通过离散采样观测来建模连续的动力系统是数据科学中的一个基本问题。通常，这种动力学是非本地过程随时间不可或缺的结果。因此，这些系统是用插差分化方程（IDE）建模的；构成积分和差分组件的微分方程的概括。例如，大脑动力学不是通过微分方程来准确模拟的，因为它们的行为是非马克维亚的，即动态是部分由历史决定的。在这里，我们介绍了神经IDE（NIDE），该框架使用神经网络建模IDE的普通和组成部分。我们在几个玩具和大脑活动数据集上测试NIDE，并证明NIDE的表现优于其他模型，包括神经ODE。这些任务包括时间外推，以及从看不见的初始条件中预测动态，我们在自由行为的小鼠中测试了全皮质活动记录。此外，我们表明，NIDE可以通过学识渊博的整体操作员将动力学分解为马尔可夫和非马克维亚成分，我们在氯胺酮的fMRI脑活动记录中测试了动力学。最后，整体操作员的整体提供了一个潜在空间，可深入了解潜在的动态，我们在宽阔的大脑成像记录上证明了这一点。总体而言，NIDE是一种新颖的方法，可以通过神经网络对复杂的非本地动力学进行建模。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

大型语言模型在各种问题答案（QA）基准测试方面取得了高度的性能，但其产出的解释性仍然难以捉摸。最近建议将结构化的解释称为“综合树”，以解释和检查质量检查系统的答案。为了更好地生成此类树木，我们提出了一种称为迭代检索生成推理​​器（IRGR）的架构。我们的模型能够通过系统地生成文本前提的分步解释来解释给定的假设。 IRGR模型迭代地搜索合适的场所，一次构建单个零件步骤。与以前的方法相反，我们的方法结合了生成步骤和房屋的检索，允许模型利用中间结论，并减轻基线编码器模型的输入大小限制。我们使用IntailmentBank数据集进行实验，在该数据集中，我们在前提检索和索引树上的现有基准优于现有的基准，总体正确性增长了约300％。

在合作多智能体增强学习（Marl）中的代理商的创造和破坏是一个批判性的研究领域。当前的Marl算法通常认为，在整个实验中，组内的代理数量仍然是固定的。但是，在许多实际问题中，代理人可以在队友之前终止。这次早期终止问题呈现出挑战：终止的代理人必须从本集团的成功或失败中学习，这是超出其自身存在的成败。我们指代薪资奖励的传播价值作为遣返代理商作为追索的奖励作为追索权。当前的MARL方法通过将这些药剂放在吸收状态下，直到整组试剂达到终止条件，通过将这些药剂置于终止状态来处理该问题。虽然吸收状态使现有的算法和API能够在没有修改的情况下处理终止的代理，但存在实际培训效率和资源使用问题。在这项工作中，我们首先表明样本复杂性随着系统监督学习任务中的吸收状态的数量而增加，同时对变量尺寸输入更加强大。然后，我们为现有的最先进的MARL算法提出了一种新颖的架构，它使用注意而不是具有吸收状态的完全连接的层。最后，我们展示了这一新颖架构在剧集中创建或销毁的任务中的标准架构显着优于标准架构以及标准的多代理协调任务。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

We introduce a novel framework to track multiple objects in overhead camera videos for airport checkpoint security scenarios where targets correspond to passengers and their baggage items. We propose a Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) technique to provide the model information about instance segmentation uncertainty from overhead images. Our SSL approach improves object detection by employing a test-time data augmentation and a regression-based, rotation-invariant pseudo-label refinement technique. Our pseudo-label generation method provides multiple geometrically-transformed images as inputs to a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), regresses the augmented detections generated by the network to reduce localization errors, and then clusters them using the mean-shift algorithm. The self-supervised detector model is used in a single-camera tracking algorithm to generate temporal identifiers for the targets. Our method also incorporates a multi-view trajectory association mechanism to maintain consistent temporal identifiers as passengers travel across camera views. An evaluation of detection, tracking, and association performances on videos obtained from multiple overhead cameras in a realistic airport checkpoint environment demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Our results show that self-supervision improves object detection accuracy by up to $42\%$ without increasing the inference time of the model. Our multi-camera association method achieves up to $89\%$ multi-object tracking accuracy with an average computation time of less than $15$ ms.

We present a Machine Learning (ML) study case to illustrate the challenges of clinical translation for a real-time AI-empowered echocardiography system with data of ICU patients in LMICs. Such ML case study includes data preparation, curation and labelling from 2D Ultrasound videos of 31 ICU patients in LMICs and model selection, validation and deployment of three thinner neural networks to classify apical four-chamber view. Results of the ML heuristics showed the promising implementation, validation and application of thinner networks to classify 4CV with limited datasets. We conclude this work mentioning the need for (a) datasets to improve diversity of demographics, diseases, and (b) the need of further investigations of thinner models to be run and implemented in low-cost hardware to be clinically translated in the ICU in LMICs. The code and other resources to reproduce this work are available at https://github.com/vital-ultrasound/ai-assisted-echocardiography-for-low-resource-countries.

The ability to jointly learn from multiple modalities, such as text, audio, and visual data, is a defining feature of intelligent systems. While there have been promising advances in designing neural networks to harness multimodal data, the enormous success of data augmentation currently remains limited to single-modality tasks like image classification. Indeed, it is particularly difficult to augment each modality while preserving the overall semantic structure of the data; for example, a caption may no longer be a good description of an image after standard augmentations have been applied, such as translation. Moreover, it is challenging to specify reasonable transformations that are not tailored to a particular modality. In this paper, we introduce LeMDA, Learning Multimodal Data Augmentation, an easy-to-use method that automatically learns to jointly augment multimodal data in feature space, with no constraints on the identities of the modalities or the relationship between modalities. We show that LeMDA can (1) profoundly improve the performance of multimodal deep learning architectures, (2) apply to combinations of modalities that have not been previously considered, and (3) achieve state-of-the-art results on a wide range of applications comprised of image, text, and tabular data.