许多不同的研究表明，发作内存是一种生成过程，但大多数计算模型采用存储视图。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种用于生成的eoisodic记忆的计算模型。它基于中央假设，即海马存储和检索作为存储器迹线的集发作的选定方面，这必然不完整。在召回时，Neocortex在我们称之为语义完成的过程中，基于一般语义信息合理地填写缺失的信息。作为剧集我们使用代表上下文的不同背景增强数字（MNIST）的图像。我们的模型基于VQ-VAE，其以索引矩阵的形式产生压缩潜在表示，其仍然具有一些空间分辨率。我们假设注意其他人被丢弃的索引矩阵的某些部分，然后表示剧集的主旨，并存储为内存跟踪。在调用缺失的部件时，通过PixelCNN填充，建模语义完成，然后由VQ-VAE解码为完整图像。该模型能够以语义合理的方式完成存储器迹线的丢失部分，直到它可以从头开始产生合理图像的点。由于索引矩阵中的组合学，模型将概括为未培训的图像。压缩以及语义完成有助于对内存要求的强烈降低和对噪声的鲁棒性。最后，我们还模拟了一个eoicodic存储器实验，并且可以重现语义一致上下文总是比不一致的语调更好地召回，高度关注水平提高两种情况下的记忆精度，并且不记得正确的背景更常常以完全错误的方式记住。

人类和其他动物学会从感觉体验中提取一般概念，没有大量的教学。这种能力被认为是睡眠的离线状态，如睡眠，以前的经验在全身重放。然而，梦想的特征创造性本质表明，学习语义表示可能超越仅仅重播以前的经历。我们通过实施由生成的对冲网络（GANS）启发的皮质架构来支持这一假设。我们模型中的学习是在三种不同的全球脑状态下组织，模仿清醒，NREM和REM睡眠，优化不同但互补的客观功能。我们在自然图像的标准数据集上培训模型，并评估学习符号的质量。我们的结果表明，通过对抗睡眠期间通过对抗梦想产生新的虚拟感官输入对于提取语义概念至关重要，同时通过在NREM睡眠期间通过扰动梦想重放剧集的集更记忆，提高了潜在表示的鲁棒性。该模型在睡眠状态，记忆重放和梦想中提供了一种新的计算透视，并提出了GAN的皮质实施。

这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识，以在自己的项目中使用机器学习，并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中，我们讨论受监督，无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始，例如原理分析，T-SNE，聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构，例如密集的进料和常规神经网络，经常性的神经网络，受限的玻尔兹曼机器，（变性）自动编码器，生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题，并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习，我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。

随着脑成像技术和机器学习工具的出现，很多努力都致力于构建计算模型来捕获人脑中的视觉信息的编码。最具挑战性的大脑解码任务之一是通过功能磁共振成像（FMRI）测量的脑活动的感知自然图像的精确重建。在这项工作中，我们调查了来自FMRI的自然图像重建的最新学习方法。我们在架构设计，基准数据集和评估指标方面检查这些方法，并在标准化评估指标上呈现公平的性能评估。最后，我们讨论了现有研究的优势和局限，并提出了潜在的未来方向。

迄今为止，通信系统主要旨在可靠地交流位序列。这种方法提供了有效的工程设计，这些设计对消息的含义或消息交换所旨在实现的目标不可知。但是，下一代系统可以通过将消息语义和沟通目标折叠到其设计中来丰富。此外，可以使这些系统了解进行交流交流的环境，从而为新颖的设计见解提供途径。本教程总结了迄今为止的努力，从早期改编，语义意识和以任务为导向的通信开始，涵盖了基础，算法和潜在的实现。重点是利用信息理论提供基础的方法，以及学习在语义和任务感知通信中的重要作用。

Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.

我们将存储系统视为任何技术认知系统的关键组成部分，这些系统可以在弥合用于推理，计划和语义场景的高级符号离散表示之间弥合差距，以了解用于控制，用于控制。在这项工作中，我们描述了概念和技术特征，其中的内存系统必须与基础数据表示一起实现。我们根据我们在开发ARMAR类人体机器人系统中获得的经验来确定这些特征，并讨论实践示例，这些例子证明了在以人为中心的环境中执行任务的类人生物机器人的记忆系统应支持，例如多模式，内态性，异性恋，Hetero关联性，可预测性或固有的发作结构。基于这些特征，我们将机器人软件框架ARMARX扩展到了统一的认知架构，该架构用于Armar Humanoid Robot家族的机器人。此外，我们描述了机器人软件的开发如何导致我们采用这种新颖的启用内存的认知体系结构，并展示了机器人如何使用内存来实现内存驱动的行为。

Brain decoding is a field of computational neuroscience that uses measurable brain activity to infer mental states or internal representations of perceptual inputs. Therefore, we propose a novel approach to brain decoding that also relies on semantic and contextual similarity. We employ an fMRI dataset of natural image vision and create a deep learning decoding pipeline inspired by the existence of both bottom-up and top-down processes in human vision. We train a linear brain-to-feature model to map fMRI activity features to visual stimuli features, assuming that the brain projects visual information onto a space that is homeomorphic to the latent space represented by the last convolutional layer of a pretrained convolutional neural network, which typically collects a variety of semantic features that summarize and highlight similarities and differences between concepts. These features are then categorized in the latent space using a nearest-neighbor strategy, and the results are used to condition a generative latent diffusion model to create novel images. From fMRI data only, we produce reconstructions of visual stimuli that match the original content very well on a semantic level, surpassing the state of the art in previous literature. We evaluate our work and obtain good results using a quantitative semantic metric (the Wu-Palmer similarity metric over the WordNet lexicon, which had an average value of 0.57) and perform a human evaluation experiment that resulted in correct evaluation, according to the multiplicity of human criteria in evaluating image similarity, in over 80% of the test set.

Recent neural compression methods have been based on the popular hyperprior framework. It relies on Scalar Quantization and offers a very strong compression performance. This contrasts from recent advances in image generation and representation learning, where Vector Quantization is more commonly employed. In this work, we attempt to bring these lines of research closer by revisiting vector quantization for image compression. We build upon the VQ-VAE framework and introduce several modifications. First, we replace the vanilla vector quantizer by a product quantizer. This intermediate solution between vector and scalar quantization allows for a much wider set of rate-distortion points: It implicitly defines high-quality quantizers that would otherwise require intractably large codebooks. Second, inspired by the success of Masked Image Modeling (MIM) in the context of self-supervised learning and generative image models, we propose a novel conditional entropy model which improves entropy coding by modelling the co-dependencies of the quantized latent codes. The resulting PQ-MIM model is surprisingly effective: its compression performance on par with recent hyperprior methods. It also outperforms HiFiC in terms of FID and KID metrics when optimized with perceptual losses (e.g. adversarial). Finally, since PQ-MIM is compatible with image generation frameworks, we show qualitatively that it can operate under a hybrid mode between compression and generation, with no further training or finetuning. As a result, we explore the extreme compression regime where an image is compressed into 200 bytes, i.e., less than a tweet.

尽管深度强化学习（RL）最近取得了许多成功，但其方法仍然效率低下，这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示，以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法，可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用：（i）GRICA受到独立组件分析（ICA）的启发，并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外，格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 （ii）潜在表示预测（LARP）还需要更多的上下文：除了要求状态作为输入外，它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 （iii）重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示，以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL，而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现，每种方法都有其优势和缺点，并从我们的实验中得出结论，包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。

从记忆中汲取多年的朋友的表面是一项艰巨的任务。但是，如果您碰巧走过路径，您会很容易地识别彼此。生物记忆配备了令人印象深刻的压缩算法，该算法可以存储必需品，然后推断细节以匹配感知。 Willshaw的关联内存模型可能是该大脑功能的计算模型的候选者，但是其在现实世界数据上的应用受到所谓稀疏编码问题的阻碍。由于最近提出的稀疏编码处方[31]，将视觉模式映射到二进制特征图中，我们能够在现实世界数据上分析Willshaw网络（WN）的行为，并获得对模型优势的关键见解。为了进一步增强WN的功能，我们提出了多模式体系结构。在这种新环境中，内存同时存储了几种方式（例如，视觉或文本）。训练后，该模型可用于推断缺失的模态时，只有一个子集就被感知到了学习任务的灵活框架。我们在MNIST数据集上评估了模型。通过将图像和标签存储为模态，我们能够通过单个模型成功地完成模式完成，分类和生成。

当前独立于域的经典计划者需要问题域和实例作为输入的符号模型，从而导致知识采集瓶颈。同时，尽管深度学习在许多领域都取得了重大成功，但知识是在与符号系统（例如计划者）不兼容的亚符号表示中编码的。我们提出了Latplan，这是一种无监督的建筑，结合了深度学习和经典计划。只有一组未标记的图像对，显示了环境中允许的过渡子集（训练输入），Latplan学习了环境的完整命题PDDL动作模型。稍后，当给出代表初始状态和目标状态（计划输入）的一对图像时，Latplan在符号潜在空间中找到了目标状态的计划，并返回可视化的计划执行。我们使用6个计划域的基于图像的版本来评估LATPLAN：8个插头，15个式嘴，Blockworld，Sokoban和两个LightsOut的变体。

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

病理学家拥有丰富的词汇，他们可以描述细胞形态的所有细微差别。在他们的世界中，图像和单词都有自然的配对。最近的进步表明，现在可以对机器学习模型进行培训，以学习高质量的图像功能并将其表示为离散信息。这使得自然语言（也是离散的语言）可以与成像旁边共同建模，从而描述了成像内容。在这里，我们介绍了将离散建模技术应用于非黑色素瘤皮肤癌的问题结构域，特别是eme骨内癌（IEC）的组织学图像。通过实施IEC图像的高分辨率（256x256）图像的VQ-GAN模型，我们训练了序列到序列变压器，以使用病理学家术语来生成自然语言描述。结合使用连续生成方法获得的交互式概念矢量的概念，我们展示了一个额外的解释性角度。结果是为高度表达的机器学习系统而努力的一种有希望的方法，不仅可以用作预测/分类工具，而且还意味着要进一步了解我们对疾病的科学理解。

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.

这篇理论文章研究了如何在计算机中构建类似人类的工作记忆和思维过程。应该有两个工作记忆存储，一个类似于关联皮层中的持续点火，另一个类似于大脑皮层中的突触增强。这些商店必须通过环境刺激或内部处理产生的新表示不断更新。它们应该连续更新，并以一种迭代的方式进行更新，这意味着在下一个状态下，应始终保留一组共同工作中的某些项目。因此，工作记忆中的一组概念将随着时间的推移逐渐发展。这使每个状态都是对先前状态的修订版，并导致连续的状态与它们所包含的一系列表示形式重叠和融合。随着添加新表示形式并减去旧表示形式，在这些更改过程中，有些保持活跃几秒钟。这种持续活动，类似于人工复发性神经网络中使用的活动，用于在整个全球工作区中传播激活能量，以搜索下一个关联更新。结果是能够朝着解决方案或目标前进的联想连接的中间状态链。迭代更新在这里概念化为信息处理策略，一种思想流的计算和神经生理决定因素以及用于设计和编程人工智能的算法。

神经生成模型可用于学习从数据的复杂概率分布，从它们中进行采样，并产生概率密度估计。我们提出了一种用于开发由大脑预测处理理论启发的神经生成模型的计算框架。根据预测加工理论，大脑中的神经元形成一个层次结构，其中一个级别的神经元形成关于来自另一个层次的感觉输入的期望。这些神经元根据其期望与观察到的信号之间的差异更新其本地模型。以类似的方式，我们的生成模型中的人造神经元预测了邻近的神经元的作用，并根据预测匹配现实的程度来调整它们的参数。在这项工作中，我们表明，在我们的框架内学到的神经生成模型在练习中跨越多个基准数据集和度量来表现良好，并且保持竞争或显着优于具有类似功能的其他生成模型（例如变形自动编码器）。

Humans and animals have the ability to continually acquire, fine-tune, and transfer knowledge and skills throughout their lifespan. This ability, referred to as lifelong learning, is mediated by a rich set of neurocognitive mechanisms that together contribute to the development and specialization of our sensorimotor skills as well as to long-term memory consolidation and retrieval. Consequently, lifelong learning capabilities are crucial for computational systems and autonomous agents interacting in the real world and processing continuous streams of information. However, lifelong learning remains a long-standing challenge for machine learning and neural network models since the continual acquisition of incrementally available information from non-stationary data distributions generally leads to catastrophic forgetting or interference. This limitation represents a major drawback for state-of-the-art deep neural network models that typically learn representations from stationary batches of training data, thus without accounting for situations in which information becomes incrementally available over time. In this review, we critically summarize the main challenges linked to lifelong learning for artificial learning systems and compare existing neural network approaches that alleviate, to different extents, catastrophic forgetting. Although significant advances have been made in domain-specific learning with neural networks, extensive research efforts are required for the development of robust lifelong learning on autonomous agents and robots. We discuss well-established and emerging research motivated by lifelong learning factors in biological systems such as structural plasticity, memory replay, curriculum and transfer learning, intrinsic motivation, and multisensory integration.

与CNN的分类，分割或对象检测相比，生成网络的目标和方法根本不同。最初，它们不是作为图像分析工具，而是生成自然看起来的图像。已经提出了对抗性训练范式来稳定生成方法，并已被证明是非常成功的 - 尽管绝不是第一次尝试。本章对生成对抗网络（GAN）的动机进行了基本介绍，并通​​过抽象基本任务和工作机制并得出了早期实用方法的困难来追溯其成功的道路。将显示进行更稳定的训练方法，也将显示出不良收敛及其原因的典型迹象。尽管本章侧重于用于图像生成和图像分析的gan，但对抗性训练范式本身并非特定于图像，并且在图像分析中也概括了任务。在将GAN与最近进入场景的进一步生成建模方法进行对比之前，将闻名图像语义分割和异常检测的架构示例。这将允许对限制的上下文化观点，但也可以对gans有好处。

We describe an end-to-end trainable model for image compression based on variational autoencoders. The model incorporates a hyperprior to effectively capture spatial dependencies in the latent representation. This hyperprior relates to side information, a concept universal to virtually all modern image codecs, but largely unexplored in image compression using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Unlike existing autoencoder compression methods, our model trains a complex prior jointly with the underlying autoencoder. We demonstrate that this model leads to state-of-the-art image compression when measuring visual quality using the popular MS-SSIM index, and yields rate-distortion performance surpassing published ANN-based methods when evaluated using a more traditional metric based on squared error (PSNR). Furthermore, we provide a qualitative comparison of models trained for different distortion metrics.