我们介绍了一种无人监督的方法来检测英语无效和不成意的动词。这些类别允许我们识别参与致原因的动词,而不知道动词的语义角色。该方法基于候选动词的不及物句子变体的产生和探测语言模型。我们获得了类似方法的结果,不依赖于注释资源的额外收益。
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基于变压器的语言模型最近在许多自然语言任务中取得了显着的结果。但是,通常通过利用大量培训数据来实现排行榜的性能,并且很少通过将明确的语言知识编码为神经模型。这使许多人质疑语言学对现代自然语言处理的相关性。在本文中,我介绍了几个案例研究,以说明理论语言学和神经语言模型仍然相互关联。首先,语言模型通过提供一个客观的工具来测量语义距离,这对语言学家很有用,语义距离很难使用传统方法。另一方面,语言理论通过提供框架和数据源来探究我们的语言模型,以了解语言理解的特定方面,从而有助于语言建模研究。本论文贡献了三项研究,探讨了语言模型中语法 - 听觉界面的不同方面。在论文的第一部分中,我将语言模型应用于单词类灵活性的问题。我将Mbert作为语义距离测量的来源,我提供了有利于将单词类灵活性分析为方向过程的证据。在论文的第二部分中,我提出了一种方法来测量语言模型中间层的惊奇方法。我的实验表明,包含形态句法异常的句子触发了语言模型早期的惊喜,而不是语义和常识异常。最后,在论文的第三部分中,我适应了一些心理语言学研究,以表明语言模型包含了论证结构结构的知识。总而言之,我的论文在自然语言处理,语言理论和心理语言学之间建立了新的联系,以为语言模型的解释提供新的观点。
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我们研究了现代神经语言模型容易受到结构启动的程度,这种现象使句子的结构在后续句子中更有可能使相同的结构更有可能。我们探索如何使用启动来研究这些模型学习抽象结构信息的潜力,这是需要自然语言理解技能的任务良好表现的先决条件。我们引入了一种新型的度量标准和释放Prime-LM,这是一个大型语料库,我们可以控制与启动强度相互作用的各种语言因素。我们发现,变压器模型确实显示了结构启动的证据,但他们所学到的概括在某种程度上是由语义信息调节的。我们的实验还表明,模型获得的表示不仅可以编码抽象的顺序结构,而且还涉及一定级别的层次句法信息。更普遍的是,我们的研究表明,启动范式是一种有用的,可用于洞悉语言模型能力的有用的,并为未来的基于底漆的调查打开了探测模型内部状态的未来大门。
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语法提示有时具有自然语言的单词含义。例如,英语单词顺序规则限制了句子的单词顺序,例如“狗咀嚼骨头”,即使可以从世界知识和合理性中推断出“狗”作为代理人和“骨头”的状态。量化这种冗余的发生频率,以及冗余水平如何在类型上多样化的语言中变化,可以阐明语法的功能和演变。为此,我们在英语和俄语中进行了一个行为实验,并进行了跨语言计算分析,以测量从自然主义文本中提取的及物子句中语法线索的冗余性。从自然发生的句子中提取的主题,动词和物体(按随机顺序和形态标记)提出了英语和俄罗斯说话者(n = 484),并被要求确定哪个名词是该动作的推动者。两种语言的准确性都很高(英语约为89%,俄语为87%)。接下来,我们在类似的任务上训练了神经网络机分类器:预测主题对象三合会中的哪个名义是主题。在来自八个语言家庭的30种语言中,性能始终很高:中位准确性为87%,与人类实验中观察到的准确性相当。结论是,语法提示(例如单词顺序)对于仅在10-15%的自然句子中传达了代理和耐心是必要的。然而,他们可以(a)提供重要的冗余来源,(b)对于传达无法从单词中推断出的预期含义至关重要,包括对人类互动的描述,在这些含义中,角色通常是可逆的(例如,雷(Ray)帮助lu/ Lu帮助雷),表达了非典型的含义(例如,“骨头咀嚼狗”。)。
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Syntax is a latent hierarchical structure which underpins the robust and compositional nature of human language. An active line of inquiry is whether large pretrained language models (LLMs) are able to acquire syntax by training on text alone; understanding a model's syntactic capabilities is essential to understanding how it processes and makes use of language. In this paper, we propose a new method, SSUD, which allows for the induction of syntactic structures without supervision from gold-standard parses. Instead, we seek to define formalism-agnostic, model-intrinsic syntactic parses by using a property of syntactic relations: syntactic substitutability. We demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative gains on dependency parsing tasks using SSUD, and induce syntactic structures which we hope provide clarity into LLMs and linguistic representations, alike.
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People constantly use language to learn about the world. Computational linguists have capitalized on this fact to build large language models (LLMs) that acquire co-occurrence-based knowledge from language corpora. LLMs achieve impressive performance on many tasks, but the robustness of their world knowledge has been questioned. Here, we ask: do LLMs acquire generalized knowledge about real-world events? Using curated sets of minimal sentence pairs (n=1215), we tested whether LLMs are more likely to generate plausible event descriptions compared to their implausible counterparts. We found that LLMs systematically distinguish possible and impossible events (The teacher bought the laptop vs. The laptop bought the teacher) but fall short of human performance when distinguishing likely and unlikely events (The nanny tutored the boy vs. The boy tutored the nanny). In follow-up analyses, we show that (i) LLM scores are driven by both plausibility and surface-level sentence features, (ii) LLMs generalize well across syntactic sentence variants (active vs passive) but less well across semantic sentence variants (synonymous sentences), (iii) some, but not all LLM deviations from ground-truth labels align with crowdsourced human judgments, and (iv) explicit event plausibility information emerges in middle LLM layers and remains high thereafter. Overall, our analyses reveal a gap in LLMs' event knowledge, highlighting their limitations as generalized knowledge bases. We conclude by speculating that the differential performance on impossible vs. unlikely events is not a temporary setback but an inherent property of LLMs, reflecting a fundamental difference between linguistic knowledge and world knowledge in intelligent systems.
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The long-distance agreement, evidence for syntactic structure, is increasingly used to assess the syntactic generalization of Neural Language Models. Much work has shown that transformers are capable of high accuracy in varied agreement tasks, but the mechanisms by which the models accomplish this behavior are still not well understood. To better understand transformers' internal working, this work contrasts how they handle two superficially similar but theoretically distinct agreement phenomena: subject-verb and object-past participle agreement in French. Using probing and counterfactual analysis methods, our experiments show that i) the agreement task suffers from several confounders which partially question the conclusions drawn so far and ii) transformers handle subject-verb and object-past participle agreements in a way that is consistent with their modeling in theoretical linguistics.
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分布语义是对含义变化和通过语料库变化的定量研究,目前是计算语言学中生产力最高的研究领域之一。近年来,大数据和可再现算法的更广泛可用性促进了其对生活语言的应用。但是,我们可以使用分布语义来研究像古希腊这样有限语料库的语言吗?这种方法能否告诉我们一些关于诸如荷马诗的语言和组成的古典研究中这种烦恼问题的信息?我们的论文将比较涉及古希腊语史诗中透射动词的公式的语义灵活性与非格式液体语料库中的类似动词短语,以检测公式中的独特变化模式。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了Agvalex,这是一种从古希腊依赖树库中自动提取的古希腊的计算价词典。词典包含有关动词及其论点的定量语料库驱动的形态,句法和词汇信息,例如对象,主体和介词短语,并且在古希腊作者的语言研究中有广泛的应用。
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Children acquiring English make systematic errors on subject control sentences even after they have reached near-adult competence (C. Chomsky, 1969), possibly due to heuristics based on semantic roles (Maratsos, 1974). Given the advanced fluency of large generative language models, we ask whether model outputs are consistent with these heuristics, and to what degree different models are consistent with each other. We find that models can be categorized by behavior into three separate groups, with broad differences between the groups. The outputs of models in the largest group are consistent with positional heuristics that succeed on subject control but fail on object control. This result is surprising, given that object control is orders of magnitude more frequent in the text data used to train such models. We examine to what degree the models are sensitive to prompting with agent-patient information, finding that raising the salience of agent and patient relations results in significant changes in the outputs of most models. Based on this observation, we leverage an existing dataset of semantic proto-role annotations (White, et al. 2020) to explore the connections between control and labeling event participants with properties typically associated with agents and patients.
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观察到对于某些NLP任务,例如语义角色预测或主题拟合估计,随机嵌入性能以及预处理的嵌入方式,我们探索了哪些设置允许并检查大多数学习的编码:语义角色,语义角色,语义角色嵌入或``网络''。我们发现细微的答案,具体取决于任务及其与培训目标的关系。我们研究了多任务学习中的这些表示学习方面,在这些方面,角色预测和角色填充是受监督的任务,而几个主题拟合任务不在模型的直接监督之外。我们观察到某些任务的质量得分与培训数据规模之间的非单调关系。为了更好地理解此观察结果,我们使用这些任务的每个动力版本来分析这些结果。
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This paper investigates the ability of artificial neural networks to judge the grammatical acceptability of a sentence, with the goal of testing their linguistic competence. We introduce the Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability (CoLA), a set of 10,657 English sentences labeled as grammatical or ungrammatical from published linguistics literature. As baselines, we train several recurrent neural network models on acceptability classification, and find that our models outperform unsupervised models by Lau et al. (2016) on CoLA. Error-analysis on specific grammatical phenomena reveals that both Lau et al.'s models and ours learn systematic generalizations like subject-verb-object order. However, all models we test perform far below human level on a wide range of grammatical constructions.
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本文介绍了正式和非正式波斯之间的语音,形态和句法区别,表明这两个变体具有根本差异,不能仅归因于发音差异。鉴于非正式波斯展出特殊的特征,任何在正式波斯语上培训的计算模型都不太可能转移到非正式的波斯,所以需要为这种品种创建专用的树木银行。因此,我们详细介绍了开源非正式波斯普通依赖性TreeBank的开发,这是一个在通用依赖性方案中注释的新的TreeBank。然后,我们通过在现有的正式树木银行上培训两个依赖性解析器并在域名数据上进行评估,调查非正式波斯的解析,即我们非正式树木银行的开发集。我们的结果表明,当我们穿过两个域时,解析器在跨越两个域时遇到了实质性的性能下降,因为它们面临更为不知名的令牌和结构,并且无法概括。此外,性能恶化的依赖关系最多代表了非正式变体的独特属性。这项研究的最终目标表明更广泛的影响是提供踩踏石头,以揭示语言的非正式变种的重要性,这被广泛地忽略了跨语言的自然语言处理工具。
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Question Generation (QG) is fundamentally a simple syntactic transformation; however, many aspects of semantics influence what questions are good to form. We implement this observation by developing SynQG, a set of transparent syntactic rules leveraging universal dependencies, shallow semantic parsing, lexical resources, and custom rules which transform declarative sentences into question-answer pairs. We utilize PropBank argument descriptions and VerbNet state predicates to incorporate shallow semantic content, which helps generate questions of a descriptive nature and produce inferential and semantically richer questions than existing systems. In order to improve syntactic fluency and eliminate grammatically incorrect questions, we employ back-translation over the output of these syntactic rules. A set of crowd-sourced evaluations shows that our system can generate a larger number of highly grammatical and relevant questions than previous QG systems and that back-translation drastically improves grammaticality at a slight cost of generating irrelevant questions.
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Contextualized representation models such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) and BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) have recently achieved state-of-the-art results on a diverse array of downstream NLP tasks. Building on recent token-level probing work, we introduce a novel edge probing task design and construct a broad suite of sub-sentence tasks derived from the traditional structured NLP pipeline. We probe word-level contextual representations from four recent models and investigate how they encode sentence structure across a range of syntactic, semantic, local, and long-range phenomena. We find that existing models trained on language modeling and translation produce strong representations for syntactic phenomena, but only offer comparably small improvements on semantic tasks over a non-contextual baseline.
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人类和神经语言模型都能够执行主题 - 动词数协议(SVA)。原则上,语义不应干扰此任务,这仅需要句法知识。在这项工作中,我们测试含义是否干扰了各种复杂性的句法结构中的英语一致性。为此,我们同时生成语义上良好的和荒谬的项目。我们将Bert Base与人类的表现进行了比较,该表现是通过心理语言在线众包实验获得的。我们发现伯特和人类都对我们的语义操纵敏感:出现荒谬的项目时,它们的频率更高,尤其是当它们的句法结构具有吸引子(主题和动词之间的名词短语和与该数字不同的名词短语)时主题)。我们还发现,有意义性对SVA错误的影响对于BERT而言比对人类的影响更强,显示前者对这项任务的词汇敏感性更高。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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关于概念及其属性的常识知识(CSK)有助于AI应用程序。诸如ConceptNet之类的先前作品已经编译了大型CSK集合。但是,它们的表现力限制在主题性 - 预处理(SPO)的三联元中,对p和o的s和字符串的简单概念。与先前的作品相比,CSK断言具有精致的表现力和更好的精度和回忆。 Ascent ++通过用子组和方面捕获复合概念,以及用语义方面的主张来捕获复合概念。后者对于表达断言和进一步预选赛的时间和空间有效性至关重要。此外,Ascent ++将开放信息提取(OpenIE)与典型性和显着性分数的明智清洁和排名相结合。对于高覆盖范围,我们的方法挖掘到具有广泛的Web内容的大规模爬网C4中。通过人类判断的评估显示了上升++ Kb的卓越质量,以及对QA支持任务的外部评估强调了Ascent ++的好处。可以在https://ascentpp.mpi-inf.mpg.de/上访问Web界面,数据和代码。
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神经语言模型如何跟踪主题和动词之间的数字协议?我们显示“诊断分类器”,以预测语言模型的内部状态的预测数字,详细了解如何,何时和位置。此外,在语言模型最终达成协议错误的情况下,他们向我们讨论数字信息损坏的时间和地点。为了展示我们发现的陈述所扮演的因果作用,我们在处理困难句子期间使用协议信息来影响LSTM的过程。这种干预的结果揭示了语言模型的准确性大幅增加。这些结果表明,诊断分类器给我们一个无与伦比的详细研究神经模型中语言信息的表示,并证明了这种知识可用于提高它们的性能。
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数据饥饿的深度神经网络已经将自己作为许多NLP任务的标准建立为包括传统序列标记的标准。尽管他们在高资源语言上表现最先进的表现,但它们仍然落后于低资源场景的统计计数器。一个方法来反击攻击此问题是文本增强,即,从现有数据生成新的合成训练数据点。虽然NLP最近目睹了一种文本增强技术的负载,但该领域仍然缺乏对多种语言和序列标记任务的系统性能分析。为了填补这一差距,我们调查了三类文本增强方法,其在语法(例如,裁剪子句子),令牌(例如,随机字插入)和字符(例如,字符交换)级别上执行更改。我们系统地将它们与语音标记,依赖解析和语义角色标记的分组进行了比较,用于使用各种模型的各种语言系列,包括依赖于诸如MBERT的普赖金的多语言语境化语言模型的架构。增强最显着改善了解析,然后是语音标记和语义角色标记的依赖性解析。我们发现实验技术通常在形态上丰富的语言,而不是越南语等分析语言。我们的研究结果表明,增强技术可以进一步改善基于MBERT的强基线。我们将字符级方法标识为最常见的表演者,而同义词替换和语法增强仪提供不一致的改进。最后,我们讨论了最大依赖于任务,语言对和模型类型的结果。
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方面含义是指如何提出情况的内部时间结构。这包括情况是将情况描述为状态还是事件,无论情况已经完成还是正在进行,以及是否被视为一个整体,还是关注特定阶段。这项调查概述了对词汇和语法方面进行建模以及对必要语言概念和术语的直观解释的概述。特别是,我们描述了统计,远程感,习惯性,完美和不完美的概念,以及最终性和情况类型的有影响力的清单。我们认为,由于方面是语义的关键组成部分,尤其是在以精确的方式报告情况的时间结构时,未来的NLP方法需要能够系统地处理和评估它,以实现人类水平的语言理解。
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