We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.

我们研究了趋势过滤的多元版本，称为Kronecker趋势过滤或KTF，因为设计点以$ D $维度形成格子。 KTF是单变量趋势过滤的自然延伸（Steidl等，2006; Kim等人，2009; Tibshirani，2014），并通过最大限度地减少惩罚最小二乘问题，其罚款术语总和绝对（高阶）沿每个坐标方向估计参数的差异。相应的惩罚运算符可以编写单次趋势过滤惩罚运营商的Kronecker产品，因此名称Kronecker趋势过滤。等效，可以在$ \ ell_1 $ -penalized基础回归问题上查看KTF，其中基本功能是下降阶段函数的张量产品，是一个分段多项式（离散样条）基础，基于单变量趋势过滤。本文是Sadhanala等人的统一和延伸结果。 （2016,2017）。我们开发了一套完整的理论结果，描述了$ k \ grone 0 $和$ d \ geq 1 $的$ k ^ {\ mathrm {th}} $ over kronecker趋势过滤的行为。这揭示了许多有趣的现象，包括KTF在估计异构平滑的功能时KTF的优势，并且在$ d = 2（k + 1）$的相位过渡，一个边界过去（在高维对 - 光滑侧）线性泡沫不能完全保持一致。我们还利用Tibshirani（2020）的离散花键来利用最近的结果，特别是离散的花键插值结果，使我们能够将KTF估计扩展到恒定时间内的任何偏离晶格位置（与晶格数量的大小无关）。

分布预测对于各种应用都很重要，包括预测流行病。通常，预测在为未来事件分配不确定性时，预测是错误的，或不可靠。我们提出了一种可重新校准方法，可以应用于给予回顾性预测和观察的黑盒预测，以及使该方法在重新校准流行病预测方面更有效的扩展。保证此方法可在培训和测量的样本中提高校准和日志评分性能。我们还证明了重新脉置预测的预期日志评分的增加等于坑分布的熵。我们将此重新校准方法应用于Flusight网络中的27个流感预报员，并显示重新校准可靠地提高预测精度和校准。这种方法是有效的，坚固且易于用作改善流行病预测的后处理工具。

本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS（PCR-LE）的主要成分回归的统计性质，这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =（y_1，\ ldots，y_n）$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下，PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率（其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + d） ）} $）和健美的测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + d）$）。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}：即，我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况，并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计（$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + m）$）和测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + m）$）收敛率。有趣的是，这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说，对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易，统计上讲，而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。

分位数回归是统计学习中的一个基本问题，这是由于需要量化预测中的不确定性或对多样化的人群建模而不过分减少的统计学习。例如，流行病学预测，成本估算和收入预测都可以准确地量化可能的值的范围。因此，在计量经济学，统计和机器学习的多年研究中，已经为这个问题开发了许多模型。而不是提出另一种（新的）算法用于分位数回归，而是采用元观点：我们研究用于汇总任意数量的有条件分位模型的方法，以提高准确性和鲁棒性。我们考虑加权合奏，其中权重不仅可能因单个模型，而且要多于分位数和特征值而变化。我们在本文中考虑的所有模型都可以使用现代深度学习工具包适合，因此可以广泛访问（从实现的角度）和可扩展。为了提高预测分位数的准确性（或等效地，预测间隔），我们开发了确保分位数保持单调排序的工具，并采用保形校准方法。可以使用这些，而无需对原始模型的原始库进行任何修改。我们还回顾了一些围绕分数聚集和相关评分规则的基本理论，并为该文献做出了一些新的结果（例如，在分类或等渗后回归只能提高加权间隔得分的事实）。最后，我们提供了来自两个不同基准存储库的34个数据集的广泛的经验比较套件。

我们提出了一种估计具有标称分类数据的高维线性模型的方法。我们的估算器，称为范围，通过使其相应的系数完全相等来融合水平。这是通过对分类变量的系数的阶数统计之间的差异之间的差异来实现这一点，从而聚类系数。我们提供了一种算法，用于精确和有效地计算在具有潜在许多级别的单个变量的情况下的总体上的最小值的全局最小值，并且在多变量情况下在块坐标血管下降过程中使用它。我们表明，利用未知级别融合的Oracle最小二乘解决方案是具有高概率的坐标血缘的极限点，只要真正的级别具有一定的最小分离;已知这些条件在单变量案例中最小。我们展示了在一系列实际和模拟数据集中的范围的有利性能。 R包的R包Catreg实现线性模型的范围，也可以在CRAN上提供逻辑回归的版本。

We develop a general framework for distribution-free predictive inference in regression, using conformal inference. The proposed methodology allows for the construction of a prediction band for the response variable using any estimator of the regression function. The resulting prediction band preserves the consistency properties of the original estimator under standard assumptions, while guaranteeing finite-sample marginal coverage even when these assumptions do not hold. We analyze and compare, both empirically and theoretically, the two major variants of our conformal framework: full conformal inference and split conformal inference, along with a related jackknife method. These methods offer different tradeoffs between statistical accuracy (length of resulting prediction intervals) and computational efficiency. As extensions, we develop a method for constructing valid in-sample prediction intervals called rank-one-out conformal inference, which has essentially the same computational efficiency as split conformal inference. We also describe an extension of our procedures for producing prediction bands with locally varying length, in order to adapt to heteroskedascity in the data. Finally, we propose a model-free notion of variable importance, called leave-one-covariate-out or LOCO inference. Accompanying this paper is an R package conformalInference that implements all of the proposals we have introduced. In the spirit of reproducibility, all of our empirical results can also be easily (re)generated using this package.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

By transferring knowledge from large, diverse, task-agnostic datasets, modern machine learning models can solve specific downstream tasks either zero-shot or with small task-specific datasets to a high level of performance. While this capability has been demonstrated in other fields such as computer vision, natural language processing or speech recognition, it remains to be shown in robotics, where the generalization capabilities of the models are particularly critical due to the difficulty of collecting real-world robotic data. We argue that one of the keys to the success of such general robotic models lies with open-ended task-agnostic training, combined with high-capacity architectures that can absorb all of the diverse, robotic data. In this paper, we present a model class, dubbed Robotics Transformer, that exhibits promising scalable model properties. We verify our conclusions in a study of different model classes and their ability to generalize as a function of the data size, model size, and data diversity based on a large-scale data collection on real robots performing real-world tasks. The project's website and videos can be found at robotics-transformer.github.io

Many dynamical systems exhibit latent states with intrinsic orderings such as "ally", "neutral" and "enemy" relationships in international relations. Such latent states are evidenced through entities' cooperative versus conflictual interactions which are similarly ordered. Models of such systems often involve state-to-action emission and state-to-state transition matrices. It is common practice to assume that the rows of these stochastic matrices are independently sampled from a Dirichlet distribution. However, this assumption discards ordinal information and treats states and actions falsely as order-invariant categoricals, which hinders interpretation and evaluation. To address this problem, we propose the Ordered Matrix Dirichlet (OMD): rows are sampled conditionally dependent such that probability mass is shifted to the right of the matrix as we move down rows. This results in a well-ordered mapping between latent states and observed action types. We evaluate the OMD in two settings: a Hidden Markov Model and a novel Bayesian Dynamic Poisson Tucker Model tailored to political event data. Models built on the OMD recover interpretable latent states and show superior forecasting performance in few-shot settings. We detail the wide applicability of the OMD to other domains where models with Dirichlet-sampled matrices are popular (e.g. topic modeling) and publish user-friendly code.