Recent lay language generation systems have used Transformer models trained on a parallel corpus to increase health information accessibility. However, the applicability of these models is constrained by the limited size and topical breadth of available corpora. We introduce CELLS, the largest (63k pairs) and broadest-ranging (12 journals) parallel corpus for lay language generation. The abstract and the corresponding lay language summary are written by domain experts, assuring the quality of our dataset. Furthermore, qualitative evaluation of expert-authored plain language summaries has revealed background explanation as a key strategy to increase accessibility. Such explanation is challenging for neural models to generate because it goes beyond simplification by adding content absent from the source. We derive two specialized paired corpora from CELLS to address key challenges in lay language generation: generating background explanations and simplifying the original abstract. We adopt retrieval-augmented models as an intuitive fit for the task of background explanation generation, and show improvements in summary quality and simplicity while maintaining factual correctness. Taken together, this work presents the first comprehensive study of background explanation for lay language generation, paving the path for disseminating scientific knowledge to a broader audience. CELLS is publicly available at: https://github.com/LinguisticAnomalies/pls_retrieval.

十年自2010年以来，人工智能成功一直处于计算机科学和技术的最前沿，传染媒介空间模型已经巩固了人工智能最前沿的位置。与此同时，量子计算机已经变得更加强大，主要进步的公告经常在新闻中。这些区域的基础的数学技术比有时意识到更多的共同之处。传染媒介空间在20世纪30年代的量子力学的公理心脏上采取了位置，这一采用是从矢量空间的线性几何形状推导逻辑和概率的关键动机。粒子之间的量子相互作用是使用张量产品进行建模的，其也用于表达人工神经网络中的物体和操作。本文介绍了这些常见的数学区域中的一些，包括如何在人工智能（AI）中使用的示例，特别是在自动推理和自然语言处理（NLP）中。讨论的技术包括矢量空间，标量产品，子空间和含义，正交投影和否定，双向矩阵，密度矩阵，正算子和张量产品。应用领域包括信息检索，分类和含义，建模字传感和歧义，知识库的推断和语义构成。其中一些方法可能会在量子硬件上实现。该实施中的许多实际步骤都处于早期阶段，其中一些已经实现了。解释一些常见的数学工具可以帮助AI和量子计算中的研究人员进一步利用这些重叠，识别和沿途探索新方向。

健康素养被出现为制定适当的健康决策和确保治疗结果的关键因素。然而，医学术语和该领域的专业语言的复杂结构使健康信息尤为难以解释。因此，迫切需要对自动化方法来提高生物医学文献的可访问性，以提高一般人群。这个问题可以作为医疗保健专业人员语言与公众的语言之间的翻译问题。在本文中，我们介绍了自动化生物医学科学评论的制定语言摘要的新任务，建设了一个数据集，以支持自动化方法的开发和评估，以提高生物医学文献的可访问性。我们对解决这项任务的各种挑战进行了分析，包括不仅对关键要点的总结，而且还概述了对背景知识和专业语言的简化的解释。我们试验最先进的摘要模型以及多种数据增强技术，并使用自动指标和人工评估评估其性能。结果表明，与专家专家专门开发的参考摘要相比，使用当代神经架构产生的自动产生的摘要可以实现有希望的质量和可读性（最佳Rouge-L为50.24和Flesch-Kincaid可读性得分为13.30）。我们还讨论了目前尝试的局限性，为未来工作提供了洞察和方向。

Classical methods for acoustic scene mapping require the estimation of time difference of arrival (TDOA) between microphones. Unfortunately, TDOA estimation is very sensitive to reverberation and additive noise. We introduce an unsupervised data-driven approach that exploits the natural structure of the data. Our method builds upon local conformal autoencoders (LOCA) - an offline deep learning scheme for learning standardized data coordinates from measurements. Our experimental setup includes a microphone array that measures the transmitted sound source at multiple locations across the acoustic enclosure. We demonstrate that LOCA learns a representation that is isometric to the spatial locations of the microphones. The performance of our method is evaluated using a series of realistic simulations and compared with other dimensionality-reduction schemes. We further assess the influence of reverberation on the results of LOCA and show that it demonstrates considerable robustness.

Adversarial imitation learning (AIL) has become a popular alternative to supervised imitation learning that reduces the distribution shift suffered by the latter. However, AIL requires effective exploration during an online reinforcement learning phase. In this work, we show that the standard, naive approach to exploration can manifest as a suboptimal local maximum if a policy learned with AIL sufficiently matches the expert distribution without fully learning the desired task. This can be particularly catastrophic for manipulation tasks, where the difference between an expert and a non-expert state-action pair is often subtle. We present Learning from Guided Play (LfGP), a framework in which we leverage expert demonstrations of multiple exploratory, auxiliary tasks in addition to a main task. The addition of these auxiliary tasks forces the agent to explore states and actions that standard AIL may learn to ignore. Additionally, this particular formulation allows for the reusability of expert data between main tasks. Our experimental results in a challenging multitask robotic manipulation domain indicate that LfGP significantly outperforms both AIL and behaviour cloning, while also being more expert sample efficient than these baselines. To explain this performance gap, we provide further analysis of a toy problem that highlights the coupling between a local maximum and poor exploration, and also visualize the differences between the learned models from AIL and LfGP.

Remote sensing imagery provides comprehensive views of the Earth, where different sensors collect complementary data at different spatial scales. Large, pretrained models are commonly finetuned with imagery that is heavily augmented to mimic different conditions and scales, with the resulting models used for various tasks with imagery from a range of spatial scales. Such models overlook scale-specific information in the data. In this paper, we present Scale-MAE, a pretraining method that explicitly learns relationships between data at different, known scales throughout the pretraining process. Scale-MAE pretrains a network by masking an input image at a known input scale, where the area of the Earth covered by the image determines the scale of the ViT positional encoding, not the image resolution. Scale-MAE encodes the masked image with a standard ViT backbone, and then decodes the masked image through a bandpass filter to reconstruct low/high frequency images at lower/higher scales. We find that tasking the network with reconstructing both low/high frequency images leads to robust multiscale representations for remote sensing imagery. Scale-MAE achieves an average of a $5.0\%$ non-parametric kNN classification improvement across eight remote sensing datasets compared to current state-of-the-art and obtains a $0.9$ mIoU to $3.8$ mIoU improvement on the SpaceNet building segmentation transfer task for a range of evaluation scales.

Software Defect Prediction aims at predicting which software modules are the most probable to contain defects. The idea behind this approach is to save time during the development process by helping find bugs early. Defect Prediction models are based on historical data. Specifically, one can use data collected from past software distributions, or Versions, of the same target application under analysis. Defect Prediction based on past versions is called Cross Version Defect Prediction (CVDP). Traditionally, Static Code Metrics are used to predict defects. In this work, we use the Class Dependency Network (CDN) as another predictor for defects, combined with static code metrics. CDN data contains structural information about the target application being analyzed. Usually, CDN data is analyzed using different handcrafted network measures, like Social Network metrics. Our approach uses network embedding techniques to leverage CDN information without having to build the metrics manually. In order to use the embeddings between versions, we incorporate different embedding alignment techniques. To evaluate our approach, we performed experiments on 24 software release pairs and compared it against several benchmark methods. In these experiments, we analyzed the performance of two different graph embedding techniques, three anchor selection approaches, and two alignment techniques. We also built a meta-model based on two different embeddings and achieved a statistically significant improvement in AUC of 4.7% (p < 0.002) over the baseline method.

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are regularly used for deep ocean applications. Commonly, the autonomous navigation task is carried out by a fusion between two sensors: the inertial navigation system and the Doppler velocity log (DVL). The DVL operates by transmitting four acoustic beams to the sea floor, and once reflected back, the AUV velocity vector can be estimated. However, in real-life scenarios, such as an uneven seabed, sea creatures blocking the DVL's view and, roll/pitch maneuvers, the acoustic beams' reflection is resulting in a scenario known as DVL outage. Consequently, a velocity update is not available to bind the inertial solution drift. To cope with such situations, in this paper, we leverage our BeamsNet framework and propose a Set-Transformer-based BeamsNet (ST-BeamsNet) that utilizes inertial data readings and previous DVL velocity measurements to regress the current AUV velocity in case of a complete DVL outage. The proposed approach was evaluated using data from experiments held in the Mediterranean Sea with the Snapir AUV and was compared to a moving average (MA) estimator. Our ST-BeamsNet estimated the AUV velocity vector with an 8.547% speed error, which is 26% better than the MA approach.

Machine learning methods have seen increased application to geospatial environmental problems, such as precipitation nowcasting, haze forecasting, and crop yield prediction. However, many of the machine learning methods applied to mosquito population and disease forecasting do not inherently take into account the underlying spatial structure of the given data. In our work, we apply a spatially aware graph neural network model consisting of GraphSAGE layers to forecast the presence of West Nile virus in Illinois, to aid mosquito surveillance and abatement efforts within the state. More generally, we show that graph neural networks applied to irregularly sampled geospatial data can exceed the performance of a range of baseline methods including logistic regression, XGBoost, and fully-connected neural networks.

We consider a long-term average profit maximizing admission control problem in an M/M/1 queuing system with a known arrival rate but an unknown service rate. With a fixed reward collected upon service completion and a cost per unit of time enforced on customers waiting in the queue, a dispatcher decides upon arrivals whether to admit the arriving customer or not based on the full history of observations of the queue-length of the system. \cite[Econometrica]{Naor} showed that if all the parameters of the model are known, then it is optimal to use a static threshold policy - admit if the queue-length is less than a predetermined threshold and otherwise not. We propose a learning-based dispatching algorithm and characterize its regret with respect to optimal dispatch policies for the full information model of \cite{Naor}. We show that the algorithm achieves an $O(1)$ regret when all optimal thresholds with full information are non-zero, and achieves an $O(\ln^{3+\epsilon}(N))$ regret in the case that an optimal threshold with full information is $0$ (i.e., an optimal policy is to reject all arrivals), where $N$ is the number of arrivals and $\epsilon>0$.