在本文中,我们提出了一种无网格的方法来解决完整的Stokes方程,该方程用非线性流变学模拟了冰川运动。我们的方法是受[12]中提出的深里兹方法的启发。我们首先将非牛顿冰流模型的解决方案提出到具有边界约束的变分积分的最小化器中。然后,通过一个深神经网络近似溶液,该网络的损失函数是变异积分加上混合边界条件的软约束。我们的方法不需要引入网格网格或基础函数来评估损失函数,而只需要统一的域和边界采样器。为了解决现实世界缩放中的不稳定性,我们将网络的输入重新归一致,并平衡每个单独边界的正则化因子。最后,我们通过几个数值实验说明了我们方法的性能,包括具有分析解决方案的2D模型,具有真实缩放的Arolla Glacier模型和具有周期性边界条件的3D模型。数值结果表明,我们提出的方法有效地解决了通过非线性流变学引起的冰川建模引起的非牛顿力学。
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我们介绍所谓的深度氏菌法,以基于从交互粒子方法(IPM)计算的数据的物理参数来学习和生成随机动力系统的不变措施。我们利用深神经网络(DNN)的富有效力来表示从给定的输入(源)分布到任意目标分布的样本的变换,既没有假设在闭合形式中的分布函数也不是样本的有限状态空间。在培训中,我们更新网络权重,以最小化输入和目标样本之间的离散Wasserstein距离。为了降低计算成本,我们提出了一种迭代划分和征服(迷你批次内部点)算法,在WasserStein距离中找到最佳转换矩阵。我们展示了数值结果,以证明我们通过混沌流动计算反应扩散前速度在计算反应扩散前速度中产生的随机动力系统不变措施的IPM计算方法的性能。物理参数是一个大的PECL \'等数字,反映了我们兴趣的平流主导地位。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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This paper proposes Friedrichs learning as a novel deep learning methodology that can learn the weak solutions of PDEs via a minmax formulation, which transforms the PDE problem into a minimax optimization problem to identify weak solutions. The name "Friedrichs learning" is for highlighting the close relationship between our learning strategy and Friedrichs theory on symmetric systems of PDEs. The weak solution and the test function in the weak formulation are parameterized as deep neural networks in a mesh-free manner, which are alternately updated to approach the optimal solution networks approximating the weak solution and the optimal test function, respectively. Extensive numerical results indicate that our mesh-free method can provide reasonably good solutions to a wide range of PDEs defined on regular and irregular domains in various dimensions, where classical numerical methods such as finite difference methods and finite element methods may be tedious or difficult to be applied.
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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在本文中,开发了用于求解具有delta功能奇异源的椭圆方程的浅丽兹型神经网络。目前的工作中有三个新颖的功能。即,(i)Delta函数奇异性自然删除,(ii)级别集合函数作为功能输入引入,(iii)它完全浅,仅包含一个隐藏层。我们首先介绍问题的能量功能,然后转换奇异源对沿界面的常规表面积分的贡献。以这种方式,可以自然删除三角洲函数,而无需引入传统正规化方法(例如众所周知的沉浸式边界方法)中常用的函数。然后将最初的问题重新重新审议为最小化问题。我们提出了一个带有一个隐藏层的浅丽兹型神经网络,以近似能量功能的全局最小化器。结果,通过最大程度地减少能源的离散版本的损耗函数来训练网络。此外,我们将界面的级别设置函数作为网络的功能输入,并发现它可以显着提高训练效率和准确性。我们执行一系列数值测试,以显示本方法的准确性及其在不规则域和较高维度中问题的能力。
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在这项工作中,我们开发了一个有效的求解器,该求解器基于泊松方程的深神经网络,具有可变系数和由Dirac Delta函数$ \ delta(\ Mathbf {x})$表示的可变系数和单数来源。这类问题涵盖了一般点源,线路源和点线组合,并且具有广泛的实际应用。所提出的方法是基于将真实溶液分解为一个单一部分,该部分使用拉普拉斯方程的基本解决方案在分析上以分析性的方式,以及一个正常零件,该零件满足适合的椭圆形PDE,并使用更平滑的来源,然后使用深层求解常规零件,然后使用深层零件来求解。丽兹法。建议提出遵守路径遵循的策略来选择罚款参数以惩罚Dirichlet边界条件。提出了具有点源,线源或其组合的两维空间和多维空间中的广泛数值实验,以说明所提出的方法的效率,并提供了一些现有方法的比较研究,这清楚地表明了其竞争力的竞争力具体的问题类别。此外,我们简要讨论该方法的误差分析。
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在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于距离场的新方法,以确保物理知识的深神经网络中的边界条件。众所周知,满足网状紫外线和颗粒方法中的Dirichlet边界条件的挑战是众所周知的。该问题在物理信息的开发中也是相关的,用于解决部分微分方程的解。我们在人工神经网络中介绍几何意识的试验功能,以改善偏微分方程的深度学习培训。为此,我们使用来自建设性的实体几何(R函数)和广义的等级坐标(平均值潜在字段)的概念来构建$ \ phi $,对域边界的近似距离函数。要恰好施加均匀的Dirichlet边界条件,试验函数乘以\ PHI $乘以PINN近似,并且通过Transfinite插值的泛化用于先验满足的不均匀Dirichlet(必要),Neumann(自然)和Robin边界复杂几何形状的条件。在这样做时,我们消除了与搭配方法中的边界条件满意相关的建模误差,并确保以ritz方法点点到运动可视性。我们在具有仿射和弯曲边界的域上的线性和非线性边值问题的数值解。 1D中的基准问题,用于线性弹性,平面扩散和光束弯曲;考虑了泊松方程的2D,考虑了双音态方程和非线性欧克隆方程。该方法延伸到更高的尺寸,并通过在4D超立方套上解决彼此与均匀的Dirichlet边界条件求泊松问题来展示其使用。该研究提供了用于网眼分析的途径,以在没有域离散化的情况下在确切的几何图形上进行。
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深度学习表明了视觉识别和某些人工智能任务的成功应用。深度学习也被认为是一种强大的工具,具有近似功能的高度灵活性。在本工作中,设计具有所需属性的功能,以近似PDE的解决方案。我们的方法基于后验误差估计,其中解决了错误定位以在神经网络框架内制定误差估计器的伴随问题。开发了一种高效且易于实现的算法,以通过采用双重加权剩余方法来获得多个目标功能的后验误差估计,然后使用神经网络计算原始和伴随解决方案。本研究表明,即使具有相对较少的训练数据,这种基于数据驱动的模型的学习具有卓越的感兴趣量的近似。用数值测试实施例证实了新颖的算法发展。证明了在浅神经网络上使用深神经网络的优点,并且还呈现了收敛增强技术
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我们提出了一种基于具有子域(CENN)的神经网络的保守能量方法,其中允许通过径向基函数(RBF),特定解决方案神经网络和通用神经网络构成满足没有边界惩罚的基本边界条件的可允许功能。与具有子域的强形式Pinn相比,接口处的损耗术语具有较低的阶数。所提出的方法的优点是效率更高,更准确,更小的近双达,而不是具有子域的强形式Pinn。所提出的方法的另一个优点是它可以基于可允许功能的特殊结构适用于复杂的几何形状。为了分析其性能,所提出的方法宫殿用于模拟代表性PDE,这些实施例包括强不连续性,奇异性,复杂边界,非线性和异质问题。此外,在处理异质问题时,它优于其他方法。
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Despite great progress in simulating multiphysics problems using the numerical discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs), one still cannot seamlessly incorporate noisy data into existing algorithms, mesh generation remains complex, and high-dimensional problems governed by parameterized PDEs cannot be tackled. Moreover, solving inverse problems with hidden physics is often prohibitively expensive and requires different formulations and elaborate computer codes. Machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative, but training deep neural networks requires big data, not always available for scientific problems. Instead, such networks can be trained from additional information obtained by enforcing the physical laws (for example, at random points in the continuous space-time domain). Such physics-informed learning integrates (noisy) data and mathematical models, and implements them through neural networks or other kernel-based regression networks. Moreover, it may be possible to design specialized network architectures that automatically satisfy some of the physical invariants for better accuracy, faster training and improved generalization. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, present some of the current capabilities and limitations and discuss diverse applications of physics-informed learning both for forward and inverse problems, including discovering hidden physics and tackling high-dimensional problems.
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基于神经网络的求解部分微分方程的方法由于其简单性和灵活性来表示偏微分方程的解决方案而引起了相当大的关注。在训练神经网络时,网络倾向于学习与低频分量相对应的全局特征,而高频分量以较慢的速率(F原理)近似。对于解决方案包含广泛尺度的一类等式,由于无法捕获高频分量,网络训练过程可能会遭受缓慢的收敛性和低精度。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种分层方法来提高神经网络解决方案的收敛速率和准确性。所提出的方法包括多训练水平,其中引导新引入的神经网络来学习先前级别近似的残余。通过神经网络训练过程的性​​质,高级校正倾向于捕获高频分量。我们通过一套线性和非线性部分微分方程验证所提出的分层方法的效率和稳健性。
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标准的神经网络可以近似一般的非线性操作员,要么通过数学运算符的组合(例如,在对流 - 扩散反应部分微分方程中)的组合,要么仅仅是黑匣子,例如黑匣子,例如一个系统系统。第一个神经操作员是基于严格的近似理论于2019年提出的深层操作员网络(DeepOnet)。从那时起,已经发布了其他一些较少的一般操作员,例如,基于图神经网络或傅立叶变换。对于黑匣子系统,对神经操作员的培训仅是数据驱动的,但是如果知道管理方程式可以在培训期间将其纳入损失功能,以开发物理知识的神经操作员。神经操作员可以用作设计问题,不确定性量化,自主系统以及几乎任何需要实时推断的应用程序中的代替代物。此外,通过将它们与相对轻的训练耦合,可以将独立的预训练deponets用作复杂多物理系统的组成部分。在这里,我们介绍了Deponet,傅立叶神经操作员和图神经操作员的评论,以及适当的扩展功能扩展,并突出显示它们在计算机械师中的各种应用中的实用性,包括多孔媒体,流体力学和固体机制, 。
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在本文中,我们提出了一种求解高维椭圆局部微分方程(PDE)的半群方法和基于神经网络的相关特征值问题。对于PDE问题,我们在半群运营商的帮助下将原始方程式重构为变分问题,然后解决神经网络(NN)参数化的变分问题。主要优点是在随机梯度下降训练期间不需要混合的二阶衍生计算,并且由半群运算符自动考虑边界条件。与Pinn \ Cite {Raissi2019physics}和DeepRitz \ Cite {Weinan2018Deep}不同的流行方法,其中仅通过惩罚功能强制执行,因此改变了真实解决方案,所提出的方法能够解决没有惩罚功能的边界条件它即使添加了惩罚功能,它也会给出正确的真实解决方案,感谢semigoup运算符。对于特征值问题,提出了一种原始方法,有效地解析了简单的标量双变量的约束,并与BSDE求解器\ Cite {Han202020Solving}相比,诸如与线性相关的特征值问题之类的问题相比,算法更快地算法SCHR \“Odinger操作员。提供了数值结果以证明所提出的方法的性能。
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We investigate the parameterization of deep neural networks that by design satisfy the continuity equation, a fundamental conservation law. This is enabled by the observation that any solution of the continuity equation can be represented as a divergence-free vector field. We hence propose building divergence-free neural networks through the concept of differential forms, and with the aid of automatic differentiation, realize two practical constructions. As a result, we can parameterize pairs of densities and vector fields that always exactly satisfy the continuity equation, foregoing the need for extra penalty methods or expensive numerical simulation. Furthermore, we prove these models are universal and so can be used to represent any divergence-free vector field. Finally, we experimentally validate our approaches by computing neural network-based solutions to fluid equations, solving for the Hodge decomposition, and learning dynamical optimal transport maps.
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Solute transport in porous media is relevant to a wide range of applications in hydrogeology, geothermal energy, underground CO2 storage, and a variety of chemical engineering systems. Due to the complexity of solute transport in heterogeneous porous media, traditional solvers require high resolution meshing and are therefore expensive computationally. This study explores the application of a mesh-free method based on deep learning to accelerate the simulation of solute transport. We employ Physics-informed Neural Networks (PiNN) to solve solute transport problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media governed by the advection-dispersion equation. Unlike traditional neural networks that learn from large training datasets, PiNNs only leverage the strong form mathematical models to simultaneously solve for multiple dependent or independent field variables (e.g., pressure and solute concentration fields). In this study, we construct PiNN using a periodic activation function to better represent the complex physical signals (i.e., pressure) and their derivatives (i.e., velocity). Several case studies are designed with the intention of investigating the proposed PiNN's capability to handle different degrees of complexity. A manual hyperparameter tuning method is used to find the best PiNN architecture for each test case. Point-wise error and mean square error (MSE) measures are employed to assess the performance of PiNNs' predictions against the ground truth solutions obtained analytically or numerically using the finite element method. Our findings show that the predictions of PiNN are in good agreement with the ground truth solutions while reducing computational complexity and cost by, at least, three orders of magnitude.
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虽然深入学习算法在科学计算中表现出巨大的潜力,但其对多种问题的应用仍然是一个很大的挑战。这表明了神经网络倾向于首先学习低频分量的“频率原理”。提出了多种深度神经网络(MSCALEDNN)等新颖架构,以在一定程度上缓解此问题。在本文中,我们通过组合传统的数值分析思路和MscaledNN算法来构建基于子空间分解的DNN(被称为SD $ ^ 2 $ NN)架构。所提出的架构包括一个低频正常DNN子模块,以及一个(或几个)高频Mscalednn子模块,其旨在分别捕获多尺度解决方案的平滑部分和振荡部分。此外,在SD $ ^ 2 $ NN模型中包含了一种新的三角激活函数。我们通过常规或不规则几何域中的几个基准多尺度问题展示SD $ ^ 2 $ NN架构的性能。数值结果表明,SD $ ^ 2 $ NN模型优于现有的现有型号,如MSCALEDNN。
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物理知情的神经网络(PINN)要求定期的基础PDE解决方案,以确保准确的近似值。因此,它们可能会在近似PDE的不连续溶液(例如非线性双曲方程)的情况下失败。为了改善这一点,我们提出了一种新颖的PINN变体,称为弱PINN(WPINNS),以准确地近似标量保护定律的熵溶液。WPINN是基于近似于根据Kruzkhov熵定义的残留的最小最大优化问题的解决方案,以确定近似熵解决方案的神经网络的参数以及测试功能。我们证明了WPINN发生的误差的严格界限,并通过数值实验说明了它们的性能,以证明WPINN可以准确地近似熵解决方案。
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我们制定了一类由物理驱动的深层变量模型(PDDLVM),以学习参数偏微分方程(PDES)的参数到解决方案(正向)和解决方案到参数(逆)图。我们的公式利用有限元方法(FEM),深神经网络和概率建模来组装一个深层概率框架,在该框架中,向前和逆图通过连贯的不确定性量化近似。我们的概率模型明确合并了基于参数PDE的密度和可训练的解决方案到参数网络,而引入的摊销变异家庭假定参数到解决方案网络,所有这些网络均经过联合培训。此外,所提出的方法不需要任何昂贵的PDE解决方案,并且仅在训练时间内对物理信息进行了信息,该方法允许PDE的实时仿真和培训后的逆问题解决方案的产生,绕开了对FEM操作的需求,以相当的准确性,以便于FEM解决方案。提出的框架进一步允许无缝集成观察到的数据,以解决反问题和构建生成模型。我们证明了方法对非线性泊松问题,具有复杂3D几何形状的弹性壳以及整合通用物理信息信息的神经网络(PINN)体系结构的有效性。与传统的FEM求解器相比,训练后,我们最多达到了三个数量级的速度,同时输出连贯的不确定性估计值。
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Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.
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