对AI系统的分类评估，其中系统性能分别为不同的人分别评估和报告，在概念上简单。然而，他们的设计涉及各种选择。其中一些选择会影响将获得的结果，从而产生可以绘制的结论;其他人影响了有益和有害的影响 - 将分列的评估将对人们进行分类，包括其数据用于进行评估的人员。我们认为，更深入的了解这些选择将使研究人员和从业者能够设计仔细和决定性的分类评估。我们还争辩说，更好地记录这些选择，以及所做的潜在考虑因素和权衡，将在解释评估的结果和结论时帮助别人。

We present a machine-learning framework to accurately characterize morphologies of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) host galaxies within $z<1$. We first use PSFGAN to decouple host galaxy light from the central point source, then we invoke the Galaxy Morphology Network (GaMorNet) to estimate whether the host galaxy is disk-dominated, bulge-dominated, or indeterminate. Using optical images from five bands of the HSC Wide Survey, we build models independently in three redshift bins: low $(0<z<0.25)$, medium $(0.25<z<0.5)$, and high $(0.5<z<1.0)$. By first training on a large number of simulated galaxies, then fine-tuning using far fewer classified real galaxies, our framework predicts the actual morphology for $\sim$ $60\%-70\%$ host galaxies from test sets, with a classification precision of $\sim$ $80\%-95\%$, depending on redshift bin. Specifically, our models achieve disk precision of $96\%/82\%/79\%$ and bulge precision of $90\%/90\%/80\%$ (for the 3 redshift bins), at thresholds corresponding to indeterminate fractions of $30\%/43\%/42\%$. The classification precision of our models has a noticeable dependency on host galaxy radius and magnitude. No strong dependency is observed on contrast ratio. Comparing classifications of real AGNs, our models agree well with traditional 2D fitting with GALFIT. The PSFGAN+GaMorNet framework does not depend on the choice of fitting functions or galaxy-related input parameters, runs orders of magnitude faster than GALFIT, and is easily generalizable via transfer learning, making it an ideal tool for studying AGN host galaxy morphology in forthcoming large imaging survey.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

Knowledge graphs, modeling multi-relational data, improve numerous applications such as question answering or graph logical reasoning. Many graph neural networks for such data emerged recently, often outperforming shallow architectures. However, the design of such multi-relational graph neural networks is ad-hoc, driven mainly by intuition and empirical insights. Up to now, their expressivity, their relation to each other, and their (practical) learning performance is poorly understood. Here, we initiate the study of deriving a more principled understanding of multi-relational graph neural networks. Namely, we investigate the limitations in the expressive power of the well-known Relational GCN and Compositional GCN architectures and shed some light on their practical learning performance. By aligning both architectures with a suitable version of the Weisfeiler-Leman test, we establish under which conditions both models have the same expressive power in distinguishing non-isomorphic (multi-relational) graphs or vertices with different structural roles. Further, by leveraging recent progress in designing expressive graph neural networks, we introduce the $k$-RN architecture that provably overcomes the expressiveness limitations of the above two architectures. Empirically, we confirm our theoretical findings in a vertex classification setting over small and large multi-relational graphs.

Recent research has demonstrated the capability of behavior signals captured by smartphones and wearables for longitudinal behavior modeling. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive public dataset that serves as an open testbed for fair comparison among algorithms. Moreover, prior studies mainly evaluate algorithms using data from a single population within a short period, without measuring the cross-dataset generalizability of these algorithms. We present the first multi-year passive sensing datasets, containing over 700 user-years and 497 unique users' data collected from mobile and wearable sensors, together with a wide range of well-being metrics. Our datasets can support multiple cross-dataset evaluations of behavior modeling algorithms' generalizability across different users and years. As a starting point, we provide the benchmark results of 18 algorithms on the task of depression detection. Our results indicate that both prior depression detection algorithms and domain generalization techniques show potential but need further research to achieve adequate cross-dataset generalizability. We envision our multi-year datasets can support the ML community in developing generalizable longitudinal behavior modeling algorithms.

通常声称由软材料制成的腿部机器人比其刚性材料表现出更安全，更健壮的环境相互作用。但是，软机器人的这种激励特征需要更严格的开发才能与刚性运动进行比较。本文介绍了一个柔软的机器人平台Horton和一个反馈控制系统，并在其操作的某些方面保证了安全性。该机器人是使用一系列软肢构造的，由热形记忆合金（SMA）线肌肉作用，其位置和执行器温度的传感器。监督控制方案在机器人姿势的单独控制器操作过程中维护安全执行者状态。实验表明，霍顿可以举起腿并保持平衡姿势，这是运动的前身。在平衡过程中，通过人类交互测试在硬件中验证了主管，使所有SMA肌肉保持在温度阈值以下。这项工作代表了任何柔软的腿机器人的安全验证反馈系统的首次演示。

对解剖学随时间变化的结构变化的临床研究可能会大大受益于人群水平的形状量化或时空统计形状建模（SSM）。这样的工具使患者器官周期或疾病进展相关的工具与群体有关。构造形状模型需要建立定量形状表示（例如，相应的地标）。基于粒子的形状建模（PSM）是一种数据驱动的SSM方法，可通过优化地标放置来捕获总体级别的形状变化。但是，它假设横断面研究设计，因此在代表形状随时间变化方面的统计能力有限。现有的建模时空或纵向形状变化的方法需要预定义的形状地图集和通常在横截面上构建的预先建造的形状模型。本文提出了一种受PSM方法启发的数据驱动方法，以直接从形状数据中学习人口级时空形状。我们介绍了一种新型的SSM优化方案，该方案产生了整个人群（受试者间）和跨时间序列（受试者内）的地标。我们将所提出的方法应用于心房 - 纤维化患者的4D心脏数据，并证明其在表示左心房动态变化方面的功效。此外，我们表明我们的方法在生成时间序列模型（线性动力学系统（LDS））方面优于时空SSM的基于图像的方法。 LDS使用通过我们的方法优化的时空形状模型拟合，可提供更好的概括和特异性，表明它准确地捕获了基本的时间依赖性。

统计形状建模（SSM）是一种有价值且强大的工具，可以生成复杂解剖结构的详细表示，该解剖结构可以实现定量分析和形状及其变化的比较。 SSM应用数学，统计和计算来将形状解析为定量表示（例如对应点或地标），这些表示将有助于回答有关整个人群解剖学变化的各种问题。复杂的解剖结构具有许多不同的部分，具有不同的相互作用或复杂的结构。例如，心脏是四腔解剖结构，腔室之间有几个共同的边界。对于在整个身体中充分灌注末端器官，必要的心脏腔室的协调和有效收缩是必要的。这些心脏共享边界内的细微形状变化可以表明潜在的病理变化，导致不协调的收缩和末端器官灌注不良。早期检测和稳健的量化可以洞悉理想的治疗技术和干预时机。但是，现有的SSM方法无法明确对共享边界的统计数据进行建模。本文提出了一种通用且灵活的数据驱动方法，用于构建具有共同边界的多器官解剖结构的统计形状模型，可捕获单个解剖学及其在整个人群中共享边界表面的形态和对齐变化。我们通过开发形状模型来证明使用双脑室心脏数据集的提议方法的有效性，从而在整个人群数据中始终如一地参数化心脏双脑室结构和介入的室内隔膜（共享边界表面）。

我们介绍了一种考虑复杂的环境条件，在极地地区介绍了一种在极地地区长距离海上路线计划的方法。该方法允许构建优化的路线，描述了该过程的三个主要阶段：使用不均匀网格对环境条件进行离散建模，网格最佳路径的构建以及路径平滑。为了说明不同的车辆性能，我们构建了一系列数据驱动的功能，这些功能可以应用于环境网格，以确定给定容器和网格单元的速度限制和燃料要求，以图形和地理空间表示这些数量。在描述我们的结果时，我们展示了一个示例用途，用于Polar Research船RRS David Attenborough爵士（SDA）的路线规划，核算冰的性能特征，并验证韦德尔海地区的时空路线构建，南极洲。我们通过证明路线的变化取决于季节性海冰可变性，所使用的路线规划目标函数的差异以及其他环境条件（如电流）的存在来证明这种路线构建方法的多功能性。为了证明我们的方法的普遍性，我们在北极海洋和波罗的海中介绍了例子。本手稿中概述的技术是通用的，因此可以应用于具有不同特征的血管。我们的方法不仅可以拥有一个船只计划程序，而且我们概述了该工作流程如何适用于更广泛的社区，例如商业和乘客运输。

实现安全和强大的自主权是通往更广泛采用自动驾驶汽车技术的道路的关键瓶颈。这激发了超越外在指标，例如脱离接触之间的里程，并呼吁通过设计体现安全的方法。在本文中，我们解决了这一挑战的某些方面，重点是运动计划和预测问题。我们通过描述在自动驾驶堆栈中解决选定的子问题所采取的新方法的描述，在介绍五个之内采用的设计理念的过程中。这包括安全的设计计划，可解释以及可验证的预测以及对感知错误的建模，以在现实自主系统的测试管道中实现有效的SIM到现实和真实的SIM转移。