使用远程摄像机和无人机(UAVS)基于计算机视觉的损害检测可实现高效且低成本的桥梁健康监控,从而降低了人工成本以及传感器安装和维护的需求。通过利用最近的语义图像分割方法,我们能够找到关键结构组件的区域,并使用图像作为唯一的输入来识别像素级别的损坏。但是,当发现少量损坏(例如裂缝和裸露的钢筋)和具有有限图像样本的薄物体时,现有方法的性能很差,尤其是当感兴趣的组件高度不平衡时。为此,本文介绍了一个语义分割框架,该框架强加了组件类别和损害类型之间的层次语义关系。例如,仅在桥柱上存在的某些混凝土裂纹,因此在检测到此类损害时,非列区域将被掩盖。通过这种方式,损坏检测模型只能集中在可能受损区域的学习特征上,并避免其他无关区域的影响。我们还利用多尺度的扩展,可提供不同尺度的视图,可保留每个图像的上下文信息,而不会失去处理小对象的能力。此外,提出的框架采用了重要的样本,该样本反复样本包含稀有组件(例如铁路卧铺和裸露的钢筋)的图像提供了更多的数据样本,从而解决了数据不平衡的数据挑战。
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美国庞大的桥梁网络对其维护和康复提出了很高的要求。手动视觉检查的大量费用在某种程度上是一定程度的负担。高级机器人已被利用以自动化检查数据收集。在大量检查图像数据中,自动化多类元素的分割以及元素的表面缺陷将有助于对桥梁条件进行有效评估。培训单独的单任务网络,用于元素解析(即多类元素的语义分割)和缺陷分段无法在检查图像中合并这两个任务之间的密切连接,其中存在可识别的结构元素和明显的表面缺陷。本文的动机是开发多任务深神经网络,该网络完全利用桥梁元素和缺陷之间的这种相互依赖性来提高模型的性能和概括。此外,研究了提议的网络设计改善任务性能的有效性,包括特征分解,串扰共享和多目标损耗函数。开发了带有桥梁元件和腐蚀的像素级标签的数据集,用于培训和评估模型。评估开发的多任务深神经网络的定量和定性结果表明,推荐的网络不仅超过了独立的单任务网络(在桥梁解析上高2.59%,在腐蚀细分方面高2.59%),而且在计算时间和实施中也是如此能力。
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X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.
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Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.
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在过去的十年中,基于深度学习的算法在遥感图像分析的不同领域中广泛流行。最近,最初在自然语言处理中引入的基于变形金刚的体系结构遍布计算机视觉领域,在该字段中,自我发挥的机制已被用作替代流行的卷积操作员来捕获长期依赖性。受到计算机视觉的最新进展的启发,遥感社区还见证了对各种任务的视觉变压器的探索。尽管许多调查都集中在计算机视觉中的变压器上,但据我们所知,我们是第一个对基于遥感中变压器的最新进展进行系统评价的人。我们的调查涵盖了60多种基于变形金刚的60多种方法,用于遥感子方面的不同遥感问题:非常高分辨率(VHR),高光谱(HSI)和合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像。我们通过讨论遥感中变压器的不同挑战和开放问题来结束调查。此外,我们打算在遥感论文中频繁更新和维护最新的变压器,及其各自的代码:https://github.com/virobo-15/transformer-in-in-remote-sensing
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视频分析的图像分割在不同的研究领域起着重要作用,例如智能城市,医疗保健,计算机视觉和地球科学以及遥感应用。在这方面,最近致力于发展新的细分策略;最新的杰出成就之一是Panoptic细分。后者是由语义和实例分割的融合引起的。明确地,目前正在研究Panoptic细分,以帮助获得更多对视频监控,人群计数,自主驾驶,医学图像分析的图像场景的更细致的知识,以及一般对场景更深入的了解。为此,我们介绍了本文的首次全面审查现有的Panoptic分段方法,以获得作者的知识。因此,基于所采用的算法,应用场景和主要目标的性质,执行现有的Panoptic技术的明确定义分类。此外,讨论了使用伪标签注释新数据集的Panoptic分割。继续前进,进行消融研究,以了解不同观点的Panoptic方法。此外,讨论了适合于Panoptic分割的评估度量,并提供了现有解决方案性能的比较,以告知最先进的并识别其局限性和优势。最后,目前对主题技术面临的挑战和吸引不久的将来吸引相当兴趣的未来趋势,可以成为即将到来的研究研究的起点。提供代码的文件可用于:https://github.com/elharroussomar/awesome-panoptic-egation
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Semantic understanding of visual scenes is one of the holy grails of computer vision. Despite efforts of the community in data collection, there are still few image datasets covering a wide range of scenes and object categories with pixel-wise annotations for scene understanding. In this work, we present a densely annotated dataset ADE20K, which spans diverse annotations of scenes, objects, parts of objects, and in some cases even parts of parts. Totally there are 25k images of the complex everyday scenes containing a variety of objects in their natural spatial context. On average there are 19.5 instances and 10.5 object classes per image. Based on ADE20K, we construct benchmarks for scene parsing and instance segmentation. We provide baseline performances on both of the benchmarks and re-implement the state-ofthe-art models for open source. We further evaluate the effect of synchronized batch normalization and find that a reasonably large batch size is crucial for the semantic segmentation performance. We show that the networks trained on ADE20K are able to segment a wide variety of scenes and objects 1 .
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给定空中图像,空中场景解析(ASP)目标,以解释图像内容的语义结构,例如,通过将语义标签分配给图像的每个像素来解释图像内容的语义结构。随着数据驱动方法的推广,过去几十年通过在使用高分辨率航空图像时,通过接近基于瓦片级场景分类或分段的图像分析的方案来解决了对ASP的有希望的进展。然而,前者的方案通常会产生瓷砖技术边界的结果,而后者需要处理从像素到语义的复杂建模过程,这通常需要具有像素 - 明智语义标签的大规模和良好的图像样本。在本文中,我们在ASP中解决了这些问题,从瓷砖级场景分类到像素明智语义标签的透视图。具体而言,我们首先通过文献综述重新审视空中图像解释。然后,我们提出了一个大规模的场景分类数据集,其中包含一百万个空中图像被称为百万援助。使用所提出的数据集,我们还通过经典卷积神经网络(CNN)报告基准测试实验。最后,我们通过统一瓦片级场景分类和基于对象的图像分析来实现ASP,以实现像素明智的语义标记。密集实验表明,百万援助是一个具有挑战性但有用的数据集,可以作为评估新开发的算法的基准。当从百万辅助救援方面传输知识时,百万辅助的微调CNN模型始终如一,而不是那些用于空中场景分类的预磨料想象。此外,我们设计的分层多任务学习方法实现了对挑战GID的最先进的像素 - 明智的分类,拓宽了用于航空图像解释的像素明智语义标记的瓦片级场景分类。
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Researches of analysis and parsing around fa\c{c}ades to enrich the 3D feature of fa\c{c}ade models by semantic information raised some attention in the community, whose main idea is to generate higher resolution components with similar shapes and textures to increase the overall resolution at the expense of reconstruction accuracy. While this approach works well for components like windows and doors, there is no solution for fa\c{c}ade background at present. In this paper, we introduce the concept of representative region texture, which can be used in the above modeling approach by tiling the representative texture around the fa\c{c}ade region, and propose a semi-supervised way to do representative region texture extraction from a fa\c{c}ade image. Our method does not require any additional labelled data to train as long as the semantic information is given, while a traditional end-to-end model requires plenty of data to increase its performance. Our method can extract texture from any repetitive images, not just fa\c{c}ade, which is not capable in an end-to-end model as it relies on the distribution of training set. Clustering with weighted distance is introduced to further increase the robustness to noise or an imprecise segmentation, and make the extracted texture have a higher resolution and more suitable for tiling. We verify our method on various fa\c{c}ade images, and the result shows our method has a significant performance improvement compared to only a random crop on fa\c{c}ade. We also demonstrate some application scenarios and proposed a fa\c{c}ade modeling workflow with the representative region texture, which has a better visual resolution for a regular fa\c{c}ade.
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深度学习已成为火星探索的强大工具。火星地形细分是一项重要的火星愿景任务,它是漫游者自动计划和安全驾驶的基础。但是,现有的基于深度学习的地形细分方法遇到了两个问题:一个是缺乏足够的详细和高信心注释,另一个是模型过度依赖于注释的培训数据。在本文中,我们从联合数据和方法设计的角度解决了这两个问题。我们首先提出了一个新的火星地形细分数据集,该数据集包含6K高分辨率图像,并根据置信度稀疏注释,以确保标签的高质量。然后从这些稀疏的数据中学习,我们为火星地形细分的基于表示的学习框架,包括一个自我监督的学习阶段(用于预训练)和半监督的学习阶段(用于微调)。具体而言,对于自我监督的学习,我们设计了一个基于掩盖图像建模(MIM)概念的多任务机制,以强调图像的纹理信息。对于半监督的学习,由于我们的数据集很少注释,因此我们鼓励该模型通过在线生成和利用伪标签来挖掘每个图像中未标记的区域的信息。我们将数据集和方法命名为MARS(S $^{5} $ MARS)的自我监督和半监督分割。实验结果表明,我们的方法可以超越最先进的方法,并通过很大的边距提高地形分割性能。
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Semantic segmentation works on the computer vision algorithm for assigning each pixel of an image into a class. The task of semantic segmentation should be performed with both accuracy and efficiency. Most of the existing deep FCNs yield to heavy computations and these networks are very power hungry, unsuitable for real-time applications on portable devices. This project analyzes current semantic segmentation models to explore the feasibility of applying these models for emergency response during catastrophic events. We compare the performance of real-time semantic segmentation models with non-real-time counterparts constrained by aerial images under oppositional settings. Furthermore, we train several models on the Flood-Net dataset, containing UAV images captured after Hurricane Harvey, and benchmark their execution on special classes such as flooded buildings vs. non-flooded buildings or flooded roads vs. non-flooded roads. In this project, we developed a real-time UNet based model and deployed that network on Jetson AGX Xavier module.
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随着深度卷积神经网络的兴起,对象检测在过去几年中取得了突出的进步。但是,这种繁荣无法掩盖小物体检测(SOD)的不令人满意的情况,这是计算机视觉中臭名昭著的挑战性任务之一,这是由于视觉外观不佳和由小目标的内在结构引起的嘈杂表示。此外,用于基准小对象检测方法基准测试的大规模数据集仍然是瓶颈。在本文中,我们首先对小物体检测进行了详尽的审查。然后,为了催化SOD的发展,我们分别构建了两个大规模的小物体检测数据集(SODA),SODA-D和SODA-A,分别集中在驾驶和空中场景上。 SODA-D包括24704个高质量的交通图像和277596个9个类别的实例。对于苏打水,我们收集2510个高分辨率航空图像,并在9个类别上注释800203实例。众所周知,拟议的数据集是有史以来首次尝试使用针对多类SOD量身定制的大量注释实例进行大规模基准测试。最后,我们评估主流方法在苏打水上的性能。我们预计发布的基准可以促进SOD的发展,并产生该领域的更多突破。数据集和代码将很快在:\ url {https://shaunyuan22.github.io/soda}上。
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本文介绍了Dahitra,这是一种具有分层变压器的新型深度学习模型,可在飓风后根据卫星图像对建筑物的损害进行分类。自动化的建筑损害评估为决策和资源分配提供了关键信息,以快速应急响应。卫星图像提供了实时,高覆盖的信息,并提供了向大规模污点后建筑物损失评估提供信息的机会。此外,深入学习方法已证明在对建筑物的损害进行分类方面有希望。在这项工作中,提出了一个基于变压器的新型网络来评估建筑物的损失。该网络利用多个分辨率的层次空间特征,并在将变压器编码器应用于空间特征后捕获特征域的时间差异。当对大规模灾难损坏数据集(XBD)进行测试以构建本地化和损坏分类以及在Levir-CD数据集上进行更改检测任务时,该网络将实现最先进的绩效。此外,我们引入了一个新的高分辨率卫星图像数据集,IDA-BD(与2021年路易斯安那州的2021年飓风IDA有关,以便域名适应以进一步评估该模型的能力,以适用于新损坏的区域。域的适应结果表明,所提出的模型可以适应一个新事件,只有有限的微调。因此,所提出的模型通过更好的性能和域的适应来推进艺术的当前状态。此外,IDA-BD也提供了A高分辨率注释的数据集用于该领域的未来研究。
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Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.
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语义分割是图像的像素明智标记。由于在像素级别定义了问题,因此确定图像类标签是不可接受的,而是在原始图像像素分辨率下本地化它们是必要的。通过卷积神经网络(CNN)在创建语义,高级和分层图像特征方面的非凡能力推动;在过去十年中提出了几种基于深入的学习的2D语义分割方法。在本调查中,我们主要关注最近的语义细分科学发展,特别是在使用2D图像的基于深度学习的方法。我们开始分析了对2D语义分割的公共图像集和排行榜,概述了性能评估中使用的技术。在研究现场的演变时,我们按时间顺序分类为三个主要时期,即预先和早期的深度学习时代,完全卷积的时代和后FCN时代。我们在技术上分析了解决领域的基本问题的解决方案,例如细粒度的本地化和规模不变性。在借阅我们的结论之前,我们提出了一张来自所有提到的时代的方法表,每个方法都概述了他们对该领域的贡献。我们通过讨论现场当前的挑战以及他们已经解决的程度来结束调查。
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玻璃在现实世界中非常普遍。受玻璃区域的不确定性以及玻璃背后的各种复杂场景的影响,玻璃的存在对许多计算机视觉任务构成了严重的挑战,从而使玻璃分割成为重要的计算机视觉任务。玻璃没有自己的视觉外观,而只能传输/反映其周围环境的外观,从而与其他常见对象根本不同。为了解决此类具有挑战性的任务,现有方法通常会探索并结合深网络中不同特征级别的有用线索。由于存在级别不同的特征之间的特征差距,即,深层特征嵌入了更多高级语义,并且更好地定位目标对象,而浅层特征具有更大的空间尺寸,并保持更丰富,更详细的低级信息,因此,将这些特征融合到天真的融合将导致亚最佳溶液。在本文中,我们将有效的特征融合到两个步骤中,以朝着精确的玻璃分割。首先,我们试图通过开发可区分性增强(DE)模块来弥合不同级别特征之间的特征差距,该模块使特定于级别的特征成为更具歧视性的表示,从而减轻了融合不兼容的特征。其次,我们设计了一个基于焦点和探索的融合(FEBF)模块,以通过突出显示常见并探索级别差异特征之间的差异,从而在融合过程中丰富挖掘有用的信息。
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尽管近期基于深度学习的语义细分,但远程感测图像的自动建筑检测仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题,由于全球建筑物的出现巨大变化。误差主要发生在构建足迹的边界,阴影区域,以及检测外表面具有与周围区域非常相似的反射率特性的建筑物。为了克服这些问题,我们提出了一种生成的对抗基于网络的基于网络的分割框架,其具有嵌入在发电机中的不确定性关注单元和改进模块。由边缘和反向关注单元组成的细化模块,旨在精炼预测的建筑地图。边缘注意力增强了边界特征,以估计更高的精度,并且反向关注允许网络探索先前估计区域中缺少的功能。不确定性关注单元有助于网络解决分类中的不确定性。作为我们方法的权力的衡量标准,截至2021年12月4日,它在Deepglobe公共领导板上的第二名,尽管我们的方法的主要重点 - 建筑边缘 - 并不完全对齐用于排行榜排名的指标。 DeepGlobe充满挑战数据集的整体F1分数为0.745。我们还报告了对挑战的Inria验证数据集的最佳成绩,我们的网络实现了81.28%的总体验证,总体准确性为97.03%。沿着同一条线,对于官方Inria测试数据集,我们的网络总体上得分77.86%和96.41%,而且准确性。
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组织学图像中核和腺体的实例分割是用于癌症诊断,治疗计划和生存分析的计算病理学工作流程中的重要一步。随着现代硬件的出现,大规模质量公共数据集的最新可用性以及社区组织的宏伟挑战已经看到了自动化方法的激增,重点是特定领域的挑战,这对于技术进步和临床翻译至关重要。在这项调查中,深入分析了过去五年(2017-2022)中发表的原子核和腺体实例细分的126篇论文,进行了深入分析,讨论了当前方法的局限性和公开挑战。此外,提出了潜在的未来研究方向,并总结了最先进方法的贡献。此外,还提供了有关公开可用数据集的概括摘要以及关于说明每种挑战的最佳性能方法的巨大挑战的详细见解。此外,我们旨在使读者现有研究的现状和指针在未来的发展方向上开发可用于临床实践的方法,从而可以改善诊断,分级,预后和癌症的治疗计划。据我们所知,以前没有工作回顾了朝向这一方向的组织学图像中的实例细分。
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基础设施检查是一个非常昂贵的任务,需要技术人员访问远程或难以到达的地方。这是电力传动塔的情况,这些塔稀疏地定位,需要培训的工人爬上它们以寻找损坏。最近,在行业中使用无人机或直升机进行遥控录音,使技术人员进行这种危险的任务。然而,这留下了分析大量图像的问题,这具有很大的自动化潜力。由于几个原因,这是一个具有挑战性的任务。首先,缺乏可自由的培训数据和难以收集它的问题。另外,构成损坏的界限是模糊的,在数据​​标记中引入了一定程度的主观性。图像中的不平衡类分布也在增加任务的难度方面发挥作用。本文解决了传输塔中结构损伤检测的问题,解决了这些问题。我们的主要贡献是在远程获取的无人机图像上开发损坏检测,应用技术来克服数据稀缺和歧义的问题,以及评估这种方法解决这个特殊问题的方法的可行性。
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Semantic segmentation of UAV aerial remote sensing images provides a more efficient and convenient surveying and mapping method for traditional surveying and mapping. In order to make the model lightweight and improve a certain accuracy, this research developed a new lightweight and efficient network for the extraction of ground features from UAV aerial remote sensing images, called LDMCNet. Meanwhile, this research develops a powerful lightweight backbone network for the proposed semantic segmentation model. It is called LDCNet, and it is hoped that it can become the backbone network of a new generation of lightweight semantic segmentation algorithms. The proposed model uses dual multi-scale context modules, namely the Atrous Space Pyramid Pooling module (ASPP) and the Object Context Representation module (OCR). In addition, this research constructs a private dataset for semantic segmentation of aerial remote sensing images from drones. This data set contains 2431 training sets, 945 validation sets, and 475 test sets. The proposed model performs well on this dataset, with only 1.4M parameters and 5.48G floating-point operations (FLOPs), achieving an average intersection-over-union ratio (mIoU) of 71.12%. 7.88% higher than the baseline model. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, training on the public datasets "LoveDA" and "CITY-OSM" also achieved excellent results, achieving mIoU of 65.27% and 74.39%, respectively.
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