无监督的图像传输可用于医疗应用内和模式间转移，其中大量配对训练数据不丰富。为了确保从输入到目标域的结构映射，现有的未配对医疗图像转移的方法通常基于周期矛盾，由于学习了反向映射，导致了其他计算资源和不稳定。本文介绍了一种新颖的单向域映射方法，在整个培训过程中不需要配对数据。通过采用GAN体系结构和基于贴片不变性的新颖发电机损失来确保合理的转移。更确切地说，对发电机的输出进行了评估和比较，并在不同的尺度上进行了比较，这使人们对高频细节以及隐式数据增强进行了越来越多的关注。这个新颖的术语还提供了通过对斑块残差建模输入依赖性量表图来预测不确定性的机会。提出的方法在三个著名的医疗数据库上进行了全面评估。这些数据集的卓越精度与未配对图像转移的四种不同的最新方法相比，这表明了这种方法对不确定性感知的医学图像翻译的巨大潜力。建议的框架的实施在此处发布：https：//github.com/anger-man/unsupervise-image-image-transfer-and-uq。

实时估计实际对象深度是各种自主系统任务（例如3D重建，场景理解和状况评估）的重要模块。在机器学习的最后十年中，将深度学习方法的广泛部署到计算机视觉任务中产生了成功，从而成功地从简单的RGB模式中实现了现实的深度综合。这些模型大多数基于配对的RGB深度数据和/或视频序列和立体声图像的可用性。到目前为止，缺乏序列，立体声数据和RGB深度对使深度估计成为完全无监督的单图像转移问题，到目前为止几乎没有探索过。这项研究以生成神经网络领域的最新进展为基础，以建立完全无监督的单发深度估计。使用Wasserstein-1距离（一种新型的感知重建项和手工制作的图像过滤器）实现并同时优化了两个用于RGB至深度和深度RGB传输的发电机。我们使用工业表面深度数据以及德克萨斯州3D面部识别数据库，人类肖像的Celebamask-HQ数据库和记录人体深度的超现实数据集来全面评估模型。对于每个评估数据集，与最先进的单图像转移方法相比，提出的方法显示出深度准确性的显着提高。

实时估计实际环境深度是各种自主系统任务（例如本地化，障碍检测和姿势估计）的重要模块。在机器学习的最后十年中，将深度学习方法的广泛部署到计算机视觉任务中，从简单的RGB模式中产生了成功的方法，以实现现实的深度综合。尽管这些模型中的大多数都基于配对的深度数据或视频序列和立体声图像的可用性，但缺乏以无监督方式面对单像深度综合的方法。因此，在这项研究中，将生成神经网络领域的最新进步杠杆化以完全无监督的单像深度综合。更确切地说，使用Wasserstein-1距离实现了两个用于RGB至深度和深度RGB传输的周期符合发电机，并同时优化。为了确保所提出的方法的合理性，我们将模型应用于自称的工业数据集以及著名的NYU DEPTH V2数据集，从而可以与现有方法进行比较。在这项研究中，观察到的成功表明，在现实世界应用中，不成对的单像深度估计的潜力很高。

\ textit {objection：}基于gadolinium的对比剂（GBCA）已被广泛用于更好地可视化脑磁共振成像中的疾病（MRI）。然而，大脑和身体内部的gadolin量引起了人们对使用GBCA的安全问题。因此，在提供类似的对比度信息的同时，可以减少甚至消除GBCA暴露的新方法的发展将在临床上具有重大用途。 \ textit {方法：}在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于深度学习的方法，用于对脑肿瘤患者的对比增强T1合成。 3D高分辨率完全卷积网络（FCN）通过处理和聚合并行的多尺度信息保持高分辨率信息，旨在将前对比度MRI序列映射到对比度增强的MRI序列。具体而言，将三个前对比的MRI序列T1，T2和表观扩散系数图（ADC）用作输入，而对比后T1序列则被用作目标输出。为了减轻正常组织与肿瘤区域之间的数据不平衡问题，我们引入了局部损失，以改善肿瘤区域的贡献，从而可以更好地增强对肿瘤的增强结果。 \ textIt {结果：}进行了广泛的定量和视觉评估，我们提出的模型在大脑中达到28.24db的PSNR，在肿瘤区域达到21.2db。 \ textit {结论和意义：}我们的结果表明，用深度学习产生的合成对比图像代替GBCA的潜力。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/chenchao666/contrast-enhanced-mri-synthesis中获得

The existence of completely aligned and paired multi-modal neuroimaging data has proved its effectiveness in diagnosis of brain diseases. However, collecting the full set of well-aligned and paired data is expensive or even impractical, since the practical difficulties may include high cost, long time acquisition, image corruption, and privacy issues. A realistic solution is to explore either an unsupervised learning or a semi-supervised learning to synthesize the absent neuroimaging data. In this paper, we are the first one to comprehensively approach cross-modality neuroimage synthesis task from different perspectives, which include the level of the supervision (especially for weakly-supervised and unsupervised), loss function, evaluation metrics, the range of modality synthesis, datasets (aligned, private and public) and the synthesis-based downstream tasks. To begin with, we highlight several opening challenges for cross-modality neuroimage sysnthesis. Then we summarize the architecture of cross-modality synthesis under various of supervision level. In addition, we provide in-depth analysis of how cross-modality neuroimage synthesis can improve the performance of different downstream tasks. Finally, we re-evaluate the open challenges and point out the future directions for the remaining challenges. All resources are available at https://github.com/M-3LAB/awesome-multimodal-brain-image-systhesis

Magnetic resonance (MR) and computer tomography (CT) images are two typical types of medical images that provide mutually-complementary information for accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, obtaining both images may be limited due to some considerations such as cost, radiation dose and modality missing. Recently, medical image synthesis has aroused gaining research interest to cope with this limitation. In this paper, we propose a bidirectional learning model, denoted as dual contrast cycleGAN (DC-cycleGAN), to synthesize medical images from unpaired data. Specifically, a dual contrast loss is introduced into the discriminators to indirectly build constraints between real source and synthetic images by taking advantage of samples from the source domain as negative samples and enforce the synthetic images to fall far away from the source domain. In addition, cross-entropy and structural similarity index (SSIM) are integrated into the DC-cycleGAN in order to consider both the luminance and structure of samples when synthesizing images. The experimental results indicate that DC-cycleGAN is able to produce promising results as compared with other cycleGAN-based medical image synthesis methods such as cycleGAN, RegGAN, DualGAN, and NiceGAN. The code will be available at https://github.com/JiayuanWang-JW/DC-cycleGAN.

由于受试者辍学或扫描失败，在纵向研究中不可避免地扫描是不可避免的。在本文中，我们提出了一个深度学习框架，以预测获得的扫描中缺少扫描，从而迎合纵向婴儿研究。由于快速的对比和结构变化，特别是在生命的第一年，对婴儿脑MRI的预测具有挑战性。我们引入了值得信赖的变质生成对抗网络（MGAN），用于将婴儿脑MRI从一个时间点转换为另一个时间点。MGAN具有三个关键功能：（i）图像翻译利用空间和频率信息以进行详细信息提供映射；（ii）将注意力集中在具有挑战性地区的质量指导学习策略。（iii）多尺度杂种损失函数，可改善组织对比度和结构细节的翻译。实验结果表明，MGAN通过准确预测对比度和解剖学细节来优于现有的gan。

这项工作提出了一个新颖的框架CISFA（对比图像合成和自我监督的特征适应），该框架建立在图像域翻译和无监督的特征适应性上，以进行跨模式生物医学图像分割。与现有作品不同，我们使用单方面的生成模型，并在输入图像的采样贴片和相应的合成图像之间添加加权贴片对比度损失，该图像用作形状约束。此外，我们注意到生成的图像和输入图像共享相似的结构信息，但具有不同的方式。因此，我们在生成的图像和输入图像上强制实施对比损失，以训练分割模型的编码器，以最大程度地减少学到的嵌入空间中成对图像之间的差异。与依靠对抗性学习进行特征适应的现有作品相比，这种方法使编码器能够以更明确的方式学习独立于域的功能。我们对包含腹腔和全心的CT和MRI图像的分割任务进行了广泛评估。实验结果表明，所提出的框架不仅输出了较小的器官形状变形的合成图像，而且还超过了最先进的域适应方法的较大边缘。

生成的对抗网络（GAN）是在众多领域成功使用的一种强大的深度学习模型。它们属于一个称为生成方法的更广泛的家族，该家族通过从真实示例中学习样本分布来生成新数据。在临床背景下，与传统的生成方法相比，GAN在捕获空间复杂，非线性和潜在微妙的疾病作用方面表现出增强的能力。这篇综述评估了有关gan在各种神经系统疾病的成像研究中的应用的现有文献，包括阿尔茨海默氏病，脑肿瘤，脑老化和多发性硬化症。我们为每个应用程序提供了各种GAN方法的直观解释，并进一步讨论了在神经影像学中利用gans的主要挑战，开放问题以及有希望的未来方向。我们旨在通过强调如何利用gan来支持临床决策，并有助于更好地理解脑部疾病的结构和功能模式，从而弥合先进的深度学习方法和神经病学研究之间的差距。

与CNN的分类，分割或对象检测相比，生成网络的目标和方法根本不同。最初，它们不是作为图像分析工具，而是生成自然看起来的图像。已经提出了对抗性训练范式来稳定生成方法，并已被证明是非常成功的 - 尽管绝不是第一次尝试。本章对生成对抗网络（GAN）的动机进行了基本介绍，并通​​过抽象基本任务和工作机制并得出了早期实用方法的困难来追溯其成功的道路。将显示进行更稳定的训练方法，也将显示出不良收敛及其原因的典型迹象。尽管本章侧重于用于图像生成和图像分析的gan，但对抗性训练范式本身并非特定于图像，并且在图像分析中也概括了任务。在将GAN与最近进入场景的进一步生成建模方法进行对比之前，将闻名图像语义分割和异常检测的架构示例。这将允许对限制的上下文化观点，但也可以对gans有好处。

Cross-modality magnetic resonance (MR) image synthesis aims to produce missing modalities from existing ones. Currently, several methods based on deep neural networks have been developed using both source- and target-modalities in a supervised learning manner. However, it remains challenging to obtain a large amount of completely paired multi-modal training data, which inhibits the effectiveness of existing methods. In this paper, we propose a novel Self-supervised Learning-based Multi-scale Transformer Network (SLMT-Net) for cross-modality MR image synthesis, consisting of two stages, \ie, a pre-training stage and a fine-tuning stage. During the pre-training stage, we propose an Edge-preserving Masked AutoEncoder (Edge-MAE), which preserves the contextual and edge information by simultaneously conducting the image reconstruction and the edge generation. Besides, a patch-wise loss is proposed to treat the input patches differently regarding their reconstruction difficulty, by measuring the difference between the reconstructed image and the ground-truth. In this case, our Edge-MAE can fully leverage a large amount of unpaired multi-modal data to learn effective feature representations. During the fine-tuning stage, we present a Multi-scale Transformer U-Net (MT-UNet) to synthesize the target-modality images, in which a Dual-scale Selective Fusion (DSF) module is proposed to fully integrate multi-scale features extracted from the encoder of the pre-trained Edge-MAE. Moreover, we use the pre-trained encoder as a feature consistency module to measure the difference between high-level features of the synthesized image and the ground truth one. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed SLMT-Net, and our model can reliably synthesize high-quality images when the training set is partially unpaired. Our code will be publicly available at https://github.com/lyhkevin/SLMT-Net.

Clinical diagnostic and treatment decisions rely upon the integration of patient-specific data with clinical reasoning. Cancer presents a unique context that influence treatment decisions, given its diverse forms of disease evolution. Biomedical imaging allows noninvasive assessment of disease based on visual evaluations leading to better clinical outcome prediction and therapeutic planning. Early methods of brain cancer characterization predominantly relied upon statistical modeling of neuroimaging data. Driven by the breakthroughs in computer vision, deep learning became the de facto standard in the domain of medical imaging. Integrated statistical and deep learning methods have recently emerged as a new direction in the automation of the medical practice unifying multi-disciplinary knowledge in medicine, statistics, and artificial intelligence. In this study, we critically review major statistical and deep learning models and their applications in brain imaging research with a focus on MRI-based brain tumor segmentation. The results do highlight that model-driven classical statistics and data-driven deep learning is a potent combination for developing automated systems in clinical oncology.

多发性硬化症（MS）是一种慢性神经系统疾病，其特征是大脑白质病变的发展。相对于其他MRI模态，T2流体减弱的反转恢复（FLAIR）脑磁共振成像（MRI）提供了MS病变的卓越可视化和表征。 MS中的后续大脑FLAIR MRI为临床医生提供了有用的信息，以监测疾病进展。在这项研究中，我们提出了对生成对抗网络（GAN）的新颖修饰，以预测MS以固定时间间隔的MS预测未来病变特异性MRI。我们在鉴别器中使用受监督的引导注意力和扩张卷积，该歧视者支持对生成图像是否实现的明智预测，这是基于对病变区域的关注，这反过来又有可能帮助改善生成器以预测病变区域将来的考试更准确。我们将我们的方法与几个基线和一种最先进的CF-Sagan模型进行了比较[1]。总之，我们的结果表明，与其他总体性能相似的模型相比，所提出的方法可实现更高的准确性，并减少病变区域预测误差的标准偏差。

基于深度学习的半监督学习（SSL）方法在医学图像细分中实现了强大的性能，可以通过使用大量未标记的数据来减轻医生昂贵的注释。与大多数现有的半监督学习方法不同，基于对抗性训练的方法通过学习分割图的数据分布来区分样本与不同来源，导致细分器生成更准确的预测。我们认为，此类方法的当前绩效限制是特征提取和学习偏好的问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的半监督的对抗方法，称为贴片置信疗法训练（PCA），用于医疗图像分割。我们提出的歧视器不是单个标量分类结果或像素级置信度图，而是创建贴片置信图，并根据斑块的规模进行分类。未标记数据的预测学习了每个贴片中的像素结构和上下文信息，以获得足够的梯度反馈，这有助于歧视器以融合到最佳状态，并改善半监督的分段性能。此外，在歧视者的输入中，我们补充了图像上的语义信息约束，使得未标记的数据更简单，以适合预期的数据分布。关于自动心脏诊断挑战（ACDC）2017数据集和脑肿瘤分割（BRATS）2019挑战数据集的广泛实验表明，我们的方法优于最先进的半监督方法，这证明了其对医疗图像分割的有效性。

Segmenting the fine structure of the mouse brain on magnetic resonance (MR) images is critical for delineating morphological regions, analyzing brain function, and understanding their relationships. Compared to a single MRI modality, multimodal MRI data provide complementary tissue features that can be exploited by deep learning models, resulting in better segmentation results. However, multimodal mouse brain MRI data is often lacking, making automatic segmentation of mouse brain fine structure a very challenging task. To address this issue, it is necessary to fuse multimodal MRI data to produce distinguished contrasts in different brain structures. Hence, we propose a novel disentangled and contrastive GAN-based framework, named MouseGAN++, to synthesize multiple MR modalities from single ones in a structure-preserving manner, thus improving the segmentation performance by imputing missing modalities and multi-modality fusion. Our results demonstrate that the translation performance of our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Using the subsequently learned modality-invariant information as well as the modality-translated images, MouseGAN++ can segment fine brain structures with averaged dice coefficients of 90.0% (T2w) and 87.9% (T1w), respectively, achieving around +10% performance improvement compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms. Our results demonstrate that MouseGAN++, as a simultaneous image synthesis and segmentation method, can be used to fuse cross-modality information in an unpaired manner and yield more robust performance in the absence of multimodal data. We release our method as a mouse brain structural segmentation tool for free academic usage at https://github.com/yu02019.

数据已成为当今世界上最有价值的资源。随着数据驱动算法的大量扩散，例如基于深度学习的方法，数据的可用性引起了极大的兴趣。在这种情况下，特别需要高质量的培训，验证和测试数据集。体积数据是医学中非常重要的资源，因为它范围从疾病诊断到治疗监测。如果数据集足够，则可以培训模型来帮助医生完成这些任务。不幸的是，在某些情况和应用程序中，大量数据不可用。例如，在医疗领域，罕见疾病和隐私问题可能导致数据可用性受到限制。在非医学领域，获得足够数量的高质量数据的高成本也可能引起人们的关注。解决这些问题的方法可能是生成合成数据，以结合其他更传统的数据增强方法来执行数据增强。因此，关于3D生成对抗网络（GAN）的大多数出版物都在医疗领域内。生成现实合成数据的机制的存在是克服这一挑战的好资产，尤其是在医疗保健中，因为数据必须具有良好的质量并且接近现实，即现实，并且没有隐私问题。在这篇综述中，我们提供了使用GAN生成现实的3D合成数据的作品的摘要。因此，我们概述了具有共同体系结构，优势和缺点的这些领域中基于GAN的方法。我们提出了一种新颖的分类学，评估，挑战和研究机会，以提供医学和其他领域甘恩当前状态的整体概述。

Self-supervised image denoising techniques emerged as convenient methods that allow training denoising models without requiring ground-truth noise-free data. Existing methods usually optimize loss metrics that are calculated from multiple noisy realizations of similar images, e.g., from neighboring tomographic slices. However, those approaches fail to utilize the multiple contrasts that are routinely acquired in medical imaging modalities like MRI or dual-energy CT. In this work, we propose the new self-supervised training scheme Noise2Contrast that combines information from multiple measured image contrasts to train a denoising model. We stack denoising with domain-transfer operators to utilize the independent noise realizations of different image contrasts to derive a self-supervised loss. The trained denoising operator achieves convincing quantitative and qualitative results, outperforming state-of-the-art self-supervised methods by 4.7-11.0%/4.8-7.3% (PSNR/SSIM) on brain MRI data and by 43.6-50.5%/57.1-77.1% (PSNR/SSIM) on dual-energy CT X-ray microscopy data with respect to the noisy baseline. Our experiments on different real measured data sets indicate that Noise2Contrast training generalizes to other multi-contrast imaging modalities.

Because of the necessity to obtain high-quality images with minimal radiation doses, such as in low-field magnetic resonance imaging, super-resolution reconstruction in medical imaging has become more popular (MRI). However, due to the complexity and high aesthetic requirements of medical imaging, image super-resolution reconstruction remains a difficult challenge. In this paper, we offer a deep learning-based strategy for reconstructing medical images from low resolutions utilizing Transformer and Generative Adversarial Networks (T-GAN). The integrated system can extract more precise texture information and focus more on important locations through global image matching after successfully inserting Transformer into the generative adversarial network for picture reconstruction. Furthermore, we weighted the combination of content loss, adversarial loss, and adversarial feature loss as the final multi-task loss function during the training of our proposed model T-GAN. In comparison to established measures like PSNR and SSIM, our suggested T-GAN achieves optimal performance and recovers more texture features in super-resolution reconstruction of MRI scanned images of the knees and belly.

甚至在没有受限，监督的情况下，也提出了甚至在没有受限或有限的情况下学习普遍陈述的方法。使用适度数量的数据可以微调新的目标任务，或者直接在相应任务中实现显着性能的无奈域中使用的良好普遍表示。这种缓解数据和注释要求为计算机愿景和医疗保健的应用提供了诱人的前景。在本辅导纸上，我们激励了对解散的陈述，目前关键理论和详细的实际构建块和学习此类表示的标准的需求。我们讨论医学成像和计算机视觉中的应用，强调了在示例钥匙作品中进行的选择。我们通过呈现剩下的挑战和机会来结束。

压缩传感（CS）一直在加速磁共振成像（MRI）采集过程中的关键作用。随着人工智能的复苏，深神经网络和CS算法正在集成以重新定义快速MRI的领域。过去几年目睹了基于深度学习的CS技术的复杂性，多样性和表现的大量增长，这些技术致力于快速MRI。在该荟萃分析中，我们系统地审查了快速MRI的深度学习的CS技术，描述了关键模型设计，突出突破，并讨论了有希望的方向。我们还介绍了一个综合分析框架和分类系统，以评估深度学习在基于CS的加速度的MRI的关键作用。