Vision transformers (ViTs) have achieved impressive results on various computer vision tasks in the last several years. In this work, we study the capability of frozen ViTs, pretrained only on visual data, to generalize to audio-visual data without finetuning any of its original parameters. To do so, we propose a latent audio-visual hybrid (LAVISH) adapter that adapts pretrained ViTs to audio-visual tasks by injecting a small number of trainable parameters into every layer of a frozen ViT. To efficiently fuse visual and audio cues, our LAVISH adapter uses a small set of latent tokens, which form an attention bottleneck, thus, eliminating the quadratic cost of standard cross-attention. Compared to the existing modality-specific audio-visual methods, our approach achieves competitive or even better performance on various audio-visual tasks while using fewer tunable parameters and without relying on costly audio pretraining or external audio encoders. Our code is available at https://genjib.github.io/project_page/LAVISH/

最近在各种领域中采用了关于下游任务的大型预训练模型。但是，更新大型预训练模型的整个参数集是昂贵的。尽管最近提出的参数效率转移学习（PETL）技术允许在预先训练的骨干网络内更新一小部分参数（例如，仅使用2％的参数）用于新任务，但它们只能通过最多减少训练记忆要求30％。这是因为可训练参数的梯度计算仍然需要通过大型预训练的骨干模型反向传播。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了梯子侧调（LST），这是一种新的PETL技术，可将训练记忆要求减少更多。与现有的参数效率方法不同，将其他参数插入骨干网络中，我们训练梯子侧网络，梯子侧网络是一个小而独立的网络，将中间激活作为通过快速连接（梯子）从骨干网络中获得的输入作为输入，并进行预测。 LST的内存要求明显低于以前的方法，因为它不需要通过骨干网络反向传播，而是仅通过侧网和梯子连接。我们使用NLP（胶）和视觉语言（VQA，GQA，NLVR2，MSCOCO）任务上的各种模型（T5，CLIP-T5）进行评估。 LST节省了69％的内存成本来微调整个网络，而其他方法仅将其中的26％保存在相似的参数使用中（因此，更多的内存节省了2.7倍）。此外，LST在低内存状态下的适配器和洛拉的精度高。为了进一步显示这种更好的记忆效率的优势，我们还将LST应用于较大的T5型号（T5-Large，T5-3B），比完整的微调和其他PETL方法获得更好的胶水性能。我们对VL任务的实验也完全相同。

最近，在大型文本语料库上预先培训的微调语言模型已经为Vision-and Langual（V＆L）任务以及纯语言任务提供了巨大的改进。但是，微调预训练模型的整个参数集变得不切实际，因为模型大小正在快速增长。因此，在本文中，我们将基于适配器的参数高效转移学习技术引入VL-BART和VL-T5等V＆L型号。我们在四个不同V＆L任务的统一多任务设置中评估我们的方法：VQAV2，GQA，NLVR2和MSCOCO图像标题。通过仔细的培训和彻底的实验，我们将三种流行的基于适配器的方法（适配器，Hyperformer，Compacter）基准，抵御标准的全部微调和最近提出的及时调整方法。我们还通过分享其权重以获得跨任务的知识来增强适配器的效率和性能。我们的结果表明，使用权重共享技术（总参数的4.4％）培训适配器可以匹配微调整个模型的性能。最后，我们提出了一个全面的分析，包括适配器和任务特定提示的组合以及V＆L对适配器进行培训的影响。我们的代码可用于：https://github.com/ylsung/vl_adapter。

在基于典型的深度神经网络训练期间，所有模型的参数都在每次迭代时更新。最近的工作表明，在训练期间只能更新模型参数的小型子集，这可以减轻存储和通信要求。在本文中，我们表明，可以在模型的参数上诱导一个固定的稀疏掩码，该屏蔽选择要在许多迭代中更新的子集。我们的方法用最大的Fisher信息构造出k $参数的掩码，作为一个简单的近似，与手头的任务最重要的近似值。在参数高效转移学习和分布式培训的实验中，我们表明我们的方法与其他方法的性能相匹配或超出稀疏更新的其他方法的性能，同时在内存使用和通信成本方面更有效。我们公开发布我们的代码，以促进我们的方法的进一步应用。

In robotics and computer vision communities, extensive studies have been widely conducted regarding surveillance tasks, including human detection, tracking, and motion recognition with a camera. Additionally, deep learning algorithms are widely utilized in the aforementioned tasks as in other computer vision tasks. Existing public datasets are insufficient to develop learning-based methods that handle various surveillance for outdoor and extreme situations such as harsh weather and low illuminance conditions. Therefore, we introduce a new large-scale outdoor surveillance dataset named eXtremely large-scale Multi-modAl Sensor dataset (X-MAS) containing more than 500,000 image pairs and the first-person view data annotated by well-trained annotators. Moreover, a single pair contains multi-modal data (e.g. an IR image, an RGB image, a thermal image, a depth image, and a LiDAR scan). This is the first large-scale first-person view outdoor multi-modal dataset focusing on surveillance tasks to the best of our knowledge. We present an overview of the proposed dataset with statistics and present methods of exploiting our dataset with deep learning-based algorithms. The latest information on the dataset and our study are available at https://github.com/lge-robot-navi, and the dataset will be available for download through a server.

Springs are efficient in storing and returning elastic potential energy but are unable to hold the energy they store in the absence of an external load. Lockable springs use clutches to hold elastic potential energy in the absence of an external load but have not yet been widely adopted in applications, partly because clutches introduce design complexity, reduce energy efficiency, and typically do not afford high-fidelity control over the energy stored by the spring. Here, we present the design of a novel lockable compression spring that uses a small capstan clutch to passively lock a mechanical spring. The capstan clutch can lock up to 1000 N force at any arbitrary deflection, unlock the spring in less than 10 ms with a control force less than 1 % of the maximal spring force, and provide an 80 % energy storage and return efficiency (comparable to a highly efficient electric motor operated at constant nominal speed). By retaining the form factor of a regular spring while providing high-fidelity locking capability even under large spring forces, the proposed design could facilitate the development of energy-efficient spring-based actuators and robots.

This paper proposes a new regularization algorithm referred to as macro-block dropout. The overfitting issue has been a difficult problem in training large neural network models. The dropout technique has proven to be simple yet very effective for regularization by preventing complex co-adaptations during training. In our work, we define a macro-block that contains a large number of units from the input to a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Rather than applying dropout to each unit, we apply random dropout to each macro-block. This algorithm has the effect of applying different drop out rates for each layer even if we keep a constant average dropout rate, which has better regularization effects. In our experiments using Recurrent Neural Network-Transducer (RNN-T), this algorithm shows relatively 4.30 % and 6.13 % Word Error Rates (WERs) improvement over the conventional dropout on LibriSpeech test-clean and test-other. With an Attention-based Encoder-Decoder (AED) model, this algorithm shows relatively 4.36 % and 5.85 % WERs improvement over the conventional dropout on the same test sets.

Despite their widespread adoption, neural conversation models have yet to exhibit natural chat capabilities with humans. In this research, we examine user utterances as causes and generated responses as effects, recognizing that changes in a cause should produce a different effect. To further explore this concept, we have compiled and expanded upon a new dataset called CausalDialogue through crowd-sourcing. This dataset includes multiple cause-effect pairs within a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure. Our analysis reveals that traditional loss functions can struggle to effectively incorporate the DAG structure, leading us to propose a causality-enhanced method called Exponential Maximum Average Treatment Effect (ExMATE) to enhance the impact of causality at the utterance level in training neural conversation models. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, we have built a comprehensive benchmark using the CausalDialogue dataset leveraging large-scale pre-trained language models, and have assessed the results through both human and automatic evaluation metrics for coherence, diversity, and agility. Our findings show that current techniques are still unable to effectively address conversational DAGs, and that the ExMATE method can improve the diversity and agility of conventional loss functions while maintaining coherence.

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

This paper introduces the use of evolutionary algorithms for solving differential equations. The solution is obtained by optimizing a deep neural network whose loss function is defined by the residual terms from the differential equations. Recent studies have used stochastic gradient descent (SGD) variants to train these physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), but these methods can struggle to find accurate solutions due to optimization challenges. When solving differential equations, it is important to find the globally optimum parameters of the network, rather than just finding a solution that works well during training. SGD only searches along a single gradient direction, so it may not be the best approach for training PINNs with their accompanying complex optimization landscapes. In contrast, evolutionary algorithms perform a parallel exploration of different solutions in order to avoid getting stuck in local optima and can potentially find more accurate solutions. However, evolutionary algorithms can be slow, which can make them difficult to use in practice. To address this, we provide a set of five benchmark problems with associated performance metrics and baseline results to support the development of evolutionary algorithms for enhanced PINN training. As a baseline, we evaluate the performance and speed of using the widely adopted Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) for solving PINNs. We provide the loss and training time for CMA-ES run on TensorFlow, and CMA-ES and SGD run on JAX (with GPU acceleration) for the five benchmark problems. Our results show that JAX-accelerated evolutionary algorithms, particularly CMA-ES, can be a useful approach for solving differential equations. We hope that our work will support the exploration and development of alternative optimization algorithms for the complex task of optimizing PINNs.