虽然在过去几年中,越来越多地应用了深入的增强学习(RL),但该研究旨在研究基于RL的车辆辅助对复杂的车辆动力学和强烈的环境干扰的可行性。作为用例,我们开发了一种基于逼真的容器动力学的内陆水道跟随模型,该模型考虑了环境影响,例如变化的河流速度和河流剖面。我们从匿名的AIS数据中提取了自然血管行为,以制定奖励功能,该奖励功能反映了舒适且安全的导航旁边的现实驾驶方式。针对高概括能力,我们提出了一个RL训练环境,该环境使用随机过程来建模领先的轨迹和河流动力学。为了验证训练有素的模型,我们定义了在训练中尚未看到的不同情况,包括在中间莱茵河上逼真的船只。我们的模型在所有情况下都表现出安全舒适的驾驶,证明了出色的概括能力。此外,通过在一系列船只上部署训练的模型,可以有效地抑制交通振荡。
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在自主驾驶场中,人类知识融合到深增强学习(DRL)通常基于在模拟环境中记录的人类示范。这限制了在现实世界交通中的概率和可行性。我们提出了一种两级DRL方法,从真实的人类驾驶中学习,实现优于纯DRL代理的性能。培训DRL代理商是在Carla的框架内完成了机器人操作系统(ROS)。对于评估,我们设计了不同的真实驾驶场景,可以将提出的两级DRL代理与纯DRL代理进行比较。在从人驾驶员中提取“良好”行为之后,例如在信号交叉口中的预期,该代理变得更有效,并且驱动更安全,这使得这种自主代理更适应人体机器人交互(HRI)流量。
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通过定义具有可变复杂性的流量类型独立环境,基于深度加强学习,介绍一种新的动态障碍避免方法。在当前文献中填补了差距,我们彻底调查了缺失速度信息对代理商在避免任务中的性能的影响。这是实践中至关重要的问题,因为几个传感器仅产生物体或车辆的位置信息。我们在部分可观察性方面评估频繁应用的方法,即在深神经网络中的复发性并简单帧堆叠。为我们的分析,我们依靠最先进的无模型深射RL算法。发现速度信息缺乏影响代理商的性能。两种方法 - 复发性和帧堆叠 - 不能在观察空间中一致地替换缺失的速度信息。但是,在简化的情况下,它们可以显着提高性能并稳定整体培训程序。
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In the field of autonomous robots, reinforcement learning (RL) is an increasingly used method to solve the task of dynamic obstacle avoidance for mobile robots, autonomous ships, and drones. A common practice to train those agents is to use a training environment with random initialization of agent and obstacles. Such approaches might suffer from a low coverage of high-risk scenarios in training, leading to impaired final performance of obstacle avoidance. This paper proposes a general training environment where we gain control over the difficulty of the obstacle avoidance task by using short training episodes and assessing the difficulty by two metrics: The number of obstacles and a collision risk metric. We found that shifting the training towards a greater task difficulty can massively increase the final performance. A baseline agent, using a traditional training environment based on random initialization of agent and obstacles and longer training episodes, leads to a significantly weaker performance. To prove the generalizability of the proposed approach, we designed two realistic use cases: A mobile robot and a maritime ship under the threat of approaching obstacles. In both applications, the previous results can be confirmed, which emphasizes the general usability of the proposed approach, detached from a specific application context and independent of the agent's dynamics. We further added Gaussian noise to the sensor signals, resulting in only a marginal degradation of performance and thus indicating solid robustness of the trained agent.
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在未来几年和几十年中,自动驾驶汽车(AV)将变得越来越普遍,为更安全,更方便的旅行提供了新的机会,并可能利用自动化和连接性的更智能的交通控制方法。跟随汽车是自动驾驶中的主要功能。近年来,基于强化学习的汽车已受到关注,目的是学习和达到与人类相当的绩效水平。但是,大多数现有的RL方法将汽车模拟为单方面问题,仅感知前方的车辆。然而,最近的文献,王和霍恩[16]表明,遵循的双边汽车考虑了前方的车辆,而后面的车辆表现出更好的系统稳定性。在本文中,我们假设可以使用RL学习这款双边汽车,同时学习其他目标,例如效率最大化,混蛋最小化和安全奖励,从而导致学识渊博的模型超过了人类驾驶。我们通过将双边信息集成到基于双边控制模型(BCM)的CAR遵循控制的状态和奖励功能的情况下,提出并引入了遵循控制遵循的汽车的深钢筋学习(DRL)框架。此外,我们使用分散的多代理增强学习框架来为每个代理生成相​​应的控制动作。我们的仿真结果表明,我们学到的政策比(a)汽车间的前进方向,(b)平均速度,(c)混蛋,(d)碰撞时间(TTC)和(e)的速度更好。字符串稳定性。
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本文探讨了强化学习(RL)模型用于自动赛车的使用。与安全车是头等大事的乘用车相反,赛车的目的是最大程度地减少单圈时间。我们将问题视为一项强化学习任务,其中包括由车辆遥测组成的多维输入和连续的动作空间。为了找出哪种RL方法更好地解决了问题,以及获得的模型是否推广到未知轨道上,我们将10种深层确定性策略梯度(DDPG)变体进行了两个实验:i)〜研究RL方法如何学习驱动驱动赛车和ii)研究学习方案如何影响模型的推广能力。我们的研究表明,接受RL训练的模型不仅能够比基线开源手工机器人更快地驾驶,而且还可以推广到未知轨道。
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The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.
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With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.
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深钢筋学习(DRL)被视为一种潜在的方法来控制汽车控制,并主要研究以支持一辆接下来的车辆。但是,在排中有多个以下车辆,尤其是在不可预测的领先车辆行为中,学习稳定,高效的汽车跟随政策是更具挑战性的。在这种情况下,我们采用集成的DRL和动态编程(DP)方法来学习自主排控制策略,该政策将深层确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法嵌入到有限的 - Horizo​​n值迭代框架中。尽管DP框架可以提高DDPG的稳定性和性能,但它具有较低的采样和训练效率的局限性。在本文中,我们提出了一种算法,即有限的horizo​​n-ddpg,使用固定近似(FH-DDPG-SS)通过减少状态空间(FH-DDPG-SS)进行扫描,该算法使用三个关键思想来克服上述限制,即,即将网络权重转移到向后转移的网络权重。时间,较早的时间步骤的固定政策近似,并通过减少的状态空间进行扫描。为了验证FH-DDPG-SS的有效性,使用实际驾驶数据进行了模拟,其中将FH-DDPG-SS的性能与基准算法的性能进行了比较。最后,展示了FH-DDPG-SS的排安全性和弦稳定性。
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With the growing need to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, Eco-driving strategies provide a significant opportunity for additional fuel savings on top of other technological solutions being pursued in the transportation sector. In this paper, a model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) control agent is proposed for active Eco-driving assistance that trades-off fuel consumption against other driver-accommodation objectives, and learns optimal traction torque and transmission shifting policies from experience. The training scheme for the proposed RL agent uses an off-policy actor-critic architecture that iteratively does policy evaluation with a multi-step return and policy improvement with the maximum posteriori policy optimization algorithm for hybrid action spaces. The proposed Eco-driving RL agent is implemented on a commercial vehicle in car following traffic. It shows superior performance in minimizing fuel consumption compared to a baseline controller that has full knowledge of fuel-efficiency tables.
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自动驾驶在过去二十年中吸引了重要的研究兴趣,因为它提供了许多潜在的好处,包括释放驾驶和减轻交通拥堵的司机等。尽管进展有前途,但车道变化仍然是自治车辆(AV)的巨大挑战,特别是在混合和动态的交通方案中。最近,强化学习(RL)是一种强大的数据驱动控制方法,已被广泛探索了在令人鼓舞的效果中的通道中的车道改变决策。然而,这些研究的大多数研究专注于单车展,并且在多个AVS与人类驱动车辆(HDV)共存的情况下,道路变化已经受到稀缺的关注。在本文中,我们在混合交通公路环境中制定了多个AVS的车道改变决策,作为多功能增强学习(Marl)问题,其中每个AV基于相邻AV的动作使车道变化的决定和HDV。具体地,使用新颖的本地奖励设计和参数共享方案开发了一种多代理优势演员批评网络(MA2C)。特别是,提出了一种多目标奖励功能来纳入燃油效率,驾驶舒适度和自主驾驶的安全性。综合实验结果,在三种不同的交通密度和各级人类司机侵略性下进行,表明我们所提出的Marl框架在效率,安全和驾驶员舒适方面始终如一地优于几个最先进的基准。
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许多现实世界的应用程序都可以作为多机构合作问题进行配置,例如网络数据包路由和自动驾驶汽车的协调。深入增强学习(DRL)的出现为通过代理和环境的相互作用提供了一种有前途的多代理合作方法。但是,在政策搜索过程中,传统的DRL解决方案遭受了多个代理具有连续动作空间的高维度。此外,代理商政策的动态性使训练非平稳。为了解决这些问题,我们建议采用高级决策和低水平的个人控制,以进行有效的政策搜索,提出一种分层增强学习方法。特别是,可以在高级离散的动作空间中有效地学习多个代理的合作。同时,低水平的个人控制可以减少为单格强化学习。除了分层增强学习外,我们还建议对手建模网络在学习过程中对其他代理的政策进行建模。与端到端的DRL方法相反,我们的方法通过以层次结构将整体任务分解为子任务来降低学习的复杂性。为了评估我们的方法的效率,我们在合作车道变更方案中进行了现实世界中的案例研究。模拟和现实世界实验都表明我们的方法在碰撞速度和收敛速度中的优越性。
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在包装交付,交通监控,搜索和救援操作以及军事战斗订婚等不同应用中,对使用无人驾驶汽车(UAV)(无人机)的需求越来越不断增加。在所有这些应用程序中,无人机用于自动导航环境 - 没有人类互动,执行特定任务并避免障碍。自主无人机导航通常是使用强化学习(RL)来完成的,在该学习中,代理在域中充当专家在避免障碍的同时导航环境。了解导航环境和算法限制在选择适当的RL算法以有效解决导航问题方面起着至关重要的作用。因此,本研究首先确定了无人机导航任务,并讨论导航框架和仿真软件。接下来,根据环境,算法特征,能力和不同无人机导航问题的应用程序对RL算法进行分类和讨论,这将帮助从业人员和研究人员为其无人机导航使用情况选择适当的RL算法。此外,确定的差距和机会将推动无人机导航研究。
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Eco-driving strategies have been shown to provide significant reductions in fuel consumption. This paper outlines an active driver assistance approach that uses a residual policy learning (RPL) agent trained to provide residual actions to default power train controllers while balancing fuel consumption against other driver-accommodation objectives. Using previous experiences, our RPL agent learns improved traction torque and gear shifting residual policies to adapt the operation of the powertrain to variations and uncertainties in the environment. For comparison, we consider a traditional reinforcement learning (RL) agent trained from scratch. Both agents employ the off-policy Maximum A Posteriori Policy Optimization algorithm with an actor-critic architecture. By implementing on a simulated commercial vehicle in various car-following scenarios, we find that the RPL agent quickly learns significantly improved policies compared to a baseline source policy but in some measures not as good as those eventually possible with the RL agent trained from scratch.
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深度加强学习(RL)使得可以使用神经网络作为功能近似器来解决复杂的机器人问题。然而,在从一个环境转移到另一个环境时,在普通环境中培训的政策在泛化方面受到影响。在这项工作中,我们使用强大的马尔可夫决策过程(RMDP)来训练无人机控制策略,这将思想与强大的控制和RL相结合。它选择了悲观优化,以处理从一个环境到另一个环境的策略转移之间的潜在间隙。训练有素的控制策略是关于四转位位置控制的任务。 RL代理商在Mujoco模拟器中培训。在测试期间,使用不同的环境参数(培训期间看不见)来验证训练策略的稳健性,以从一个环境转移到另一个环境。强大的政策在这些环境中表现出标准代理,表明增加的鲁棒性增加了一般性,并且可以适应非静止环境。代码:https://github.com/adipandas/gym_multirotor
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本文提出了一个基于加固学习(RL)的电动连接车辆(CV)的生态驾驶框架,以提高信号交叉点的车辆能效。通过整合基于型号的汽车策略,改变车道的政策和RL政策来确保车辆代理的安全操作。随后,制定了马尔可夫决策过程(MDP),该过程使车辆能够执行纵向控制和横向决策,从而共同优化了交叉口附近CVS的CAR跟踪和改变车道的行为。然后,将混合动作空间参数化为层次结构,从而在动态交通环境中使用二维运动模式训练代理。最后,我们所提出的方法从基于单车的透视和基于流的透视图中在Sumo软件中进行了评估。结果表明,我们的策略可以通过学习适当的动作方案来大大减少能源消耗,而不会中断其他人类驱动的车辆(HDVS)。
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在过去的十年中,多智能经纪人强化学习(Marl)已经有了重大进展,但仍存在许多挑战,例如高样本复杂性和慢趋同稳定的政策,在广泛的部署之前需要克服,这是可能的。然而,在实践中,许多现实世界的环境已经部署了用于生成策略的次优或启发式方法。一个有趣的问题是如何最好地使用这些方法作为顾问,以帮助改善多代理领域的加强学习。在本文中,我们提供了一个原则的框架,用于将动作建议纳入多代理设置中的在线次优顾问。我们描述了在非传记通用随机游戏环境中提供多种智能强化代理(海军上将)的问题,并提出了两种新的基于Q学习的算法:海军上将决策(海军DM)和海军上将 - 顾问评估(Admiral-AE) ,这使我们能够通过适当地纳入顾问(Admiral-DM)的建议来改善学习,并评估顾问(Admiral-AE)的有效性。我们从理论上分析了算法,并在一般加上随机游戏中提供了关于他们学习的定点保证。此外,广泛的实验说明了这些算法:可以在各种环境中使用,具有对其他相关基线的有利相比的性能,可以扩展到大状态行动空间,并且对来自顾问的不良建议具有稳健性。
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资产分配(或投资组合管理)是确定如何最佳将有限预算的资金分配给一系列金融工具/资产(例如股票)的任务。这项研究调查了使用无模型的深RL代理应用于投资组合管理的增强学习(RL)的性能。我们培训了几个RL代理商的现实股票价格,以学习如何执行资产分配。我们比较了这些RL剂与某些基线剂的性能。我们还比较了RL代理,以了解哪些类别的代理表现更好。从我们的分析中,RL代理可以执行投资组合管理的任务,因为它们的表现明显优于基线代理(随机分配和均匀分配)。四个RL代理(A2C,SAC,PPO和TRPO)总体上优于最佳基线MPT。这显示了RL代理商发现更有利可图的交易策略的能力。此外,基于价值和基于策略的RL代理之间没有显着的性能差异。演员批评者的表现比其他类型的药物更好。同样,在政策代理商方面的表现要好,因为它们在政策评估方面更好,样品效率在投资组合管理中并不是一个重大问题。这项研究表明,RL代理可以大大改善资产分配,因为它们的表现优于强基础。基于我们的分析,在政策上,参与者批评的RL药物显示出最大的希望。
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We adapt the ideas underlying the success of Deep Q-Learning to the continuous action domain. We present an actor-critic, model-free algorithm based on the deterministic policy gradient that can operate over continuous action spaces. Using the same learning algorithm, network architecture and hyper-parameters, our algorithm robustly solves more than 20 simulated physics tasks, including classic problems such as cartpole swing-up, dexterous manipulation, legged locomotion and car driving. Our algorithm is able to find policies whose performance is competitive with those found by a planning algorithm with full access to the dynamics of the domain and its derivatives. We further demonstrate that for many of the tasks the algorithm can learn policies "end-to-end": directly from raw pixel inputs.
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Proper functioning of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is crucial for the safety and efficiency of future intelligent transport systems. Meanwhile, transitioning to fully autonomous driving requires a long period of mixed autonomy traffic, including both CAVs and human-driven vehicles. Thus, collaboration decision-making for CAVs is essential to generate appropriate driving behaviors to enhance the safety and efficiency of mixed autonomy traffic. In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely used in solving decision-making problems. However, the existing DRL-based methods have been mainly focused on solving the decision-making of a single CAV. Using the existing DRL-based methods in mixed autonomy traffic cannot accurately represent the mutual effects of vehicles and model dynamic traffic environments. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a graph reinforcement learning (GRL) approach for multi-agent decision-making of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic. First, a generic and modular GRL framework is designed. Then, a systematic review of DRL and GRL methods is presented, focusing on the problems addressed in recent research. Moreover, a comparative study on different GRL methods is further proposed based on the designed framework to verify the effectiveness of GRL methods. Results show that the GRL methods can well optimize the performance of multi-agent decision-making for CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic compared to the DRL methods. Finally, challenges and future research directions are summarized. This study can provide a valuable research reference for solving the multi-agent decision-making problems of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic and can promote the implementation of GRL-based methods into intelligent transportation systems. The source code of our work can be found at https://github.com/Jacklinkk/Graph_CAVs.
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