深度神经网络很容易被称为对抗攻击的小扰动都愚弄。对抗性培训(AT)是一种近似解决了稳健的优化问题,以最大限度地减少最坏情况损失,并且被广泛认为是对这种攻击的最有效的防御。由于产生了强大的对抗性示例的高计算时间,已经提出了单步方法来减少培训时间。然而,这些方法遭受灾难性的过度装备,在训练期间侵犯准确度下降。虽然提出了改进,但它们增加了培训时间和稳健性远非多步骤。我们为FW优化(FW-AT)开发了对抗的对抗培训的理论框架,揭示了损失景观与$ \ ell_2 $失真之间的几何连接。我们分析地表明FW攻击的高变形相当于沿攻击路径的小梯度变化。然后在各种深度神经网络架构上进行实验证明,$ \ ell \ infty $攻击对抗强大的模型实现近乎最大的$ \ ell_2 $失真,而标准网络具有较低的失真。此外,实验表明,灾难性的过度拟合与FW攻击的低变形强烈相关。为了展示我们理论框架的效用,我们开发FW-AT-Adap,这是一种新的逆势训练算法,它使用简单的失真度量来调整攻击步骤的数量,以提高效率而不会影响鲁棒性。 FW-AT-Adapt提供培训时间以单步快速分配方法,并改善了在白色盒子和黑匣子设置中的普发内精度的最小损失和多步PGD之间的差距。
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虽然多步逆势培训被广泛流行作为对抗强烈的对抗攻击的有效防御方法,但其计算成本与标准培训相比,其计算成本是众所周知的。已经提出了几种单步侵权培训方法来减轻上述开销费用;但是,根据优化设置,它们的性能并不能充分可靠。为了克服这些限制,我们偏离了现有的基于输入空间的对抗性培训制度,并提出了一种单步潜在培训方法(SLAT),其利用潜在的代表梯度作为潜在的对抗扰动。我们证明,与所采用的潜伏扰动,恢复局部线性度并确保与现有的单步逆势训练方法相比,恢复局部线性度并确保可靠性的特征梯度的L1规范。因为潜伏的扰动基于可以在输入梯度计算过程中免费获得的潜在表示的梯度,所以所提出的方法与快速梯度标志方法相当成本。实验结果表明,尽管其结构简单,但优于最先进的加速的对抗训练方法。
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Adversarial training, a method for learning robust deep networks, is typically assumed to be more expensive than traditional training due to the necessity of constructing adversarial examples via a first-order method like projected gradient decent (PGD). In this paper, we make the surprising discovery that it is possible to train empirically robust models using a much weaker and cheaper adversary, an approach that was previously believed to be ineffective, rendering the method no more costly than standard training in practice. Specifically, we show that adversarial training with the fast gradient sign method (FGSM), when combined with random initialization, is as effective as PGD-based training but has significantly lower cost. Furthermore we show that FGSM adversarial training can be further accelerated by using standard techniques for efficient training of deep networks, allowing us to learn a robust CIFAR10 classifier with 45% robust accuracy to PGD attacks with = 8/255 in 6 minutes, and a robust ImageNet classifier with 43% robust accuracy at = 2/255 in 12 hours, in comparison to past work based on "free" adversarial training which took 10 and 50 hours to reach the same respective thresholds. Finally, we identify a failure mode referred to as "catastrophic overfitting" which may have caused previous attempts to use FGSM adversarial training to fail. All code for reproducing the experiments in this paper as well as pretrained model weights are at https://github.com/locuslab/fast_adversarial.
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改善深度神经网络(DNN)对抗对抗示例的鲁棒性是安全深度学习的重要而挑战性问题。跨越现有的防御技术,具有预计梯度体面(PGD)的对抗培训是最有效的。对手训练通过最大化分类丢失,通过最大限度地减少从内在最大化生成的逆势示例的丢失来解决\ excepitient {内部最大化}生成侵略性示例的初始最大优化问题。 。因此,衡量内部最大化的衡量标准是如何对对抗性培训至关重要的。在本文中,我们提出了这种标准,即限制优化(FOSC)的一阶静止条件,以定量评估内部最大化中发现的对抗性实例的收敛质量。通过FOSC,我们发现,为了确保更好的稳健性,必须在培训的\ Texit {稍后的阶段}中具有更好的收敛质量的对抗性示例。然而,在早期阶段,高收敛质量的对抗例子不是必需的,甚至可能导致稳健性差。基于这些观察,我们提出了一种\ Texit {动态}培训策略,逐步提高产生的对抗性实例的收敛质量,这显着提高了对抗性培训的鲁棒性。我们的理论和经验结果表明了该方法的有效性。
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我们表明,当考虑到图像域$ [0,1] ^ D $时,已建立$ L_1 $ -Projected梯度下降(PGD)攻击是次优,因为它们不认为有效的威胁模型是交叉点$ l_1 $ -ball和$ [0,1] ^ d $。我们研究了这种有效威胁模型的最陡渐进步骤的预期稀疏性,并表明该组上的确切投影是计算可行的,并且产生更好的性能。此外,我们提出了一种自适应形式的PGD,即使具有小的迭代预算,这也是非常有效的。我们的结果$ l_1 $ -apgd是一个强大的白盒攻击,表明先前的作品高估了他们的$ l_1 $ -trobustness。使用$ l_1 $ -apgd for vercersarial培训,我们获得一个强大的分类器,具有sota $ l_1 $ -trobustness。最后,我们将$ l_1 $ -apgd和平方攻击的适应组合到$ l_1 $ to $ l_1 $ -autoattack,这是一个攻击的集合,可靠地评估$ l_1 $ -ball与$的威胁模型的对抗鲁棒性进行对抗[ 0,1] ^ d $。
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最近,Wong等人。表明,使用单步FGSM的对抗训练导致一种名为灾难性过度拟合(CO)的特征故障模式,其中模型突然变得容易受到多步攻击的影响。他们表明,在FGSM(RS-FGSM)之前添加随机扰动似乎足以防止CO。但是,Andriushchenko和Flammarion观察到RS-FGSM仍会导致更大的扰动,并提出了一个昂贵的常规化器(Gradalign),DEMATER(GARGALIGN)DES昂贵(Gradalign)Dust Forrasiniger(Gradalign)Dust co避免在这项工作中,我们有条不紊地重新审视了噪声和剪辑在单步对抗训练中的作用。与以前的直觉相反,我们发现在干净的样品周围使用更强烈的噪声与不剪接相结合在避免使用大扰动半径的CO方面非常有效。基于这些观察结果,我们提出了噪声-FGSM(N-FGSM),尽管提供了单步对抗训练的好处,但在大型实验套件上没有经验分析,这表明N-FGSM能够匹配或超越以前的单步方法的性能,同时达到3 $ \ times $加速。代码可以在https://github.com/pdejorge/n-fgsm中找到
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对抗性的鲁棒性已经成为深度学习的核心目标,无论是在理论和实践中。然而,成功的方法来改善对抗的鲁棒性(如逆势训练)在不受干扰的数据上大大伤害了泛化性能。这可能会对对抗性鲁棒性如何影响现实世界系统的影响(即,如果它可以提高未受干扰的数据的准确性),许多人可能选择放弃鲁棒性)。我们提出内插对抗培训,该培训最近雇用了在对抗培训框架内基于插值的基于插值的培训方法。在CiFar -10上,对抗性训练增加了标准测试错误(当没有对手时)从4.43%到12.32%,而我们的内插对抗培训我们保留了对抗性的鲁棒性,同时实现了仅6.45%的标准测试误差。通过我们的技术,强大模型标准误差的相对增加从178.1%降至仅为45.5%。此外,我们提供内插对抗性培训的数学分析,以确认其效率,并在鲁棒性和泛化方面展示其优势。
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Recent work has demonstrated that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples-inputs that are almost indistinguishable from natural data and yet classified incorrectly by the network. In fact, some of the latest findings suggest that the existence of adversarial attacks may be an inherent weakness of deep learning models. To address this problem, we study the adversarial robustness of neural networks through the lens of robust optimization. This approach provides us with a broad and unifying view on much of the prior work on this topic. Its principled nature also enables us to identify methods for both training and attacking neural networks that are reliable and, in a certain sense, universal. In particular, they specify a concrete security guarantee that would protect against any adversary. These methods let us train networks with significantly improved resistance to a wide range of adversarial attacks. They also suggest the notion of security against a first-order adversary as a natural and broad security guarantee. We believe that robustness against such well-defined classes of adversaries is an important stepping stone towards fully resistant deep learning models. 1
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快速对抗训练(脂肪)有效地提高了标准对抗训练(SAT)的效率。然而,初始脂肪遇到灾难性的过度拟合,即,对抗性攻击的稳健精度突然并大大减少。尽管有几种脂肪变体毫不费力地防止过度拟合,但他们牺牲了很多计算成本。在本文中,我们探讨了SAT和FAT的训练过程之间的差异,并观察到,对抗性实例(AES)脂肪的攻击成功率在后期训练阶段逐渐变得更糟,从而导致过度拟合。 AE是通过零或随机初始化的快速梯度标志方法(FGSM)生成的。根据观察结果,我们提出了一种先前的FGSM初始化方法,以避免在研究多种初始化策略后避免过度适应,从而在整个训练过程中提高了AE的质量。初始化是通过利用历史上生成的AE而没有额外计算成本而形成的。我们进一步为提出的初始化方法提供了理论分析。我们还基于先前的初始化,即当前生成的扰动不应过多地偏离先前引导的初始化,因此我们还提出了一个简单而有效的正规化程序。正常化器同时采用历史和当前的对抗性扰动来指导模型学习。在四个数据集上进行的评估表明,所提出的方法可以防止灾难性过度拟合和优于最先进的脂肪方法。该代码在https://github.com/jiaxiaojunqaq/fgsm-pgi上发布。
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Adversarial training, in which a network is trained on adversarial examples, is one of the few defenses against adversarial attacks that withstands strong attacks. Unfortunately, the high cost of generating strong adversarial examples makes standard adversarial training impractical on large-scale problems like ImageNet. We present an algorithm that eliminates the overhead cost of generating adversarial examples by recycling the gradient information computed when updating model parameters.Our "free" adversarial training algorithm achieves comparable robustness to PGD adversarial training on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets at negligible additional cost compared to natural training, and can be 7 to 30 times faster than other strong adversarial training methods. Using a single workstation with 4 P100 GPUs and 2 days of runtime, we can train a robust model for the large-scale ImageNet classification task that maintains 40% accuracy against PGD attacks. The code is available at https://github.com/ashafahi/free_adv_train.
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对抗性培训(AT)已成为一种广泛认可的防御机制,以提高深度神经网络对抗对抗攻击的鲁棒性。它解决了最小的最大优化问题,其中最小化器(即,后卫)寻求稳健的模型,以最小化由最大化器(即,攻击者)制成的对抗示例存在的最坏情况训练损失。然而,Min-Max的性质在计算密集并因此难以扩展。同时,快速算法,实际上,许多最近改进的算法,通过替换基于简单的单次梯度标志的攻击生成步骤来简化基于最大化步骤的最小值。虽然易于实施,快速缺乏理论保证,其实际表现可能是不令人满意的,患有强大的对手训练时的鲁棒性灾难性过度。在本文中,我们从双级优化(BLO)的角度来看,旨在快速设计。首先,首先进行关键观察,即快速at的最常用的算法规范等同于使用一些梯度下降型算法来解决涉及符号操作的双级问题。然而,标志操作的离散性使得难以理解算法的性能。基于上述观察,我们提出了一种新的遗传性双层优化问题,设计和分析了一组新的算法(快速蝙蝠)。 FAST-BAT能够捍卫基于符号的投影梯度下降(PGD)攻击,而无需调用任何渐变标志方法和明确的鲁棒正则化。此外,我们经验证明,通过在不诱导鲁棒性灾难性过度的情况下实现卓越的模型稳健性,或患有任何标准精度损失的稳健性,我们的方法优于最先进的快速基线。
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对抗性训练(AT)已被证明可以通过利用对抗性示例进行训练来有效地改善模型鲁棒性。但是,大多数方法面对昂贵的时间和计算成本,用于在生成对抗性示例的多个步骤中计算梯度。为了提高训练效率,快速梯度符号方法(FGSM)在方法中仅通过计算一次来快速地采用。不幸的是,鲁棒性远非令人满意。初始化的方式可能引起一个原因。现有的快速在通常使用随机的样本不合时宜的初始化,这促进了效率,但会阻碍进一步的稳健性改善。到目前为止,快速AT中的初始化仍未广泛探索。在本文中,我们以样本依赖性的对抗初始化(即,来自良性图像条件的生成网络的输出及其来自目标网络的梯度信息的输出)快速增强。随着生成网络和目标网络在训练阶段共同优化,前者可以适应相对于后者的有效初始化,从而激发了逐渐改善鲁棒性。在四个基准数据库上进行的实验评估证明了我们所提出的方法比在方法上快速的最先进方法的优越性,以及与方法相当的鲁棒性。该代码在https://github.com//jiaxiaojunqaq//fgsm-sdi上发布。
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Adversarial training is widely used to improve the robustness of deep neural networks to adversarial attack. However, adversarial training is prone to overfitting, and the cause is far from clear. This work sheds light on the mechanisms underlying overfitting through analyzing the loss landscape w.r.t. the input. We find that robust overfitting results from standard training, specifically the minimization of the clean loss, and can be mitigated by regularization of the loss gradients. Moreover, we find that robust overfitting turns severer during adversarial training partially because the gradient regularization effect of adversarial training becomes weaker due to the increase in the loss landscapes curvature. To improve robust generalization, we propose a new regularizer to smooth the loss landscape by penalizing the weighted logits variation along the adversarial direction. Our method significantly mitigates robust overfitting and achieves the highest robustness and efficiency compared to similar previous methods. Code is available at https://github.com/TreeLLi/Combating-RO-AdvLC.
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到目前为止对抗训练是抵御对抗例子的最有效的策略。然而,由于每个训练步骤中的迭代对抗性攻击,它遭受了高的计算成本。最近的研究表明,通过随机初始化执行单步攻击,可以实现快速的对抗训练。然而,这种方法仍然落后于稳定性和模型稳健性的最先进的对手训练算法。在这项工作中,我们通过观察随机平滑的随机初始化来更好地优化内部最大化问题,对快速对抗培训进行新的理解。在这种新的视角之后,我们还提出了一种新的初始化策略,向后平滑,进一步提高单步强大培训方法的稳定性和模型稳健性。多个基准测试的实验表明,我们的方法在使用更少的训练时间(使用相同的培训计划时,使用更少的培训时间($ \ sim $ 3x改进)时,我们的方法达到了类似的模型稳健性。
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尽管在构建强大的神经网络方面具有明显的计算优势,但使用单步方法的对抗训练(AT)是不稳定的,因为它遭受了灾难性的过度拟合(CO):网络在对抗性训练的第一阶段获得了非平凡的鲁棒性,但突然达到了一个阶段在几次迭代中,他们很快失去了所有鲁棒性。尽管有些作品成功地预防了CO,但导致这种显着失败模式的不同机制仍然很少理解。但是,在这项工作中,我们发现数据结构与AT动力学之间的相互作用在CO中起着基本作用。特别是,通过对自然图像的典型数据集进行主动干预,我们建立了一个因果关系。在方法上单步中的数据和CO的发作。这种新的观点提供了对导致CO的机制的重要见解,并为更好地理解强大模型构建的一般动态铺平了道路。可以在https://github.com/gortizji/co_features上找到复制本文实验的代码。
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通过快速梯度符号方法(FGSM)生成的样品(也称为FGSM-AT)生成的样品是一种计算上的简单方法,可以训练训练强大的网络。然而,在训练过程中,在Arxiv:2001.03994 [CS.LG]中发现了一种不稳定的“灾难性过度拟合”模式,在单个训练步骤中,强大的精度突然下降到零。现有方法使用梯度正规化器或随机初始化技巧来减轻此问题,而它们要么承担高计算成本或导致较低的稳健精度。在这项工作中,我们提供了第一项研究,该研究从三个角度彻底研究了技巧的集合:数据初始化,网络结构和优化,以克服FGSM-AT中的灾难性过度拟合。令人惊讶的是,我们发现简单的技巧,即a)掩盖部分像素(即使没有随机性),b)设置较大的卷积步幅和平滑的激活功能,或c)正规化第一卷积层的重量,可以有效地应对过度拟合问题。对一系列网络体系结构的广泛结果验证了每个提出的技巧的有效性,还研究了技巧的组合。例如,在CIFAR-10上接受了PREACTRESNET-18培训,我们的方法对PGD-50攻击者的准确性为49.8%,并且针对AutoAttack的精度为46.4%,这表明Pure FGSM-AT能够启用健壮的学习者。代码和模型可在https://github.com/ucsc-vlaa/bag-of-tricks-for-for-fgsm-at上公开获得。
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Adversarial examples are perturbed inputs designed to fool machine learning models. Adversarial training injects such examples into training data to increase robustness. To scale this technique to large datasets, perturbations are crafted using fast single-step methods that maximize a linear approximation of the model's loss. We show that this form of adversarial training converges to a degenerate global minimum, wherein small curvature artifacts near the data points obfuscate a linear approximation of the loss. The model thus learns to generate weak perturbations, rather than defend against strong ones. As a result, we find that adversarial training remains vulnerable to black-box attacks, where we transfer perturbations computed on undefended models, as well as to a powerful novel single-step attack that escapes the non-smooth vicinity of the input data via a small random step. We further introduce Ensemble Adversarial Training, a technique that augments training data with perturbations transferred from other models. On ImageNet, Ensemble Adversarial Training yields models with stronger robustness to blackbox attacks. In particular, our most robust model won the first round of the NIPS 2017 competition on Defenses against Adversarial Attacks (Kurakin et al., 2017c). However, subsequent work found that more elaborate black-box attacks could significantly enhance transferability and reduce the accuracy of our models.
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最近的研究表明,深度神经网络(DNNS)极易受到精心设计的对抗例子的影响。对那些对抗性例子的对抗性学习已被证明是防御这种攻击的最有效方法之一。目前,大多数现有的对抗示例生成方法基于一阶梯度,这几乎无法进一步改善模型的鲁棒性,尤其是在面对二阶对抗攻击时。与一阶梯度相比,二阶梯度提供了相对于自然示例的损失格局的更准确近似。受此启发的启发,我们的工作制作了二阶的对抗示例,并使用它们来训练DNNS。然而,二阶优化涉及Hessian Inverse的耗时计算。我们通过将问题转换为Krylov子空间中的优化,提出了一种近似方法,该方法显着降低了计算复杂性以加快训练过程。在矿工和CIFAR-10数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,我们使用二阶对抗示例的对抗性学习优于其他FISRT-阶方法,这可以改善针对广泛攻击的模型稳健性。
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神经网络容易受到对抗性攻击的攻击:在其输入中添加精心设计,不可察觉的扰动可以改变其输出。对抗训练是针对此类攻击的训练强大模型的最有效方法之一。不幸的是,这种方法比神经网络的香草培训要慢得多,因为它需要在每次迭代时为整个培训数据构建对抗性示例。通过利用核心选择理论,我们展示了如何选择一小部分训练数据提供了一种原则性的方法来降低健壮训练的时间复杂性。为此,我们首先为对抗核心选择提供收敛保证。特别是,我们表明收敛界限直接与我们的核心在整个训练数据中计算出的梯度的距离如何。在我们的理论分析的激励下,我们建议使用此梯度近似误差作为对抗核心选择目标,以有效地减少训练集大小。建造后,我们在培训数据的这一子集上进行对抗训练。与现有方法不同,我们的方法可以适应各种培训目标,包括交易,$ \ ell_p $ -pgd和感知性对手培训。我们进行了广泛的实验,以证明我们的进近可以使对抗性训练加快2-3次,同时在清洁和稳健的精度中略有降解。
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Designing powerful adversarial attacks is of paramount importance for the evaluation of $\ell_p$-bounded adversarial defenses. Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) is one of the most effective and conceptually simple algorithms to generate such adversaries. The search space of PGD is dictated by the steepest ascent directions of an objective. Despite the plethora of objective function choices, there is no universally superior option and robustness overestimation may arise from ill-suited objective selection. Driven by this observation, we postulate that the combination of different objectives through a simple loss alternating scheme renders PGD more robust towards design choices. We experimentally verify this assertion on a synthetic-data example and by evaluating our proposed method across 25 different $\ell_{\infty}$-robust models and 3 datasets. The performance improvement is consistent, when compared to the single loss counterparts. In the CIFAR-10 dataset, our strongest adversarial attack outperforms all of the white-box components of AutoAttack (AA) ensemble, as well as the most powerful attacks existing on the literature, achieving state-of-the-art results in the computational budget of our study ($T=100$, no restarts).
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