A step-search sequential quadratic programming method is proposed for solving nonlinear equality constrained stochastic optimization problems. It is assumed that constraint function values and derivatives are available, but only stochastic approximations of the objective function and its associated derivatives can be computed via inexact probabilistic zeroth- and first-order oracles. Under reasonable assumptions, a high-probability bound on the iteration complexity of the algorithm to approximate first-order stationarity is derived. Numerical results on standard nonlinear optimization test problems illustrate the advantages and limitations of our proposed method.
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We propose a trust-region stochastic sequential quadratic programming algorithm (TR-StoSQP) to solve nonlinear optimization problems with stochastic objectives and deterministic equality constraints. We consider a fully stochastic setting, where in each iteration a single sample is generated to estimate the objective gradient. The algorithm adaptively selects the trust-region radius and, compared to the existing line-search StoSQP schemes, allows us to employ indefinite Hessian matrices (i.e., Hessians without modification) in SQP subproblems. As a trust-region method for constrained optimization, our algorithm needs to address an infeasibility issue -- the linearized equality constraints and trust-region constraints might lead to infeasible SQP subproblems. In this regard, we propose an \textit{adaptive relaxation technique} to compute the trial step that consists of a normal step and a tangential step. To control the lengths of the two steps, we adaptively decompose the trust-region radius into two segments based on the proportions of the feasibility and optimality residuals to the full KKT residual. The normal step has a closed form, while the tangential step is solved from a trust-region subproblem, to which a solution ensuring the Cauchy reduction is sufficient for our study. We establish the global almost sure convergence guarantee for TR-StoSQP, and illustrate its empirical performance on both a subset of problems in the CUTEst test set and constrained logistic regression problems using data from the LIBSVM collection.
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我们应用随机顺序二次编程(STOSQP)算法来求解受约束的非线性优化问题,在该问题是随机的,并且约束是确定性的。我们研究了一个完全随机的设置,其中每次迭代中只有一个样本可用于估计物镜的梯度和黑森州。我们允许stosqp选择一个随机架子$ \ bar {\ alpha} _t $适应性,使得$ \ beta_t \ leq \ leq \ bar {\ alpha} _t \ leq \ leq \ beta_t+beta_t+\ chi_t+\ chi_t $,wither = o(\ beta_t)$是预定的确定性序列。我们还允许STOSQP通过随机迭代求解器(例如,使用草图和项目方法)求解牛顿系统。而且我们不需要不精确的牛顿方向的近似误差即可消失。对于这个一般的STOSQP框架,我们建立了其最后一次迭代的渐近收敛速率,最差的案例迭代复杂性是副产品。我们执行统计推断。特别是,有了适当的衰减$ \ beta_t,\ chi_t $,我们表明:(i)STOSQP方案最多可以采用$ o(1/\ epsilon^4)$ iterations $ iterations $ iTerations以实现$ \ epsilon $ -Stationarity; (ii)几乎毫无疑问,$ \ |(x_t -x^\ star,\ lambda_t- \ lambda^\ star)\ | | = o(\ sqrt {\ beta_t \ log(1/\ beta_t)})+o(\ chi_t/\ beta_t)$,其中$(x_t,\ lambda_t)$是primal-dimal-dimal-dialal-dialal-dialal-dual stosqp itselmate; (iii)序列$ 1/\ sqrt {\ beta_t} \ cdot(x_t -x^\ star,\ lambda_t- \ lambda_t- \ lambda^\ star)$收敛到平均零高斯分布,具有非琐事的共价矩阵。此外,我们建立了$(x_t,\ lambda_t)$的Berry-Esseen,以定量地测量其分布功能的收敛性。我们还为协方差矩阵提供了实用的估计器,可以使用iTerates $ \ {(x_t,\ lambda_t)\} _ t $构建$(x^\ star,\ lambda^\ star)$的置信区间(x^\ star,\ lambda^\ star)$。我们的定理使用最可爱的测试集中的非线性问题验证。
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最近,随机梯度下降(SGD)及其变体已成为机器学习(ML)问题大规模优化的主要方法。已经提出了各种策略来调整步骤尺寸,从自适应步骤大小到启发式方法,以更改每次迭代中的步骤大小。此外,动力已被广泛用于ML任务以加速训练过程。然而,我们对它们的理论理解存在差距。在这项工作中,我们开始通过为一些启发式优化方法提供正式保证并提出改进的算法来缩小这一差距。首先,我们分析了凸面和非凸口设置的Adagrad(延迟Adagrad)步骤大小的广义版本,这表明这些步骤尺寸允许算法自动适应随机梯度的噪声水平。我们首次显示延迟Adagrad的足够条件,以确保梯度几乎融合到零。此外,我们对延迟的Adagrad及其在非凸面设置中的动量变体进行了高概率分析。其次,我们用指数级和余弦的步骤分析了SGD,在经验上取得了成功,但缺乏理论支持。我们在平滑和非凸的设置中为它们提供了最初的收敛保证,有或没有polyak-{\ l} ojasiewicz(pl)条件。我们还显示了它们在PL条件下适应噪声的良好特性。第三,我们研究动量方法的最后迭代。我们证明了SGD的最后一个迭代的凸设置中的第一个下限,并以恒定的动量。此外,我们研究了一类跟随基于领先的领导者的动量算法,并随着动量和收缩的更新而增加。我们表明,他们的最后一个迭代具有最佳的收敛性,用于无约束的凸随机优化问题。
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该工作研究限制了随机函数是凸的,并表示为随机函数的组成。问题是在公平分类,公平回归和排队系统设计的背景下出现的。特别令人感兴趣的是甲骨文提供组成函数的随机梯度的大规模设置,目标是用最小对Oracle的调用来解决问题。由于组成形式,Oracle提供的随机梯度不会产生目标或约束梯度的无偏估计。取而代之的是,我们通过跟踪内部函数评估来构建近似梯度,从而导致准差鞍点算法。我们证明,所提出的算法几乎可以肯定地找到最佳和可行的解决方案。我们进一步确定所提出的算法需要$ \ MATHCAL {O}(1/\ EPSILON^4)$数据样本,以便获得$ \ epsilon $ -Approximate-approximate-apptroximate Pointal点,同时也确保零约束违反。该结果与无约束问题的随机成分梯度下降方法的样品复杂性相匹配,并改善了受约束设置的最著名样品复杂性结果。在公平分类和公平回归问题上测试了所提出的算法的功效。数值结果表明,根据收敛速率,所提出的算法优于最新算法。
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We consider minimizing a smooth and strongly convex objective function using a stochastic Newton method. At each iteration, the algorithm is given an oracle access to a stochastic estimate of the Hessian matrix. The oracle model includes popular algorithms such as Subsampled Newton and Newton Sketch. Despite using second-order information, these existing methods do not exhibit superlinear convergence, unless the stochastic noise is gradually reduced to zero during the iteration, which would lead to a computational blow-up in the per-iteration cost. We propose to address this limitation with Hessian averaging: instead of using the most recent Hessian estimate, our algorithm maintains an average of all the past estimates. This reduces the stochastic noise while avoiding the computational blow-up. We show that this scheme exhibits local $Q$-superlinear convergence with a non-asymptotic rate of $(\Upsilon\sqrt{\log (t)/t}\,)^{t}$, where $\Upsilon$ is proportional to the level of stochastic noise in the Hessian oracle. A potential drawback of this (uniform averaging) approach is that the averaged estimates contain Hessian information from the global phase of the method, i.e., before the iterates converge to a local neighborhood. This leads to a distortion that may substantially delay the superlinear convergence until long after the local neighborhood is reached. To address this drawback, we study a number of weighted averaging schemes that assign larger weights to recent Hessians, so that the superlinear convergence arises sooner, albeit with a slightly slower rate. Remarkably, we show that there exists a universal weighted averaging scheme that transitions to local convergence at an optimal stage, and still exhibits a superlinear convergence rate nearly (up to a logarithmic factor) matching that of uniform Hessian averaging.
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We study stochastic monotone inclusion problems, which widely appear in machine learning applications, including robust regression and adversarial learning. We propose novel variants of stochastic Halpern iteration with recursive variance reduction. In the cocoercive -- and more generally Lipschitz-monotone -- setup, our algorithm attains $\epsilon$ norm of the operator with $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon^3})$ stochastic operator evaluations, which significantly improves over state of the art $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon^4})$ stochastic operator evaluations required for existing monotone inclusion solvers applied to the same problem classes. We further show how to couple one of the proposed variants of stochastic Halpern iteration with a scheduled restart scheme to solve stochastic monotone inclusion problems with ${\mathcal{O}}(\frac{\log(1/\epsilon)}{\epsilon^2})$ stochastic operator evaluations under additional sharpness or strong monotonicity assumptions.
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Many real-world problems not only have complicated nonconvex functional constraints but also use a large number of data points. This motivates the design of efficient stochastic methods on finite-sum or expectation constrained problems. In this paper, we design and analyze stochastic inexact augmented Lagrangian methods (Stoc-iALM) to solve problems involving a nonconvex composite (i.e. smooth+nonsmooth) objective and nonconvex smooth functional constraints. We adopt the standard iALM framework and design a subroutine by using the momentum-based variance-reduced proximal stochastic gradient method (PStorm) and a postprocessing step. Under certain regularity conditions (assumed also in existing works), to reach an $\varepsilon$-KKT point in expectation, we establish an oracle complexity result of $O(\varepsilon^{-5})$, which is better than the best-known $O(\varepsilon^{-6})$ result. Numerical experiments on the fairness constrained problem and the Neyman-Pearson classification problem with real data demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms an existing method with the previously best-known complexity result.
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在本文中,我们研究了平稳的随机多级组成优化问题,其中目标函数是$ T $函数的嵌套组成。我们假设通过随机的一阶Oracle访问函数及其渐变的噪声评估。为了解决这类问题,我们提出了两个使用移动平均随机估计的两种算法,并分析了它们对问题的$ \ epsilon $ -stationary的趋同。我们表明,第一算法,它是\ Cite {gharuswan20}的泛化到$ t $ letch案例,可以通过使用mini-实现$ \ mathcal {o}(1 / \ epsilon ^ 6)$的样本复杂性每次迭代中的样品批次。通过使用函数值的线性化随机估计修改该算法,我们将样本复杂性提高到$ \ mathcal {o}(1 / \ epsilon ^ 4)$。 {\ Color {Black}此修改不仅可以消除在每次迭代中具有迷你样本的要求,还使算法无参数和易于实现}。据我们所知,这是第一次为(UN)约束的多级设置设计的在线算法,在标准假设下获得平滑单级设置的相同样本复杂度(无偏见和界限第二矩)在随机第一阶Oracle上。
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众所周知,给定顺滑,界限 - 下面,并且可能的非透露函数,标准梯度的方法可以找到$ \ epsilon $ -stationary积分(渐变范围小于$ \ epsilon $)$ \ mathcal {O}(1 / \ epsilon ^ 2)$迭代。然而,许多重要的非渗透优化问题,例如与培训现代神经网络相关的问题,本质上是不平衡的,使这些结果不适用。在本文中,我们研究了来自Oracle复杂性视点的非透射性优化,其中假设算法仅向各个点处的函数提供访问。我们提供两个主要结果:首先,我们考虑越近$ \ epsilon $ -storationary积分的问题。这也许是找到$ \ epsilon $ -storationary积分的最自然的放松,这在非对象案例中是不可能的。我们证明,对于任何距离和epsilon $小于某些常数,无法有效地实现这种轻松的目标。我们的第二次结果涉及通过减少到平滑的优化来解决非光度非渗透优化的可能性:即,在光滑的近似值对目标函数的平滑近似下应用平滑的优化方法。对于这种方法,我们在温和的假设下证明了oracle复杂性和平滑度之间的固有权衡:一方面,可以非常有效地平滑非光滑非凸函数(例如,通过随机平滑),但具有尺寸依赖性因子在平滑度参数中,在插入标准平滑优化方法时,这会强烈影响迭代复杂性。另一方面,可以用合适的平滑方法消除这些尺寸因子,而是仅通过使平滑过程的Oracle复杂性呈指数大。
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通过在线规范相关性分析的问题,我们提出了\ emph {随机缩放梯度下降}(SSGD)算法,以最小化通用riemannian歧管上的随机功能的期望。 SSGD概括了投影随机梯度下降的思想,允许使用缩放的随机梯度而不是随机梯度。在特殊情况下,球形约束的特殊情况,在广义特征向量问题中产生的,我们建立了$ \ sqrt {1 / t} $的令人反感的有限样本,并表明该速率最佳最佳,直至具有积极的积极因素相关参数。在渐近方面,一种新的轨迹平均争论使我们能够实现局部渐近常态,其速率与鲁普特 - Polyak-Quaditsky平均的速率匹配。我们将这些想法携带在一个在线规范相关分析,从事文献中的第一次获得了最佳的一次性尺度算法,其具有局部渐近融合到正常性的最佳一次性尺度算法。还提供了用于合成数据的规范相关分析的数值研究。
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在本文中,我们考虑了第一和二阶技术来解决机器学习中产生的连续优化问题。在一阶案例中,我们提出了一种从确定性或半确定性到随机二次正则化方法的转换框架。我们利用随机优化的两相性质提出了一种具有自适应采样和自适应步长的新型一阶算法。在二阶案例中,我们提出了一种新型随机阻尼L-BFGS方法,该方法可以在深度学习的高度非凸起背景下提高先前的算法。这两种算法都在众所周知的深度学习数据集上进行评估并表现出有希望的性能。
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在评估目标时,在线优化嘈杂的功能需要在部署系统上进行实验,这是制造,机器人技术和许多其他功能的关键任务。通常,对安全输入的限制是未知的,我们只会获得嘈杂的信息,表明我们违反约束的距离有多近。但是,必须始终保证安全性,不仅是算法的最终输出。我们介绍了一种通用方法,用于在高维非线性随机优化问题中寻求一个固定点,其中在学习过程中保持安全至关重要。我们称为LB-SGD的方法是基于应用随机梯度下降(SGD),其精心选择的自适应步长大小到原始问题的对数屏障近似。我们通过一阶和零阶反馈提供了非凸,凸面和强键平滑约束问题的完整收敛分析。与现有方法相比,我们的方法通过维度可以更好地更新和比例。我们从经验上将样本复杂性和方法的计算成本比较现有的安全学习方法。除了合成基准测试之外,我们还证明了方法对在安全强化学习(RL)中政策搜索任务中最大程度地减少限制违规的有效性。
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近期在应用于培训深度神经网络和数据分析中的其他优化问题中的非凸优化的优化算法的兴趣增加,我们概述了最近对非凸优化优化算法的全球性能保证的理论结果。我们从古典参数开始,显示一般非凸面问题无法在合理的时间内有效地解决。然后,我们提供了一个问题列表,可以通过利用问题的结构来有效地找到全球最小化器,因为可能的问题。处理非凸性的另一种方法是放宽目标,从找到全局最小,以找到静止点或局部最小值。对于该设置,我们首先为确定性一阶方法的收敛速率提出了已知结果,然后是最佳随机和随机梯度方案的一般理论分析,以及随机第一阶方法的概述。之后,我们讨论了非常一般的非凸面问题,例如最小化$ \ alpha $ -weakly-are-convex功能和满足Polyak-lojasiewicz条件的功能,这仍然允许获得一阶的理论融合保证方法。然后,我们考虑更高阶和零序/衍生物的方法及其收敛速率,以获得非凸优化问题。
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我们研究了具有有限和结构的平滑非凸化优化问题的随机重新洗脱(RR)方法。虽然该方法在诸如神经网络的训练之类的实践中广泛利用,但其会聚行为仅在几个有限的环境中被理解。在本文中,在众所周知的Kurdyka-LojasiewiCz(KL)不等式下,我们建立了具有适当递减步长尺寸的RR的强极限点收敛结果,即,RR产生的整个迭代序列是会聚并会聚到单个静止点几乎肯定的感觉。 In addition, we derive the corresponding rate of convergence, depending on the KL exponent and the suitably selected diminishing step sizes.当KL指数在$ [0,\ FRAC12] $以$ [0,\ FRAC12] $时,收敛率以$ \ mathcal {o}(t ^ { - 1})$的速率计算,以$ t $ counting迭代号。当KL指数属于$(\ FRAC12,1)$时,我们的派生收敛速率是FORM $ \ MATHCAL {O}(T ^ { - Q})$,$ Q \ IN(0,1)$取决于在KL指数上。基于标准的KL不等式的收敛分析框架仅适用于具有某种阶段性的算法。我们对基于KL不等式的步长尺寸减少的非下降RR方法进行了新的收敛性分析,这概括了标准KL框架。我们总结了我们在非正式分析框架中的主要步骤和核心思想,这些框架是独立的兴趣。作为本框架的直接应用,我们还建立了类似的强极限点收敛结果,为重组的近端点法。
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Two-level stochastic optimization formulations have become instrumental in a number of machine learning contexts such as continual learning, neural architecture search, adversarial learning, and hyperparameter tuning. Practical stochastic bilevel optimization problems become challenging in optimization or learning scenarios where the number of variables is high or there are constraints. In this paper, we introduce a bilevel stochastic gradient method for bilevel problems with lower-level constraints. We also present a comprehensive convergence theory that covers all inexact calculations of the adjoint gradient (also called hypergradient) and addresses both the lower-level unconstrained and constrained cases. To promote the use of bilevel optimization in large-scale learning, we introduce a practical bilevel stochastic gradient method (BSG-1) that does not require second-order derivatives and, in the lower-level unconstrained case, dismisses any system solves and matrix-vector products.
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我们提出了一种新颖的随机弗兰克 - 沃尔夫(又名条件梯度)算法,用于使用广义的线性预测/结构进行约束的平滑有限和最小化。这类问题包括稀疏,低级别或其他结构化约束的经验风险最小化。提出的方法易于实现,不需要阶梯尺寸调整,并且具有独立于数据集大小的恒定触电成本。此外,作为该方法的副产品,我们获得了Frank-Wolfe间隙的随机估计器,可以用作停止标准。根据设置,提出的方法匹配或改进了随机Frank-Wolfe算法的最佳计算保证。几个数据集上的基准强调了不同的策略,其中所提出的方法比相关方法表现出更快的经验收敛性。最后,我们在开源软件包中提供了所有考虑的方法的实现。
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We introduce a class of first-order methods for smooth constrained optimization that are based on an analogy to non-smooth dynamical systems. Two distinctive features of our approach are that (i) projections or optimizations over the entire feasible set are avoided, in stark contrast to projected gradient methods or the Frank-Wolfe method, and (ii) iterates are allowed to become infeasible, which differs from active set or feasible direction methods, where the descent motion stops as soon as a new constraint is encountered. The resulting algorithmic procedure is simple to implement even when constraints are nonlinear, and is suitable for large-scale constrained optimization problems in which the feasible set fails to have a simple structure. The key underlying idea is that constraints are expressed in terms of velocities instead of positions, which has the algorithmic consequence that optimizations over feasible sets at each iteration are replaced with optimizations over local, sparse convex approximations. In particular, this means that at each iteration only constraints that are violated are taken into account. The result is a simplified suite of algorithms and an expanded range of possible applications in machine learning.
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我们提出了随机方差降低算法,以求解凸 - 凸座鞍点问题,单调变异不平等和单调夹杂物。我们的框架适用于Euclidean和Bregman设置中的外部,前向前后和前反向回复的方法。所有提出的方法都在与确定性的对应物相同的环境中收敛,并且它们要么匹配或改善了解决结构化的最低最大问题的最著名复杂性。我们的结果加强了变异不平等和最小化之间的差异之间的对应关系。我们还通过对矩阵游戏的数值评估来说明方法的改进。
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本文分析了双模的彼此优化随机算法框架。 Bilevel优化是一类表现出两级结构的问题,其目标是使具有变量的外目标函数最小化,该变量被限制为对(内部)优化问题的最佳解决方案。我们考虑内部问题的情况是不受约束的并且强烈凸起的情况,而外部问题受到约束并具有平滑的目标函数。我们提出了一种用于解决如此偏纤维问题的两次时间尺度随机近似(TTSA)算法。在算法中,使用较大步长的随机梯度更新用于内部问题,而具有较小步长的投影随机梯度更新用于外部问题。我们在各种设置下分析了TTSA算法的收敛速率:当外部问题强烈凸起(RESP。〜弱凸)时,TTSA算法查找$ \ MATHCAL {O}(k ^ { - 2/3})$ -Optimal(resp。〜$ \ mathcal {o}(k ^ {-2/5})$ - 静止)解决方案,其中$ k $是总迭代号。作为一个应用程序,我们表明,两个时间尺度的自然演员 - 批评批评近端策略优化算法可以被视为我们的TTSA框架的特殊情况。重要的是,与全球最优政策相比,自然演员批评算法显示以预期折扣奖励的差距,以$ \ mathcal {o}(k ^ { - 1/4})的速率收敛。
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