图像是航天器导航和观察到的空间对象的三维重建的重要信息来源。当相机具有已知态度时,这两种应用都采用三角剖分问题的形式,并且从图像中提取的测量值是视线(LOS)方向。这项工作对三角剖分的历史和理论基础进行了全面的综述。回顾了多种经典三角算法,包括许多次优线性方法(许多LOS测量值)和Hartley和Sturm的最佳方法(只有两个LOS测量)。结果表明,使用新的线性最佳正弦三角剖分(丢失)方法,可以在没有迭代作为线性系统的情况下解决最佳的多测量情况。在仅进行两次测量的情况下,Hartley和Sturm的丢失和多项式方法都提供了相同的结果。通过一些数值示例评估了各种三角测量算法,包括行星地形相对导航,天王星的仅角度光学导航,巴黎圣母院的3-D重建以及仅角度的相对导航。
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本文介绍了一种新型跟踪滤波器,主要用于在自动表面车辆(ASV)上的碰撞避免系统中使用。所提出的方法利用自动信息系统(AIS)消息传递协议来利用实时运动信息,以估计附近协同目标的位置,速度和标题。使用与源自余弦的球面规律的运动方程,在大地测量坐标中递归地估计每个目标的状态。这改善了先前的方法,其中许多方法采用扩展的卡尔曼滤波器(EKF),因此需要局部平面坐标帧的规范,以便以易于微差形式描述状态运动学。建议的大地电线UKF避免了对该本地飞机的需求。该特征对于远程ASV来说是特别有利的,其必须否则必须定期重新定义新的局部平面来缩短线性化误差。在真实世界的运营中,这种重复的重新定义可以引入错误并使任务规划复杂化。通过模拟和现场测试显示所提出的大地电线UKF以及传统的飞机 - 笛卡尔ekf,无论是在估计误差和稳定性方面的表现还是更好。
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We propose AstroSLAM, a standalone vision-based solution for autonomous online navigation around an unknown target small celestial body. AstroSLAM is predicated on the formulation of the SLAM problem as an incrementally growing factor graph, facilitated by the use of the GTSAM library and the iSAM2 engine. By combining sensor fusion with orbital motion priors, we achieve improved performance over a baseline SLAM solution. We incorporate orbital motion constraints into the factor graph by devising a novel relative dynamics factor, which links the relative pose of the spacecraft to the problem of predicting trajectories stemming from the motion of the spacecraft in the vicinity of the small body. We demonstrate the excellent performance of AstroSLAM using both real legacy mission imagery and trajectory data courtesy of NASA's Planetary Data System, as well as real in-lab imagery data generated on a 3 degree-of-freedom spacecraft simulator test-bed.
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我们考虑了一个类别级别的感知问题,其中给定的2D或3D传感器数据描绘了给定类别的对象(例如,汽车),并且必须重建尽管级别的可变性,但必须重建对象的3D姿势和形状(即,不同的汽车模型具有不同的形状)。我们考虑了一个主动形状模型,其中 - 对于对象类别 - 我们获得了一个潜在的CAD模型库,描述该类别中的对象,我们采用了标准公式,其中姿势和形状是通过非非2D或3D关键点估算的-convex优化。我们的第一个贡献是开发PACE3D*和PACE2D*,这是第一个使用3D和2D关键点进行姿势和形状估计的最佳最佳求解器。这两个求解器都依赖于紧密(即精确)半决赛的设计。我们的第二个贡献是开发两个求解器的异常刺激版本,命名为PACE3D#和PACE2D#。为了实现这一目标,我们提出了Robin,Robin是一种一般的图理论框架来修剪异常值,该框架使用兼容性超图来建模测量的兼容性。我们表明,在类别级别的感知问题中,这些超图可以是通过关键点(以2D)或其凸壳(以3D为单位)构建的,并且可以通过最大的超级计算来修剪许多异常值。最后的贡献是广泛的实验评估。除了在模拟数据集和Pascal数据集上提供消融研究外,我们还将求解器与深关键点检测器相结合,并证明PACE3D#在Apolloscape数据集中在车辆姿势估算中改进了最新技术,并且其运行时间是兼容的使用实际应用。
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Outier-bubust估计是一个基本问题,已由统计学家和从业人员进行了广泛的研究。在过去的几年中,整个研究领域的融合都倾向于“算法稳定统计”,该统计数据的重点是开发可拖动的异常体 - 固定技术来解决高维估计问题。尽管存在这种融合,但跨领域的研究工作主要彼此断开。本文桥接了有关可认证的异常抗衡器估计的最新工作,该估计是机器人技术和计算机视觉中的几何感知,并在健壮的统计数据中并行工作。特别是,我们适应并扩展了最新结果对可靠的线性回归(适用于<< 50%异常值的低外壳案例)和列表可解码的回归(适用于>> 50%异常值的高淘汰案例)在机器人和视觉中通常发现的设置,其中(i)变量(例如旋转,姿势)属于非convex域,(ii)测量值是矢量值,并且(iii)未知的异常值是先验的。这里的重点是绩效保证:我们没有提出新算法,而是为投入测量提供条件,在该输入测量值下,保证现代估计算法可以在存在异常值的情况下恢复接近地面真相的估计值。这些条件是我们所谓的“估计合同”。除了现有结果的拟议扩展外,我们认为本文的主要贡献是(i)通过指出共同点和差异来统一平行的研究行,(ii)在介绍先进材料(例如,证明总和证明)中的统一行为。对从业者的可访问和独立的演讲,(iii)指出一些即时的机会和开放问题,以发出异常的几何感知。
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这项正在进行的工作旨在为统计学习提供统一的介绍,从诸如GMM和HMM等经典模型到现代神经网络(如VAE和扩散模型)缓慢地构建。如今,有许多互联网资源可以孤立地解释这一点或新的机器学习算法,但是它们并没有(也不能在如此简短的空间中)将这些算法彼此连接起来,或者与统计模型的经典文献相连现代算法出现了。同样明显缺乏的是一个单一的符号系统,尽管对那些已经熟悉材料的人(如这些帖子的作者)不满意,但对新手的入境造成了重大障碍。同样,我的目的是将各种模型(尽可能)吸收到一个用于推理和学习的框架上,表明(以及为什么)如何以最小的变化将一个模型更改为另一个模型(其中一些是新颖的,另一些是文献中的)。某些背景当然是必要的。我以为读者熟悉基本的多变量计算,概率和统计以及线性代数。这本书的目标当然不是​​完整性,而是从基本知识到过去十年中极强大的新模型的直线路径或多或少。然后,目标是补充而不是替换,诸如Bishop的\ emph {模式识别和机器学习}之类的综合文本,该文本现在已经15岁了。
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我们介绍了一种确定全局特征解耦的方法,并显示其适用于提高数据分析性能的适用性,并开放了新的场所以进行功能传输。我们提出了一种新的形式主义,该形式主义是基于沿特征梯度遵循轨迹来定义对子曼群的转换的。通过这些转换,我们定义了一个归一化,我们证明,它允许解耦可区分的特征。通过将其应用于采样矩,我们获得了用于正骨的准分析溶液,正尾肌肉是峰度的归一化版本,不仅与平均值和方差相关,而且还与偏度相关。我们将此方法应用于原始数据域和过滤器库的输出中,以基于全局描述符的回归和分类问题,与使用经典(未删除)描述符相比,性能得到一致且显着的改进。
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机器人社区在为软机器人设备建模提供的理论工具的复杂程度中看到了指数增长。已经提出了不同的解决方案以克服与软机器人建模相关的困难,通常利用其他科学学科,例如连续式机械和计算机图形。这些理论基础通常被认为是理所当然的,这导致复杂的文献,因此,从未得到完整审查的主题。Withing这种情况下,提交的文件的目标是双重的。突出显示涉及建模技术的不同系列的常见理论根源,采用统一语言,以简化其主要连接和差异的分析。因此,对上市接近自然如下,并最终提供在该领域的主要作品的完整,解开,审查。
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Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) is the problem of estimating a robot's trajectory by combining information from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a camera, and is of great interest to the robotics community. This paper develops a novel Lie group symmetry for the VIO problem and applies the recently proposed equivariant filter. The symmetry is shown to be compatible with the invariance of the VIO reference frame, lead to exact linearisation of bias-free IMU dynamics, and provide equivariance of the visual measurement function. As a result, the equivariant filter (EqF) based on this Lie group is a consistent estimator for VIO with lower linearisation error in the propagation of state dynamics and a higher order equivariant output approximation than standard formulations. Experimental results on the popular EuRoC and UZH FPV datasets demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms other state-of-the-art VIO algorithms in terms of both speed and accuracy.
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安装在微空中车辆(MAV)上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而,合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达(GPSAR)系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成,使得在地面上方,雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形(GPSAR)轨迹的生成和自动执行,以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动(RTK)全局导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量值,以获得精确,高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明,传感器时机为0.8美元,正如0.1美元的那样,定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比,双位置因子配方可提高高达40%,批量定位精度高达59%。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度,使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。
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Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.
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We present a method for solving two minimal problems for relative camera pose estimation from three views, which are based on three view correspondences of i) three points and one line and the novel case of ii) three points and two lines through two of the points. These problems are too difficult to be efficiently solved by the state of the art Groebner basis methods. Our method is based on a new efficient homotopy continuation (HC) solver framework MINUS, which dramatically speeds up previous HC solving by specializing HC methods to generic cases of our problems. We characterize their number of solutions and show with simulated experiments that our solvers are numerically robust and stable under image noise, a key contribution given the borderline intractable degree of nonlinearity of trinocular constraints. We show in real experiments that i) SIFT feature location and orientation provide good enough point-and-line correspondences for three-view reconstruction and ii) that we can solve difficult cases with too few or too noisy tentative matches, where the state of the art structure from motion initialization fails.
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在本文中,提议通过优化投影球上的射线对来解决校准全向相机的三角剖分问题。所提出的解决方案归结为找到二次函数的根,因此与以前的方法相比,封闭形式是完全非介绍性和计算便宜的。此外,甚至认为动机显然是解决全向相机的三角剖分问题,也证明了所提出的方法可以应用于非运动,狭窄的视野摄像机。
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This article proposes a method to diminish the pose (position plus attitude) drift experienced by an SVO (Semi-Direct Visual Odometry) based visual navigation system installed onboard a UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) by supplementing its pose estimation non linear optimizations with priors based on the outputs of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Denied inertial navigation system. The method is inspired in a PI (Proportional Integral) control system, in which the attitude, altitude, and rate of climb inertial outputs act as targets to ensure that the visual estimations do not deviate far from their inertial counterparts. The resulting IA-VNS (Inertially Assisted Visual Navigation System) achieves major reductions in the horizontal position drift inherent to the GNSS-Denied navigation of autonomous fixed wing low SWaP (Size, Weight, and Power) UAVs. Additionally, the IA-VNS can be considered as a virtual incremental position (ground velocity) sensor capable of providing observations to the inertial filter. Stochastic high fidelity Monte Carlo simulations of two representative scenarios involving the loss of GNSS signals are employed to evaluate the results and to analyze their sensitivity to the terrain type overflown by the aircraft as well as to the quality of the onboard sensors on which the priors are based. The author releases the C ++ implementation of both the navigation algorithms and the high fidelity simulation as open-source software.
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Experimental sciences have come to depend heavily on our ability to organize, interpret and analyze high-dimensional datasets produced from observations of a large number of variables governed by natural processes. Natural laws, conservation principles, and dynamical structure introduce intricate inter-dependencies among these observed variables, which in turn yield geometric structure, with fewer degrees of freedom, on the dataset. We show how fine-scale features of this structure in data can be extracted from \emph{discrete} approximations to quantum mechanical processes given by data-driven graph Laplacians and localized wavepackets. This data-driven quantization procedure leads to a novel, yet natural uncertainty principle for data analysis induced by limited data. We illustrate the new approach with algorithms and several applications to real-world data, including the learning of patterns and anomalies in social distancing and mobility behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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We propose a flexible new technique to easily calibrate a camera. It is well suited for use without specialized knowledge of 3D geometry or computer vision. The technique only requires the camera to observe a planar pattern shown at a few (at least two) different orientations. Either the camera or the planar pattern can be freely moved. The motion need not be known. Radial lens distortion is modeled. The proposed procedure consists of a closed-form solution, followed by a nonlinear refinement based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Both computer simulation and real data have been used to test the proposed technique, and very good results have been obtained. Compared with classical techniques which use expensive equipment such as two or three orthogonal planes, the proposed technique is easy to use and flexible. It advances 3D computer vision one step from laboratory environments to real world use.
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在这项工作中,研究了使用板载探测仪和机器人间距离测量值的4个自由度(3D位置和标题)机器人对机器人相对框架转换估计的问题。首先,我们对问题进行了理论分析,即CRAMER-RAO下限(CRLB),Fisher Information Matrix(FIM)及其决定因素的推导和解释。其次,我们提出了基于优化的方法来解决该问题,包括二次约束二次编程(QCQP)和相应的半决赛编程(SDP)放松。此外,我们解决了以前的工作中忽略的实际问题,例如对超宽带(UWB)和轨道仪传感器之间的空间偏移的核算,拒绝UWB异常值并在开始操作之前检查单数配置。最后,对空中机器人进行的广泛的模拟和现实生活实验表明,所提出的QCQP和SDP方法的表现优于最先进的方法,尤其是在几何差或大的测量噪声条件下。通常,QCQP方法以计算时间为代价提供了最佳结果,而SDP方法运行得更快,并且在大多数情况下非常准确。
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这项工作为使用总体标志特征的矢量观测的总比例提供了一种姿态估计问题的理论框架。首先,优化框架与从点云特征提取的观察矢量配制。然后,导出错误协方差表达式。经过证明通过导出的优化框架获得的姿态和位置解决方案,以达到在姿态误差的小角度近似下的CRAM \'ER-RAO下限所定义的边界。通过一系列向量观察扫描提供用于模拟该问题的测量数据,并且假设完全填充的观察噪声 - 协方差矩阵作为成本函数中的重量,以覆盖传感器不确定性的最常规情况。这里,以前的衍生来扩展姿势估计问题,以包括误差中的更通用相关性而不是涉及各向同性噪声假设的误差。所提出的解决方案在Monte-Carlo框架中模拟,以验证误差协方差分析。
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在本文中,我们提出了一个参数化因素,该因子可以对随机变量之间存在线性依赖性的高斯网络进行推理。我们的因素表示有效地是对传统高斯参数化的概括,在这种情况下,协方差矩阵的正定限制已被放松。为此,我们得出了各种统计操作和结果(例如,随机变量的边缘化,乘法和仿射转换)将高斯因子的能力扩展到这些退化设置。通过使用此原则性因素定义,可以以几乎没有额外的计算成本来准确,自动适应退化。作为例证,我们将方法应用于一个代表性的示例,该示例涉及合作移动机器人的递归状态估计。
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