当今最先进的机器学习型号几乎无法审查。解释性方法的主要挑战是通过揭示导致给定决定的策略，通过表征其内部状态或研究基础数据表示来帮助研究人员开放这些黑匣子。为了应对这一挑战，我们开发了Xplique：一种用于解释性的软件库，其中包括代表性的解释性方法以及相关的评估指标。它与最受欢迎的学习库之一接口：Tensorflow以及其他图书馆，包括Pytorch，Scikit-Learn和Theano。该代码是根据MIT许可证获得许可的，可在Github.com/deel-ai/xplique上免费获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
深度强化学习已经证明了通过梯度下降调整的神经网络的潜力，以解决良好的环境中的复杂任务。但是，这些神经系统是缓慢的学习者，生产专门的药物，没有任何机制，无法继续学习培训课程。相反，生物突触可塑性是持久和多种多样的，并被认为在执行功能中起关键作用，例如工作记忆和认知灵活性，可能支持更高效和更通用的学习能力。受此启发的启发，我们建议建立具有动态权重的网络，能够不断执行自反射修改，这是其当前突触状态和动作奖励反馈的函数，而不是固定的网络配置。最终的模型，Metods（用于元优化的动力突触）是一种广泛适用的元强制学习系统，能够在代理策略空间中学习有效而强大的控制规则。具有动态突触的单层可以执行单次学习，将导航原则概括为看不见的环境，并表现出强大的学习自适应运动策略的能力，并与以前的元强化学习方法进行了比较。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们描述了一种新颖的归因方法，它基于敏感性分析并使用Sobol指数。除了模拟图像区域的个人贡献之外，索尔索尔指标提供了一种有效的方法来通过方差镜头捕获图像区域与其对神经网络的预测的贡献之间的高阶相互作用。我们描述了一种通过使用扰动掩模与有效估计器耦合的扰动掩模来计算用于高维问题的这些指标的方法，以处理图像的高维度。重要的是，我们表明，与其他黑盒方法相比，该方法对视觉（和语言模型）的标准基准测试的标准基准有利地导致了有利的分数 - 甚至超过最先进的白色的准确性 - 需要访问内部表示的箱方法。我们的代码是免费的：https://github.com/fel-thomas/sobol-attribution-method
translated by 谷歌翻译
For long-term simultaneous planning, localization and mapping (SPLAM), a robot should be able to continuously update its map according to the dynamic changes of the environment and the new areas explored. With limited onboard computation capabilities, a robot should also be able to limit the size of the map used for online localization and mapping. This paper addresses these challenges using a memory management mechanism, which identifies locations that should remain in a Working Memory (WM) for online processing from locations that should be transferred to a Long-Term Memory (LTM). When revisiting previously mapped areas that are in LTM, the mechanism can retrieve these locations and place them back in WM for online SPLAM. The approach is tested on a robot equipped with a short-range laser rangefinder and a RGB-D camera, patrolling autonomously 10.5 km in an indoor environment over 11 sessions while having encountered 139 people.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Vision transformers have emerged as powerful tools for many computer vision tasks. It has been shown that their features and class tokens can be used for salient object segmentation. However, the properties of segmentation transformers remain largely unstudied. In this work we conduct an in-depth study of the spatial attentions of different backbone layers of semantic segmentation transformers and uncover interesting properties. The spatial attentions of a patch intersecting with an object tend to concentrate within the object, whereas the attentions of larger, more uniform image areas rather follow a diffusive behavior. In other words, vision transformers trained to segment a fixed set of object classes generalize to objects well beyond this set. We exploit this by extracting heatmaps that can be used to segment unknown objects within diverse backgrounds, such as obstacles in traffic scenes. Our method is training-free and its computational overhead negligible. We use off-the-shelf transformers trained for street-scene segmentation to process other scene types.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Unpaired exemplar-based image-to-image (UEI2I) translation aims to translate a source image to a target image domain with the style of a target image exemplar, without ground-truth input-translation pairs. Existing UEI2I methods represent style using either a global, image-level feature vector, or one vector per object instance/class but requiring knowledge of the scene semantics. Here, by contrast, we propose to represent style as a dense feature map, allowing for a finer-grained transfer to the source image without requiring any external semantic information. We then rely on perceptual and adversarial losses to disentangle our dense style and content representations, and exploit unsupervised cross-domain semantic correspondences to warp the exemplar style to the source content. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on two datasets using standard metrics together with a new localized style metric measuring style similarity in a class-wise manner. Our results evidence that the translations produced by our approach are more diverse and closer to the exemplars than those of the state-of-the-art methods while nonetheless preserving the source content.
translated by 谷歌翻译
The optimal layout of a complex system such as aerospace vehicles consists in placing a given number of components in a container in order to minimize one or several objectives under some geometrical or functional constraints. This paper presents an extended formulation of this problem as a variable-size design space (VSDS) problem to take into account a large number of architectural choices and components allocation during the design process. As a representative example of such systems, considering the layout of a satellite module, the VSDS aspect translates the fact that the optimizer has to choose between several subdivisions of the components. For instance, one large tank of fuel might be placed as well as two smaller tanks or three even smaller tanks for the same amount of fuel. In order to tackle this NP-hard problem, a genetic algorithm enhanced by an adapted hidden-variables mechanism is proposed. This latter is illustrated on a toy case and an aerospace application case representative to real world complexity to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms. The results obtained using the proposed mechanism are reported and analyzed.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Automatic differentiation (AD) is a technique for computing the derivative of a function represented by a program. This technique is considered as the de-facto standard for computing the differentiation in many machine learning and optimisation software tools. Despite the practicality of this technique, the performance of the differentiated programs, especially for functional languages and in the presence of vectors, is suboptimal. We present an AD system for a higher-order functional array-processing language. The core functional language underlying this system simultaneously supports both source-to-source forward-mode AD and global optimisations such as loop transformations. In combination, gradient computation with forward-mode AD can be as efficient as reverse mode, and the Jacobian matrices required for numerical algorithms such as Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt can be efficiently computed.
translated by 谷歌翻译
With the rise of task-specific pre-training objectives, abstractive summarization models like PEGASUS offer appealing zero-shot performance on downstream summarization tasks. However, the performance of such unsupervised models still lags significantly behind their supervised counterparts. Similarly to the supervised setup, we notice a very high variance in quality among summary candidates from these models whereas only one candidate is kept as the summary output. In this paper, we propose to re-rank summary candidates in an unsupervised manner, aiming to close the performance gap between unsupervised and supervised models. Our approach improves the pre-trained unsupervised PEGASUS by 4.37% to 7.27% relative mean ROUGE across four widely-adopted summarization benchmarks, and achieves relative gains of 7.51% (up to 23.73%) averaged over 30 transfer setups.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Cutting planes are a crucial component of state-of-the-art mixed-integer programming solvers, with the choice of which subset of cuts to add being vital for solver performance. We propose new distance-based measures to qualify the value of a cut by quantifying the extent to which it separates relevant parts of the relaxed feasible set. For this purpose, we use the analytic centers of the relaxation polytope or of its optimal face, as well as alternative optimal solutions of the linear programming relaxation. We assess the impact of the choice of distance measure on root node performance and throughout the whole branch-and-bound tree, comparing our measures against those prevalent in the literature. Finally, by a multi-output regression, we predict the relative performance of each measure, using static features readily available before the separation process. Our results indicate that analytic center-based methods help to significantly reduce the number of branch-and-bound nodes needed to explore the search space and that our multiregression approach can further improve on any individual method.
translated by 谷歌翻译