Vision transformers have emerged as powerful tools for many computer vision tasks. It has been shown that their features and class tokens can be used for salient object segmentation. However, the properties of segmentation transformers remain largely unstudied. In this work we conduct an in-depth study of the spatial attentions of different backbone layers of semantic segmentation transformers and uncover interesting properties. The spatial attentions of a patch intersecting with an object tend to concentrate within the object, whereas the attentions of larger, more uniform image areas rather follow a diffusive behavior. In other words, vision transformers trained to segment a fixed set of object classes generalize to objects well beyond this set. We exploit this by extracting heatmaps that can be used to segment unknown objects within diverse backgrounds, such as obstacles in traffic scenes. Our method is training-free and its computational overhead negligible. We use off-the-shelf transformers trained for street-scene segmentation to process other scene types.
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最先进的语义或实例分割深度神经网络(DNN)通常在封闭的语义类上培训。因此,它们的装备不适用于处理以前的未持续的对象。然而,检测和定位这些物体对于安全关键应用至关重要,例如对自动驾驶的感知,特别是如果它们出现在前方的道路上。虽然某些方法已经解决了异常或分发的对象分割的任务,但由于缺乏固体基准,在很大程度上存在进展仍然缓慢;现有数据集由合成数据组成,或遭受标签不一致。在本文中,我们通过介绍“SegmentMeifyOUCAN”基准来弥合这个差距。我们的基准解决了两个任务:异常对象分割,这将考虑任何以前的未持续的对象类别;和道路障碍分割,它侧重于道路上的任何物体,可能是已知的或未知的。我们将两个相应的数据集与执行深入方法分析的测试套件一起提供,考虑到已建立的像素 - 明智的性能度量和最近的组件 - 明智的,这对对象尺寸不敏感。我们凭经验评估了多种最先进的基线方法,包括使用我们的测试套件在我们的数据集和公共数据上专门为异常/障碍分割而设计的多种型号。异常和障碍分割结果表明,我们的数据集有助于数据景观的多样性和难度。
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最近的工作表明,视觉变压器(VTS)的注意力图在接受自学训练时,可以包含一种语义分割结构,在监督训练时不会自发出现。在本文中,我们明确鼓励这种空间聚类的出现作为一种培训正规化的形式,这种方式包括在标准监督学习中进行自我监督的借口任务。更详细地,我们根据信息熵的空间公式提出了一种VT正则化方法。通过最大程度地减少提议的空间熵,我们明确要求VT生成空间有序的注意图,这是在训练过程中包括基于对象的先验。使用广泛的实验,我们表明,在不同的培训方案,数据集,下游任务和VT体系结构中,提出的正则化方法是有益的。该代码将在接受后可用。
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视觉表示学习是解决各种视力问题的关键。依靠开创性的网格结构先验,卷积神经网络(CNN)已成为大多数深视觉模型的事实上的标准架构。例如,经典的语义分割方法通常采用带有编码器编码器体系结构的完全横向卷积网络(FCN)。编码器逐渐减少了空间分辨率,并通过更大的接受场来学习更多抽象的视觉概念。由于上下文建模对于分割至关重要,因此最新的努力一直集中在通过扩张(即极度)卷积或插入注意力模块来增加接受场。但是,基于FCN的体系结构保持不变。在本文中,我们旨在通过将视觉表示学习作为序列到序列预测任务来提供替代观点。具体而言,我们部署纯变压器以将图像编码为一系列贴片,而无需局部卷积和分辨率减少。通过在变压器的每一层中建立的全球环境,可以学习更强大的视觉表示形式,以更好地解决视力任务。特别是,我们的细分模型(称为分割变压器(SETR))在ADE20K上擅长(50.28%MIOU,这是提交当天测试排行榜中的第一个位置),Pascal环境(55.83%MIOU),并在CityScapes上达到竞争成果。此外,我们制定了一个分层局部全球(HLG)变压器的家族,其特征是窗户内的本地关注和跨窗户的全球性专注于层次结构和金字塔架构。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法在各种视觉识别任务(例如,图像分类,对象检测和实例分割和语义分割)上实现了吸引力的性能。
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对于图像的语义分割,如果该任务限于一组封闭的类,则最先进的深神经网络(DNN)实现高分性精度。然而,截至目前,DNN具有有限的开放世界能够在开放世界中运行,在那里他们任务是识别属于未知对象的像素,最终逐步学习新颖的类。人类有能力说:我不知道那是什么,但我已经看到了这样的东西。因此,希望以无监督的方式执行这种增量学习任务。我们介绍一种基于视觉相似性群集未知对象的方法。这些集群用于定义新课程,并作为无监督增量学习的培训数据。更确切地说,通过分割质量估计来评估预测语义分割的连接组件。具有低估计预测质量的连接组件是随后聚类的候选者。另外,组件明智的质量评估允许获得可能包含未知对象的图像区域的预测分段掩模。这种掩模的各个像素是伪标记的,然后用于重新训练DNN,即,在不使用由人类产生的地面真理。在我们的实验中,我们证明,在没有访问地面真理甚至几个数据中,DNN的类空间可以由新颖的类扩展,实现了相当大的分割精度。
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Recent advances in self-supervised visual representation learning have paved the way for unsupervised methods tackling tasks such as object discovery and instance segmentation. However, discovering objects in an image with no supervision is a very hard task; what are the desired objects, when to separate them into parts, how many are there, and of what classes? The answers to these questions depend on the tasks and datasets of evaluation. In this work, we take a different approach and propose to look for the background instead. This way, the salient objects emerge as a by-product without any strong assumption on what an object should be. We propose FOUND, a simple model made of a single $conv1\times1$ initialized with coarse background masks extracted from self-supervised patch-based representations. After fast training and refining these seed masks, the model reaches state-of-the-art results on unsupervised saliency detection and object discovery benchmarks. Moreover, we show that our approach yields good results in the unsupervised semantic segmentation retrieval task. The code to reproduce our results is available at https://github.com/valeoai/FOUND.
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Image segmentation is often ambiguous at the level of individual image patches and requires contextual information to reach label consensus. In this paper we introduce Segmenter, a transformer model for semantic segmentation. In contrast to convolution-based methods, our approach allows to model global context already at the first layer and throughout the network. We build on the recent Vision Transformer (ViT) and extend it to semantic segmentation. To do so, we rely on the output embeddings corresponding to image patches and obtain class labels from these embeddings with a point-wise linear decoder or a mask transformer decoder. We leverage models pre-trained for image classification and show that we can fine-tune them on moderate sized datasets available for semantic segmentation. The linear decoder allows to obtain excellent results already, but the performance can be further improved by a mask transformer generating class masks. We conduct an extensive ablation study to show the impact of the different parameters, in particular the performance is better for large models and small patch sizes. Segmenter attains excellent results for semantic segmentation. It outperforms the state of the art on both ADE20K and Pascal Context datasets and is competitive on Cityscapes.
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在本文中,我们描述了一种基于图的算法,该算法使用自我监管的变压器获得的功能来检测图像和视频中的显着对象。使用这种方法,将构成图像或视频的图像贴片组织成一个完全连接的图,其中每对贴片之间的边缘使用变压器学到的功能在补丁之间标记为相似性得分。然后将显着物体的检测和分割作为图形问题配制,并使用经典的归一化切割算法解决。尽管这种方法很简单,但它仍可以在几个常见的图像和视频检测和分割任务上实现最新结果。对于无监督的对象发现,当使用VOC07,VOC12和COCO20K数据集进行测试时,这种方法的优于竞争方法的差距分别为6.1%,5.7%和2.6%。对于图像中无监督的显着性检测任务,此方法将联合(IOU)的交叉分数提高了4.4%,5.6%和5.2%。与当前最新技术相比,与ECSD,DUTS和DUT-OMRON数据集进行测试时。该方法还通过戴维斯,SEGTV2和FBMS数据集为无监督的视频对象分割任务实现了竞争结果。
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我们利用从预先训练的视觉变压器(VIT)提取的深度特征,如密集的视觉描述符。我们证明这些特征是当从自我监督的Vit模型(Dino-Vit)中提取时,表现出几种打击性质:(i)特征在高空间分辨率下编码强大的高级信息 - 即,捕获精细的语义对象部件空间粒度和(ii)编码的语义信息跨相关但不同的对象类别(即超级类别)共享。这些属性允许我们设计强大的密集Vit描述符,便于各种应用,包括共分割,部分共分割和通信 - 通过将轻量级方法应用于深度染色特征(例如,分布/聚类)来实现。我们将这些应用程序进一步接受级别任务的领域 - 展示相关类别的对象如何在显着的姿势和外观变化下常规分段为语义部分。我们的方法,在定性和定量地评估的方法,实现最先进的部分共分割结果,以及最近监督方法的竞争结果,专门针对共同分割和对应关系。
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最先进的深神经网络在语义细分方面表现出了出色的表现。但是,它们的性能与培训数据所代表的领域相关。开放世界的场景会导致不准确的预测,这在安全相关应用中是危险的,例如自动驾驶。在这项工作中,我们使用单眼深度估计来增强语义分割预测,从而通过减少存在域移位时未检测到的对象的发生来改善分割。为此,我们通过修改后的分割网络推断出深度热图,该网络生成前后背面的掩模,该面具与给定的语义分割网络并行运行。两种细分面具均汇总,重点关注前景类(此处的道路使用者),以减少虚假负面因素。为了减少假阳性的发生,我们根据不确定性估计进行修剪。从某种意义上说,我们的方法是模块化的,它后处理了任何语义分割网络的输出。在我们的实验中,与基本的语义分割预测相比,我们观察到大多数重要类别的未检测到的对象,并增强对其他领域的概括。
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我们提出了GANAV,这是一种新颖的小组注意机制,可以从RGB图像中识别出越野地形和非结构化环境中的安全和可通道的区域。我们的方法根据其可通道的语义分割根据其可通道水平对地形进行了分类。我们新颖的小组注意力损失使任何骨干网络都能明确关注具有低空间分辨率的不同组的特征。与现有的SOTA方法相比,我们的设计可提供有效的推断,同时保持高度的准确性。我们对RUGD和Rellis-3D数据集的广泛评估表明,GANAV在RUGD上的改善对SOTA MIOU的改善增长了2.25-39.05%,Rellis-3d的RUGD提高了5.17-19.06%。我们与Ganav进行了深入的增强基于学习的导航算法的接口,并在现实世界中的非结构化地形中突出了其在导航方面的好处。我们将基于GANAV的导航算法与ClearPath Jackal和Husky Robots集成在一起,并观察到成功率增加了10%,在选择表面最佳的可通道性和4.6-13.9%的表面方面为2-47%在轨迹粗糙度中。此外,加纳夫将禁区的假阳性降低37.79%。代码,视频和完整的技术报告可在https://gamma.umd.edu/offroad/上找到。
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在图像分类的背景下,检测出分布(OOD)样本最近已成为感兴趣和积极研究的领域,以及与不确定性估计的主题,与之密切相关。在本文中,我们探讨了OOD细分的任务,该任务已被研究少于其分类对应物,并提出了其他挑战。细分是一个密集的预测任务,每个像素的模型结果都取决于其周围环境。接收领域和对上下文的依赖在区分不同类别以及相应地发现OOD实体的角色上发挥了作用。我们介绍了Moose,这是一种有效的策略,旨在利用语义分割模型中表示的各种上下文级别,并表明,即使是多尺度表示的简单聚合,也对OOD检测和不确定性估计也始终产生积极影响。
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人类的姿势估计旨在弄清不同场景中所有人的关键。尽管结果有希望,但目前的方法仍然面临一些挑战。现有的自上而下的方法单独处理一个人,而没有不同的人与所在的场景之间的相互作用。因此,当发生严重闭塞时,人类检测的表现会降低。另一方面,现有的自下而上方法同时考虑所有人,并捕获整个图像的全局知识。但是,由于尺度变化,它们的准确性不如自上而下的方法。为了解决这些问题,我们通过整合自上而下和自下而上的管道来探索不同接受场的视觉线索并实现其互补性,提出了一种新颖的双皮线整合变压器(DPIT)。具体而言,DPIT由两个分支组成,自下而上的分支介绍了整个图像以捕获全局视觉信息,而自上而下的分支则从单人类边界框中提取本地视觉的特征表示。然后,从自下而上和自上而下的分支中提取的特征表示形式被馈入变压器编码器,以交互融合全局和本地知识。此外,我们定义了关键点查询,以探索全景和单人类姿势视觉线索,以实现两个管道的相互互补性。据我们所知,这是将自下而上和自上而下管道与变压器与人类姿势估计的变压器相结合的最早作品之一。关于可可和MPII数据集的广泛实验表明,我们的DPIT与最先进的方法相当。
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Camouflaged objects are seamlessly blended in with their surroundings, which brings a challenging detection task in computer vision. Optimizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) for camouflaged object detection (COD) tends to activate local discriminative regions while ignoring complete object extent, causing the partial activation issue which inevitably leads to missing or redundant regions of objects. In this paper, we argue that partial activation is caused by the intrinsic characteristics of CNN, where the convolution operations produce local receptive fields and experience difficulty to capture long-range feature dependency among image regions. In order to obtain feature maps that could activate full object extent, keeping the segmental results from being overwhelmed by noisy features, a novel framework termed Cross-Model Detail Querying network (DQnet) is proposed. It reasons the relations between long-range-aware representations and multi-scale local details to make the enhanced representation fully highlight the object regions and eliminate noise on non-object regions. Specifically, a vanilla ViT pretrained with self-supervised learning (SSL) is employed to model long-range dependencies among image regions. A ResNet is employed to enable learning fine-grained spatial local details in multiple scales. Then, to effectively retrieve object-related details, a Relation-Based Querying (RBQ) module is proposed to explore window-based interactions between the global representations and the multi-scale local details. Extensive experiments are conducted on the widely used COD datasets and show that our DQnet outperforms the current state-of-the-arts.
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Most recent semantic segmentation methods adopt a fully-convolutional network (FCN) with an encoderdecoder architecture. The encoder progressively reduces the spatial resolution and learns more abstract/semantic visual concepts with larger receptive fields. Since context modeling is critical for segmentation, the latest efforts have been focused on increasing the receptive field, through either dilated/atrous convolutions or inserting attention modules. However, the encoder-decoder based FCN architecture remains unchanged. In this paper, we aim to provide an alternative perspective by treating semantic segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction task. Specifically, we deploy a pure transformer (i.e., without convolution and resolution reduction) to encode an image as a sequence of patches. With the global context modeled in every layer of the transformer, this encoder can be combined with a simple decoder to provide a powerful segmentation model, termed SEgmentation TRansformer (SETR). Extensive experiments show that SETR achieves new state of the art on ADE20K (50.28% mIoU), Pascal Context (55.83% mIoU) and competitive results on Cityscapes. Particularly, we achieve the first position in the highly competitive ADE20K test server leaderboard on the day of submission.
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视觉变压器(VIT)用作强大的视觉模型。与卷积神经网络不同,在前几年主导视觉研究,视觉变压器享有捕获数据中的远程依赖性的能力。尽管如此,任何变压器架构的组成部分,自我关注机制都存在高延迟和低效的内存利用,使其不太适合高分辨率输入图像。为了缓解这些缺点,分层视觉模型在非交错的窗口上局部使用自我关注。这种放松会降低输入尺寸的复杂性;但是,它限制了横窗相互作用,损害了模型性能。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的班次不变的本地注意层,称为查询和参加(QNA),其以重叠的方式聚集在本地输入,非常类似于卷积。 QNA背后的关键想法是介绍学习的查询,这允许快速高效地实现。我们通过将其纳入分层视觉变压器模型来验证我们的层的有效性。我们展示了速度和内存复杂性的改进,同时实现了与最先进的模型的可比准确性。最后,我们的图层尺寸尤其良好,窗口大小,需要高于X10的内存,而不是比现有方法更快。
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X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.
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Transformers have proved to be very effective for visual recognition tasks. In particular, vision transformers construct compressed global representations through self-attention and learnable class tokens. Multi-resolution transformers have shown recent successes in semantic segmentation but can only capture local interactions in high-resolution feature maps. This paper extends the notion of global tokens to build GLobal Attention Multi-resolution (GLAM) transformers. GLAM is a generic module that can be integrated into most existing transformer backbones. GLAM includes learnable global tokens, which unlike previous methods can model interactions between all image regions, and extracts powerful representations during training. Extensive experiments show that GLAM-Swin or GLAM-Swin-UNet exhibit substantially better performances than their vanilla counterparts on ADE20K and Cityscapes. Moreover, GLAM can be used to segment large 3D medical images, and GLAM-nnFormer achieves new state-of-the-art performance on the BCV dataset.
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TU Dresden www.cityscapes-dataset.net train/val -fine annotation -3475 images train -coarse annotation -20 000 images test -fine annotation -1525 images
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分组和识别是视觉场景理解的重要组成部分,例如,用于对象检测和语义分割。借助端到端的深度学习系统,图像区域的分组通常通过像素级识别标签的自上而下的监督隐式进行。取而代之的是,在本文中,我们建议将分组机制恢复到深层网络中,从而使语义片段仅在文本监督下自动出现。我们提出了一个分层分组视觉变压器(GroupVit),它超出了常规的网格结构表示,并学会了将图像区域分组为逐渐更大的任意形状段。我们通过对比度损失在大规模图像文本数据集上与文本编码器共同训练小组vit。只有文本监督并且没有任何像素级注释,GroupVit就学会了将语义区域分组在一起,并以零拍的方式成功地将语义分割的任务转移到语义分割的任务,即,而没有任何进一步的微调。它在Pascal VOC 2012上获得了52.3%MIOU的零拍摄精度和Pascal上下文数据集中的22.4%MIOU,并竞争性地表现为需要更高水平监督的最先进的转移学习方法。我们在https://github.com/nvlabs/groupvit上开放代码。
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