detection. Specifically, both object-level and image-level informativeness are considered in the object selection to refrain from redundant and myopic querying. Besides, an easy-to-use class-balancing criterion is incorporated to favor the minority objects to alleviate the long-tailed class distribution problem in model training. To fully utilize the queried information, we further devise a training loss to mine the latent knowledge in the undiscovered image regions. Extensive experiments are conducted on the DOTA-v1.0 and DOTA-v2.0 benchmarks to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that it can save more than 75% of the labeling cost to reach the same performance compared to the baselines and state-of-the-art active object detection methods. Code is available at https://github.com/ZJW700/MUS-CDB

The generalisation performance of a convolutional neural networks (CNN) is majorly predisposed by the quantity, quality, and diversity of the training images. All the training data needs to be annotated in-hand before, in many real-world applications data is easy to acquire but expensive and time-consuming to label. The goal of the Active learning for the task is to draw most informative samples from the unlabeled pool which can used for training after annotation. With total different objective, self-supervised learning which have been gaining meteoric popularity by closing the gap in performance with supervised methods on large computer vision benchmarks. self-supervised learning (SSL) these days have shown to produce low-level representations that are invariant to distortions of the input sample and can encode invariance to artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc. self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches rely on simpler and more scalable frameworks for learning. In this paper, we unify these two families of approaches from the angle of active learning using self-supervised learning mainfold and propose Deep Active Learning using BarlowTwins(DALBT), an active learning method for all the datasets using combination of classifier trained along with self-supervised loss framework of Barlow Twins to a setting where the model can encode the invariance of artificially created distortions, e.g. rotation, solarization, cropping etc.

最近，无监督的域适应是一种有效的范例，用于概括深度神经网络到新的目标域。但是，仍有巨大的潜力才能达到完全监督的性能。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的主动学习策略，以帮助目标域中的知识转移，有效域适应。我们从观察开始，即当训练（源）和测试（目标）数据来自不同的分布时，基于能量的模型表现出自由能量偏差。灵感来自这种固有的机制，我们经验揭示了一种简单而有效的能源 - 基于能量的采样策略揭示了比需要特定架构或距离计算的现有方法的最有价值的目标样本。我们的算法，基于能量的活动域适应（EADA），查询逻辑数据组，它将域特征和实例不确定性结合到每个选择回合中。同时，通过通过正则化术语对准源域周围的目标数据紧凑的自由能，可以隐含地减少域间隙。通过广泛的实验，我们表明EADA在众所周知的具有挑战性的基准上超越了最先进的方法，具有实质性的改进，使其成为开放世界中的一个有用的选择。代码可在https://github.com/bit-da/eada获得。

在研究积极的学习时，我们专注于标记的示例数量（预算规模）和合适的查询策略之间的关系。我们的理论分析表明，一种让人联想到相变的行为：预算低时最好查询典型的示例，而预算较大时最好查询无代表性的示例。合并的证据表明，类似的现象发生在共同的分类模型中。因此，我们提出了典型lust，这是一种适合低预算的深度积极学习策略。在对监督学习的比较实证研究中，使用各种架构和图像数据集，TypicLust在低预算制度中的所有其他活跃学习策略都优于所有其他活跃的学习策略。在半监督框架中使用TypicLust，性能得到更加显着的提升。特别是，在CIFAR-10上训练的最新半监督方法，由Typiclust选择的10个标记的示例训练，达到93.2％的精度 - 比随机选择提高了39.4％。代码可在https://github.com/avihu111/typiclust上找到。

标记大量数据很昂贵。主动学习旨在通过要求注释未标记的集合中最有用的数据来解决这个问题。我们提出了一种新颖的活跃学习方法，该方法利用自我监督的借口任务和独特的数据采样器来选择既困难又具有代表性的数据。我们发现，简单的自我监督借口任务（例如旋转预测）的损失与下游任务损失密切相关。在主动学习迭代之前，对未标记的集合进行了借口任务学习者进行培训，并且未标记的数据被分类并通过其借口任务损失分组成批处理。在每个主动的学习迭代中，主要任务模型用于批评要注释的批次中最不确定的数据。我们评估了有关各种图像分类和分割基准测试的方法，并在CIFAR10，CALTECH-101，IMAGENET和CITYSCAPES上实现引人注目的性能。我们进一步表明，我们的方法在不平衡的数据集上表现良好，并且可以有效地解决冷启动问题的解决方案，在这种问题中，主动学习性能受到随机采样的初始标记集的影响。

主动学习（al）试图通过标记最少的样本来最大限度地提高模型的性能增益。深度学习（DL）是贪婪的数据，需要大量的数据电源来优化大量参数，因此模型了解如何提取高质量功能。近年来，由于互联网技术的快速发展，我们处于信息种类的时代，我们有大量的数据。通过这种方式，DL引起了研究人员的强烈兴趣，并已迅速发展。与DL相比，研究人员对Al的兴趣相对较低。这主要是因为在DL的崛起之前，传统的机器学习需要相对较少的标记样品。因此，早期的Al很难反映其应得的价值。虽然DL在各个领域取得了突破，但大多数这一成功都是由于大量现有注释数据集的宣传。然而，收购大量高质量的注释数据集消耗了很多人力，这在某些领域不允许在需要高专业知识，特别是在语音识别，信息提取，医学图像等领域中， al逐渐受到适当的关注。自然理念是AL是否可用于降低样本注释的成本，同时保留DL的强大学习能力。因此，已经出现了深度主动学习（DAL）。虽然相关的研究非常丰富，但它缺乏对DAL的综合调查。本文要填补这一差距，我们为现有工作提供了正式的分类方法，以及全面和系统的概述。此外，我们还通过申请的角度分析并总结了DAL的发展。最后，我们讨论了DAL中的混乱和问题，为DAL提供了一些可能的发展方向。

我们研究了用于半监控学习（SSL）的无监督数据选择，其中可以提供大规模的未标记数据集，并且为标签采集预算小额数据子集。现有的SSL方法专注于学习一个有效地集成了来自给定小标记数据和大型未标记数据的信息的模型，而我们专注于选择正确的数据以用于SSL的注释，而无需任何标签或任务信息。直观地，要标记的实例应统称为下游任务的最大多样性和覆盖范围，并且单独具有用于SSL的最大信息传播实用程序。我们以三步数据为中心的SSL方法形式化这些概念，使稳定性和精度的纤维液改善8％的CiFar-10（标记为0.08％）和14％的Imagenet -1k（标记为0.2％）。它也是一种具有各种SSL方法的通用框架，提供一致的性能增益。我们的工作表明，在仔细选择注释数据上花费的小计算带来了大注释效率和模型性能增益，而无需改变学习管道。我们完全无监督的数据选择可以轻松扩展到其他弱监督的学习设置。

Active learning aims to develop label-efficient algorithms by sampling the most representative queries to be labeled by an oracle. We describe a pool-based semisupervised active learning algorithm that implicitly learns this sampling mechanism in an adversarial manner. Unlike conventional active learning algorithms, our approach is task agnostic, i.e., it does not depend on the performance of the task for which we are trying to acquire labeled data. Our method learns a latent space using a variational autoencoder (VAE) and an adversarial network trained to discriminate between unlabeled and labeled data. The minimax game between the VAE and the adversarial network is played such that while the VAE tries to trick the adversarial network into predicting that all data points are from the labeled pool, the adversarial network learns how to discriminate between dissimilarities in the latent space. We extensively evaluate our method on various image classification and semantic segmentation benchmark datasets and establish a new state of the art on CIFAR10/100, Caltech-256, ImageNet, Cityscapes, and BDD100K. Our results demonstrate that our adversarial approach learns an effective low dimensional latent space in large-scale settings and provides for a computationally efficient sampling method. 1

It is widely believed that given the same labeling budget, active learning algorithms like uncertainty sampling achieve better predictive performance than passive learning (i.e. uniform sampling), albeit at a higher computational cost. Recent empirical evidence suggests that this added cost might be in vain, as uncertainty sampling can sometimes perform even worse than passive learning. While existing works offer different explanations in the low-dimensional regime, this paper shows that the underlying mechanism is entirely different in high dimensions: we prove for logistic regression that passive learning outperforms uncertainty sampling even for noiseless data and when using the uncertainty of the Bayes optimal classifier. Insights from our proof indicate that this high-dimensional phenomenon is exacerbated when the separation between the classes is small. We corroborate this intuition with experiments on 20 high-dimensional datasets spanning a diverse range of applications, from finance and histology to chemistry and computer vision.

我们在本文中提出了在循环中建立深度神经网络和人类之间的合作，以迅速获得遥感图像的准确分割图。简而言之，代理商迭代地与网络交互以纠正其最初缺陷的预测。具体地，这些相互作用是代表语义标签的注释。我们的方法论贡献是双重的。首先，我们提出了两个交互式学习计划，将用户输入集成到深神经网络中。第一个将注释连接到其他网络的输入。第二个将注释用作稀疏的地面真相来培训网络。其次，我们提出了一种积极的学习策略，以指导用户对诠释的最相关的领域。为此目的，我们比较不同的最先进的获取功能来评估神经网络不确定性，如Confidnet，熵或odin。通过对三个遥感数据集的实验，我们展示了所提出的方法的有效性。值得注意的是，我们表明基于不确定性估计的主动学习使能够快速引导用户对错误而导致错误，因此它与引导用户干预相关联。

Time-series anomaly detection is an important task and has been widely applied in the industry. Since manual data annotation is expensive and inefficient, most applications adopt unsupervised anomaly detection methods, but the results are usually sub-optimal and unsatisfactory to end customers. Weak supervision is a promising paradigm for obtaining considerable labels in a low-cost way, which enables the customers to label data by writing heuristic rules rather than annotating each instance individually. However, in the time-series domain, it is hard for people to write reasonable labeling functions as the time-series data is numerically continuous and difficult to be understood. In this paper, we propose a Label-Efficient Interactive Time-Series Anomaly Detection (LEIAD) system, which enables a user to improve the results of unsupervised anomaly detection by performing only a small amount of interactions with the system. To achieve this goal, the system integrates weak supervision and active learning collaboratively while generating labeling functions automatically using only a few labeled data. All of these techniques are complementary and can promote each other in a reinforced manner. We conduct experiments on three time-series anomaly detection datasets, demonstrating that the proposed system is superior to existing solutions in both weak supervision and active learning areas. Also, the system has been tested in a real scenario in industry to show its practicality.

基于池的主动学习（AL）通过依次从大型未标记数据池中选择信息的未标记样本并从Oracle/Ontoter中查询标签，从而取得了巨大成功。但是，现有的AL采样策略可能在分布外（OOD）数据方案中无法很好地工作，其中未标记的数据池包含一些不属于目标任务类别的数据示例。在OOD数据情景下实现良好的AL性能是一项具有挑战性的任务，因为Al采样策略与OOD样本检测之间的自然冲突。 Al选择很难由当前基本分类器进行分类的数据（例如，预测类概率具有较高熵的样品），而OOD样品往往具有比分布更均匀的预测类概率（即高熵）（即高熵）（ID ） 数据。在本文中，我们提出了一种采样方案，即用于主动学习的蒙特 - 卡洛帕累托优化（POAL），该方案从未标记的数据库中选择了具有固定批次大小的未标记样品的最佳子集。我们将AL采样任务施加为多目标优化问题，因此我们基于两个冲突的目标利用Pareto优化：（1）正常的AL数据采样方案（例如，最大熵）和（2）作为OOD样本。实验结果表明其对经典机器学习（ML）和深度学习（DL）任务的有效性。

半监督学习是减少机器学习对标记数据的依赖性的关键工具。但是，它主要通过利用其固有的空间和语义结构来应用于图像和语言数据。这些方法不适用于表格数据，因为这些域结构不可用。现有的伪标记方法（PL）方法可以有效地对表格数据有效，但容易受到噪声样本的影响，并且给定预定义阈值而贪婪的分配，这是未知的。本文通过提出自信的sndhorn分配（CSA）来解决此问题，该分配仅为具有较高置信分数的样本分配标签，并通过最佳运输来学习最佳的标签分配。CSA的表现优于这个实际重要领域的当前最新面积。

大型标记数据集的可用性是深度学习成功的关键组成部分。但是，大型数据集上的标签通常很耗时且昂贵。主动学习是一个研究领域，通过选择最重要的标签样本来解决昂贵的标签问题。基于多样性的采样算法被称为基于表示的主动学习方法的组成部分。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新的基于多样性的初始数据集选择算法，以选择有效学习环境中初始标记的最有用的样本集。自我监督的表示学习用于考虑初始数据集选择算法中样品的多样性。此外，我们提出了一种新型的主动学习查询策略，该策略使用基于多样性的基于一致性的嵌入方式采样。通过考虑基于一致性的嵌入方案中多样性的一致性信息，该方法可以在半监督的学习环境中选择更多信息的样本来标记。比较实验表明，通过利用未标记的数据的多样性，与先前的主动学习方法相比，该提出的方法在CIFAR-10和CALTECH-101数据集上取得了令人信服的结果。