In this current technological world, the application of machine learning is becoming ubiquitous. Incorporating machine learning algorithms on extremely low-power and inexpensive embedded devices at the edge level is now possible due to the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing. To estimate an outcome, traditional machine learning demands vast amounts of resources. The TinyML concept for embedded machine learning attempts to push such diversity from usual high-end approaches to low-end applications. TinyML is a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary topic at the convergence of machine learning, software, and hardware centered on deploying deep neural network models on embedded (micro-controller-driven) systems. TinyML will pave the way for novel edge-level services and applications that survive on distributed edge inferring and independent decision-making rather than server computation. In this paper, we explore TinyML's methodology, how TinyML can benefit a few specific industrial fields, its obstacles, and its future scope.
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数字化和自动化方面的快速进步导致医疗保健的加速增长,从而产生了新型模型,这些模型正在创造新的渠道,以降低成本。 Metaverse是一项在数字空间中的新兴技术,在医疗保健方面具有巨大的潜力,为患者和医生带来了现实的经验。荟萃分析是多种促成技术的汇合,例如人工智能,虚拟现实,增强现实,医疗设备,机器人技术,量子计算等。通过哪些方向可以探索提供优质医疗保健治疗和服务的新方向。这些技术的合并确保了身临其境,亲密和个性化的患者护理。它还提供自适应智能解决方案,以消除医疗保健提供者和接收器之间的障碍。本文对医疗保健的荟萃分析提供了全面的综述,强调了最新技术的状态,即采用医疗保健元元的能力技术,潜在的应用程序和相关项目。还确定了用于医疗保健应用的元元改编的问题,并强调了合理的解决方案作为未来研究方向的一部分。
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.
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随着物联网(IoT)和5G/6G无线通信的进步,近年来,移动计算的范式已经显着发展,从集中式移动云计算到分布式雾计算和移动边缘计算(MEC)。 MEC将计算密集型任务推向网络的边缘,并将资源尽可能接近端点,以解决有关存储空间,资源优化,计算性能和效率方面的移动设备缺点。与云计算相比,作为分布式和更紧密的基础架构,MEC与其他新兴技术的收敛性,包括元元,6G无线通信,人工智能(AI)和区块链,也解决了网络资源分配的问题,更多的网络负载,更多的网络负载,以及延迟要求。因此,本文研究了用于满足现代应用程序严格要求的计算范例。提供了MEC在移动增强现实(MAR)中的应用程序方案。此外,这项调查提出了基于MEC的元元的动机,并将MEC的应用介绍给了元元。特别强调上述一组技术融合,例如6G具有MEC范式,通过区块链加强MEC等。
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机器学习传感器代表了嵌入式机器学习应用程序未来的范式转移。当前的嵌入式机器学习(ML)实例化遭受了复杂的整合,缺乏模块化以及数据流动的隐私和安全问题。本文提出了一个以数据为中心的范式,用于将传感器智能嵌入边缘设备上,以应对这些挑战。我们对“传感器2.0”的愿景需要将传感器输入数据和ML处理从硬件级别隔离到更广泛的系统,并提供一个薄的界面,以模拟传统传感器的功能。这种分离导致模块化且易于使用的ML传感器设备。我们讨论了将ML处理构建到嵌入式系统上控制微处理器的软件堆栈中的标准方法所带来的挑战,以及ML传感器的模块化如何减轻这些问题。 ML传感器提高了隐私和准确性,同时使系统构建者更容易将ML集成到其产品中,以简单的组件。我们提供了预期的ML传感器和说明性数据表的例子,以表现出来,并希望这将建立对话使我们朝着传感器2.0迈进。
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在过去的十年中,水下事物的互联网(IOUT)在环境监测和勘探,国防应用等应用程序中取得了迅速的动力。传统的IOUT系统使用机器学习(ML)方法,这些方法满足了可靠性,效率和及时性的需求。但是,对进行的各种研究的广泛审查突出了IOUT框架中数据隐私和安全性的重要性,这是实现任务关键应用程序中预期结果的主要因素。联邦学习(FL)是一个有安全的,分散的框架,是机器学习的最新发展,它将有助于满足IOUT中常规ML方法所面临的挑战。本文概述了FL在IOUT中的各种应用,其挑战,开放问题并指示未来研究前景的方向。
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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信号处理是几乎任何传感器系统的基本组件,具有不同科学学科的广泛应用。时间序列数据,图像和视频序列包括可以增强和分析信息提取和量化的代表性形式的信号。人工智能和机器学习的最近进步正在转向智能,数据驱动,信号处理的研究。该路线图呈现了最先进的方法和应用程序的关键概述,旨在突出未来的挑战和对下一代测量系统的研究机会。它涵盖了广泛的主题,从基础到工业研究,以简明的主题部分组织,反映了每个研究领域的当前和未来发展的趋势和影响。此外,它为研究人员和资助机构提供了识别新前景的指导。
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In the Metaverse, the physical space and the virtual space co-exist, and interact simultaneously. While the physical space is virtually enhanced with information, the virtual space is continuously refreshed with real-time, real-world information. To allow users to process and manipulate information seamlessly between the real and digital spaces, novel technologies must be developed. These include smart interfaces, new augmented realities, efficient storage and data management and dissemination techniques. In this paper, we first discuss some promising co-space applications. These applications offer opportunities that neither of the spaces can realize on its own. We then discuss challenges. Finally, we discuss and envision what are likely to be required from the database and system perspectives.
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Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.
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In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.
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在迅速增长的海上风电场市场中出现了增加风力涡轮机尺寸和距离的全球趋势。在英国,海上风电业于2019年生产了英国最多的电力,前一年增加了19.6%。目前,英国将进一步增加产量,旨在增加安装的涡轮机容量74.7%,如最近的冠村租赁轮次反映。通过如此巨大的增长,该部门现在正在寻求机器人和人工智能(RAI),以解决生命周期服务障碍,以支持可持续和有利可图的海上风能生产。如今,RAI应用主要用于支持运营和维护的短期目标。然而,前进,RAI在海上风基础设施的全部生命周期中有可能发挥关键作用,从测量,规划,设计,物流,运营支持,培训和退役。本文介绍了离岸可再生能源部门的RAI的第一个系统评论之一。在当前和未来的要求方面,在行业和学术界的离岸能源需求分析了rai的最先进的。我们的评论还包括对支持RAI的投资,监管和技能开发的详细评估。通过专利和学术出版数据库进行详细分析确定的关键趋势,提供了对安全合规性和可靠性的自主平台认证等障碍的见解,这是自主车队中可扩展性的数字架构,适应性居民运营和优化的适应性规划人机互动对人与自治助理的信赖伙伴关系。
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边缘计算是一个将数据处理服务转移到生成数据的网络边缘的范式。尽管这样的架构提供了更快的处理和响应,但除其他好处外,它还提出了必须解决的关键安全问题和挑战。本文讨论了从硬件层到系统层的边缘网络体系结构出现的安全威胁和漏洞。我们进一步讨论了此类网络中的隐私和法规合规性挑战。最后,我们认为需要一种整体方法来分析边缘网络安全姿势,该姿势必须考虑每一层的知识。
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机场一直不断发展和采用数字技术,以提高运营效率,增强乘客经验,从现有基础设施产生辅助收入和提升能力。 Covid-19 Pandemase也挑战机场和航空利益相关者,以适应和管理新的业务挑战,例如促进非接触式旅游经验和确保业务连续性。使用行业4.0技术的数字化为机场提供机会,以解决与Covid-19大流行相关的短期挑战,同时也为未来的危机做准备未来的长期挑战。通过对102条有关文章的系统文献综述,我们讨论了当前在机场,相关挑战以及未来的研究方向上采用行业4.0技术的现状。本综述结果表明,行业4.0技术的实施正在慢慢获得机场环境的牵引力,并在发展未来机场的数字转型旅程中继续保持相关。
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In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.
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人工智能(AI)是塑造未来的颠覆性技术之一。它在主要智能城市解决方案中的数据驱动决策越来越多,包括运输,教育,医疗保健,公共治理和电力系统。与此同时,它在保护Cyber​​威胁,攻击,损害或未授权访问中保护关键网络基础设施时越来越受欢迎。然而,那些传统的AI技术的重要问题之一(例如,深度学习)是,复杂性和复杂性的快速进展推进,并原始是不可诠释的黑匣子。在很多场合,了解控制和信任系统意外或看似不可预测的输出的决策和偏见是非常具有挑战性的。承认,对决策可解释性的控制丧失成为许多数据驱动自动化应用的重要问题。但它可能会影响系统的安全性和可信度吗?本章对网络安全的机器学习应用进行了全面的研究,以表示需要解释来解决这个问题。在这样做的同时,本章首先探讨了智能城市智能城市安全应用程序的AI技术的黑匣子问题。后来,考虑到新的技术范式,解释说明的人工智能(XAI),本章讨论了从黑盒到白盒的过渡。本章还讨论了关于智能城市应用不同自治系统在应用基于AI的技术的解释性,透明度,可辨能力和解释性的过渡要求。最后,它介绍了一些商业XAI平台,在提出未来的挑战和机遇之前,对传统的AI技术提供解释性。
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随着人工智能(AI)的积极发展,基于深神经网络(DNN)的智能应用会改变人们的生活方式和生产效率。但是,从网络边缘生成的大量计算和数据成为主要的瓶颈,传统的基于云的计算模式无法满足实时处理任务的要求。为了解决上述问题,通过将AI模型训练和推理功能嵌入网络边缘,Edge Intelligence(EI)成为AI领域的尖端方向。此外,云,边缘和终端设备之间的协作DNN推断提供了一种有希望的方法来增强EI。然而,目前,以EI为导向的协作DNN推断仍处于早期阶段,缺乏对现有研究工作的系统分类和讨论。因此,我们已经对有关以EI为导向的协作DNN推断的最新研究进行了全面调查。在本文中,我们首先回顾了EI的背景和动机。然后,我们为EI分类了四个典型的DNN推理范例,并分析其特征和关键技术。最后,我们总结了协作DNN推断的当前挑战,讨论未来的发展趋势并提供未来的研究方向。
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最新技术用于机器学习(ML)的最先进的超低功耗嵌入式设备的进展允许新的产品类别,其关键功能使ML功能在微控制器上能够具有小于1 MW功耗(TINYML)。Tinyml通过在低功耗嵌入式设备上聚合和分析边缘的数据来提供唯一的解决方案。但是,我们最近只能在微控制器上运行ml,并且该领域仍处于初期,这意味着硬件,软件和研究正在变化非常迅速。因此,已经为不同的平台开发了许多TinyML框架,以便于部署ML模型并标准化该过程。因此,在本文中,我们专注于基准标记的两个流行框架:Tensorflow Lite Micro(TFLM)在STM32-Nucleof401上的Arduino Nano BLE和Cube Ai上的Tensorflow Lite Micro(TFLM),为特定应用提供标准化的框架选择标准。
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智能物联网环境(iiote)由可以协作执行半自动的IOT应用的异构装置,其示例包括高度自动化的制造单元或自主交互收获机器。能量效率是这种边缘环境中的关键,因为它们通常基于由无线和电池运行设备组成的基础设施,例如电子拖拉机,无人机,自动引导车辆(AGV)S和机器人。总能源消耗从多种技术技术汲取贡献,使得能够实现边缘计算和通信,分布式学习以及分布式分区和智能合同。本文提供了本技术的最先进的概述,并说明了它们的功能和性能,特别关注资源,延迟,隐私和能源消耗之间的权衡。最后,本文提供了一种在节能IIOTE和路线图中集成这些能力技术的愿景,以解决开放的研究挑战
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5G建筑和深度学习的融合在无线通信和人工智能领域都获得了许多研究兴趣。这是因为深度学习技术已被确定为构成5G体系结构的5G技术的潜在驱动力。因此,关于5G架构和深度学习的融合进行了广泛的调查。但是,大多数现有的调查论文主要集中于深度学习如何与特定的5G技术融合,因此,不涵盖5G架构的全部范围。尽管最近有一份调查文件似乎很强大,但对该论文的评论表明,它的结构不佳,无法专门涵盖深度学习和5G技术的收敛性。因此,本文概述了关键5G技术和深度学习的融合。讨论了这种融合面临的挑战。此外,还讨论了对未来6G体系结构的简要概述,以及如何与深度学习进行融合。
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