家庭中的移动操纵器可以为患有严重运动障碍的人提供越来越多的自治权,他们在没有照料者的帮助下通常无法完成日常生活(ADL)的活动。辅助移动操纵器的远距离运行可以使患有运动障碍的人能够独立执行自我保健和家庭任务,但是有限的运动功能会阻碍人们与机器人接触的能力。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一个独特的基于惯性的可穿戴辅助界面,该辅助界面嵌入了熟悉的头饰服装中,适用于具有严重运动障碍的人,可以通过移动操纵器进行远程处理和执行身体任务。我们评估了这种可穿戴的界面(n = 16)和有运动障碍的个体(n = 2),用于执行ADL和日常家庭任务。我们的结果表明,可穿戴界面使参与者能够完成错误率,高度可感知的易用性和低工作负载度量的身体任务。总体而言,这种基于惯性的可穿戴设备是一种新的辅助接口选项,可控制家庭中移动操纵器。
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歧义是一种自然语言现象,发生在不同级别的语法,语义和语用学水平。它经过广泛的研究;例如,在心理语言学中,我们对人类的歧义过程进行了各种竞争性研究。这些研究是经验性的,并且基于眼影测量。在这里,我们迈出了对这些过程进行正式化的语义歧义的第一步,在该过程中我们确定了两个特征的存在:(1)不同可能解释的联合合理性度,(2)因果结构,根据某些单词在过程中在过程中起着更为重要的作用。 Gogioso和Pinzani在QPL 2021中开发的确定因果关系的新型横扫理论模型提供了建模和理由的工具。我们将该理论应用于从心理语言学文献中提取的模棱两可短语的数据集,以及我们使用亚马逊机械Turk发动机收集的人类合理性判断。我们测量了短语中不同歧义顺序的因果分数,并发现了两个突出的顺序:从主语动词中从主语到动词,从对象到动词对象短语中的动词。我们还发现了延迟歧义多义与同义动词的证据,再次与心理语言发现兼容。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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大型语言模型已被证明可以使用少量学习来实现各种自然语言任务的出色表现,这大大减少了将模型调整到特定应用程序所需的特定任务培训示例的数量。为了进一步了解量表对少量学习的影响,我们培训了一个5400亿个参数,密集激活的变压器语言模型,我们称之为“途径”语言模型棕榈。我们使用Pathways在6144 TPU V4芯片上训练了Palm,这是一种新的ML系统,可在多个TPU POD上进行高效的训练。我们通过在数百种语言理解和产生基准的基准方面实现最先进的学习结果来证明扩展的持续好处。在这些任务中,Palm 540B实现了突破性的表现,在一系列多步推理任务上表现出色,超过了最新的最新表现,并且在最近发布的Big Benchmark上表现优于平均人类表现。大量的大型基础任务显示出与模型量表的不连续改进,这意味着当我们扩展到最大模型时,性能急剧增加。 Palm在多语言任务和源代码生成方面也具有很强的功能,我们在各种基准测试中证明了这一点。我们还提供了有关偏见和毒性的全面分析,并研究了训练数据记忆的程度,相对于模型量表。最后,我们讨论与大语言模型有关的道德考虑,并讨论潜在的缓解策略。
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As text generated by large language models proliferates, it becomes vital to understand how humans engage with such text, and whether or not they are able to detect when the text they are reading did not originate with a human writer. Prior work on human detection of generated text focuses on the case where an entire passage is either human-written or machine-generated. In this paper, we study a more realistic setting where text begins as human-written and transitions to being generated by state-of-the-art neural language models. We show that, while annotators often struggle at this task, there is substantial variance in annotator skill and that given proper incentives, annotators can improve at this task over time. Furthermore, we conduct a detailed comparison study and analyze how a variety of variables (model size, decoding strategy, fine-tuning, prompt genre, etc.) affect human detection performance. Finally, we collect error annotations from our participants and use them to show that certain textual genres influence models to make different types of errors and that certain sentence-level features correlate highly with annotator selection. We release the RoFT dataset: a collection of over 21,000 human annotations paired with error classifications to encourage future work in human detection and evaluation of generated text.
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This volume contains revised versions of the papers selected for the third volume of the Online Handbook of Argumentation for AI (OHAAI). Previously, formal theories of argument and argument interaction have been proposed and studied, and this has led to the more recent study of computational models of argument. Argumentation, as a field within artificial intelligence (AI), is highly relevant for researchers interested in symbolic representations of knowledge and defeasible reasoning. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an open access and curated anthology for the argumentation research community. OHAAI is designed to serve as a research hub to keep track of the latest and upcoming PhD-driven research on the theory and application of argumentation in all areas related to AI.
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Recent developments in natural language generation (NLG) using neural language models have brought us closer than ever to the goal of building AI-powered creative writing tools. However, most prior work on human-AI collaboration in the creative writing domain has evaluated new systems with amateur writers, typically in contrived user studies of limited scope. In this work, we commissioned 13 professional, published writers from a diverse set of creative writing backgrounds to craft stories using Wordcraft, a text editor with built-in AI-powered writing assistance tools. Using interviews and participant journals, we discuss the potential of NLG to have significant impact in the creative writing domain--especially with respect to brainstorming, generation of story details, world-building, and research assistance. Experienced writers, more so than amateurs, typically have well-developed systems and methodologies for writing, as well as distinctive voices and target audiences. Our work highlights the challenges in building for these writers; NLG technologies struggle to preserve style and authorial voice, and they lack deep understanding of story contents. In order for AI-powered writing assistants to realize their full potential, it is essential that they take into account the diverse goals and expertise of human writers.
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National Health and Nutritional Status Survey (NHANSS) is conducted annually by the Ministry of Health in Negara Brunei Darussalam to assess the population health and nutritional patterns and characteristics. The main aim of this study was to discover meaningful patterns (groups) from the obese sample of NHANSS data by applying data reduction and interpretation techniques. The mixed nature of the variables (qualitative and quantitative) in the data set added novelty to the study. Accordingly, the Categorical Principal Component (CATPCA) technique was chosen to interpret the meaningful results. The relationships between obesity and the lifestyle factors like demography, socioeconomic status, physical activity, dietary behavior, history of blood pressure, diabetes, etc., were determined based on the principal components generated by CATPCA. The results were validated with the help of the split method technique to counter verify the authenticity of the generated groups. Based on the analysis and results, two subgroups were found in the data set, and the salient features of these subgroups have been reported. These results can be proposed for the betterment of the healthcare industry.
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在许多多机构设置中,参与者可以组建团队以实现可能超过其个人能力的集体成果。衡量代理商的相对贡献并分配促进持续合作的奖励份额是艰巨的任务。合作游戏理论提供了识别分配方案(例如沙普利价值)的解决方案概念,这些概念公平地反映了个人对团队或核心表现的贡献,从而减少了代理人放弃团队的动机。此类方法的应用包括识别有影响力的特征并分享合资企业或团队成立的成本。不幸的是,即使在受限设置中,使用这些解决方案也需要解决计算障碍,因为它们很难计算。在这项工作中,我们展示了如何通过训练神经网络提出公平和稳定的回报分配来将合作游戏理论解决方案蒸馏成学习的模型。我们表明,我们的方法创建的模型可以推广到远离训练分布的游戏,并且可以预测比训练期间观察到的更多玩家的解决方案。我们框架的一个重要应用是可以解释的AI:我们的方法可用于加快在许多情况下的Shapley价值计算。
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时间序列形状是最近发现对时间序列聚类有效(TSC)有效的歧视子序列。形状方便地解释簇。因此,TSC的主要挑战是发现高质量的可变长度形状以区分不同的簇。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的自动编码器窗帘方法(AutoShape),这是第一次利用自动编码器和塑形器以不受欢迎的方式确定形状的研究。自动编码器的专门设计用于学习高质量的形状。更具体地说,为了指导潜在的表示学习,我们采用了最新的自我监督损失来学习不同变量的可变长度塑形塑形(时间序列子序列)的统一嵌入,并提出多样性损失,以选择歧视嵌入的嵌入方式统一空间。我们介绍了重建损失,以在原始时间序列空间中恢复形状,以进行聚类。最后,我们采用Davies Bouldin指数(DBI),将学习过程中的聚类性能告知AutoShape。我们介绍了有关自动赛的广泛实验。为了评估单变量时间序列(UTS)的聚类性能,我们将AutoShape与使用UCR存档数据集的15种代表性方法进行比较。为了研究多元时间序列(MTS)的性能,我们使用5种竞争方法评估了30个UEA档案数据集的AutoShape。结果证明了AutoShape是所有比较的方法中最好的。我们用形状来解释簇,并可以在三个UTS案例研究和一个MTS案例研究中获得有关簇的有趣直觉。
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