Given a large graph with few node labels, how can we (a) identify the mixed network-effect of the graph and (b) predict the unknown labels accurately and efficiently? This work proposes Network Effect Analysis (NEA) and UltraProp, which are based on two insights: (a) the network-effect (NE) insight: a graph can exhibit not only one of homophily and heterophily, but also both or none in a label-wise manner, and (b) the neighbor-differentiation (ND) insight: neighbors have different degrees of influence on the target node based on the strength of connections. NEA provides a statistical test to check whether a graph exhibits network-effect or not, and surprisingly discovers the absence of NE in many real-world graphs known to have heterophily. UltraProp solves the node classification problem with notable advantages: (a) Accurate, thanks to the network-effect (NE) and neighbor-differentiation (ND) insights; (b) Explainable, precisely estimating the compatibility matrix; (c) Scalable, being linear with the input size and handling graphs with millions of nodes; and (d) Principled, with closed-form formula and theoretical guarantee. Applied on eight real-world graph datasets, UltraProp outperforms top competitors in terms of accuracy and run time, requiring only stock CPU servers. On a large real-world graph with 1.6M nodes and 22.3M edges, UltraProp achieves more than 9 times speedup (12 minutes vs. 2 hours) compared to most competitors.
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图表神经网络(GNNS)在各种机器学习任务中获得了表示学习的提高。然而,应用邻域聚合的大多数现有GNN通常在图中的图表上执行不良,其中相邻的节点属于不同的类。在本文中,我们示出了在典型的异界图中,边缘可以被引导,以及是否像是处理边缘,也可以使它们过度地影响到GNN模型的性能。此外,由于异常的限制,节点对来自本地邻域之外的类似节点的消息非常有益。这些激励我们开发一个自适应地学习图表的方向性的模型,并利用潜在的长距离相关性节点之间。我们首先将图拉普拉斯概括为基于所提出的特征感知PageRank算法向数字化,该算法同时考虑节点之间的图形方向性和长距离特征相似性。然后,Digraph Laplacian定义了一个图形传播矩阵,导致一个名为{\ em diglaciangcn}的模型。基于此,我们进一步利用节点之间的通勤时间测量的节点接近度,以便在拓扑级别上保留节点的远距离相关性。具有不同级别的10个数据集的广泛实验,同意级别展示了我们在节点分类任务任务中对现有解决方案的有效性。
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数据处理的最新进展刺激了对非常大尺度的学习图的需求。众所周知,图形神经网络(GNN)是解决图形学习任务的一种新兴和有力的方法,很难扩大规模。大多数可扩展模型应用基于节点的技术来简化GNN的昂贵图形消息传播过程。但是,我们发现当应用于百万甚至数十亿尺度的图表时,这种加速度不足。在这项工作中,我们提出了Scara,这是一种可扩展的GNN,具有针对图形计算的特征优化。 Scara有效地计算出从节点功能中嵌入的图形,并进一步选择和重用功能计算结果以减少开销。理论分析表明,我们的模型在传播过程以及GNN培训和推理中具有确保精度,实现了子线性时间的复杂性。我们在各种数据集上进行了广泛的实验,以评估圣aca的功效和效率。与基线的性能比较表明,与快速收敛和可比精度相比,与当前的最新方法相比,圣aca最高可达到100倍的图形传播加速度。最值得注意的是,在100秒内处理最大的十亿个GNN数据集纸100m(1.11亿节点,1.6B边缘)上的预先计算是有效的。
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最近,图形神经网络(GNN)通过利用图形结构和节点特征的知识来表现出图表表示的显着性能。但是,他们中的大多数都有两个主要限制。首先,GNN可以通过堆叠更多的层来学习高阶结构信息,但由于过度光滑的问题,无法处理较大的深度。其次,由于昂贵的计算成本和高内存使用情况,在大图上应用这些方法并不容易。在本文中,我们提出了节点自适应特征平滑(NAFS),这是一种简单的非参数方法,该方法构建了没有参数学习的节点表示。 NAFS首先通过特征平滑提取每个节点及其不同啤酒花的邻居的特征,然后自适应地结合了平滑的特征。此外,通过不同的平滑策略提取的平滑特征的合奏可以进一步增强构建的节点表示形式。我们在两个不同的应用程序方案上对四个基准数据集进行实验:节点群集和链接预测。值得注意的是,具有功能合奏的NAFS优于这些任务上最先进的GNN,并减轻上述大多数基于学习的GNN对应物的两个限制。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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We investigate the representation power of graph neural networks in the semisupervised node classification task under heterophily or low homophily, i.e., in networks where connected nodes may have different class labels and dissimilar features. Many popular GNNs fail to generalize to this setting, and are even outperformed by models that ignore the graph structure (e.g., multilayer perceptrons). Motivated by this limitation, we identify a set of key designs-ego-and neighbor-embedding separation, higher-order neighborhoods, and combination of intermediate representations-that boost learning from the graph structure under heterophily. We combine them into a graph neural network, H 2 GCN, which we use as the base method to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of the identified designs. Going beyond the traditional benchmarks with strong homophily, our empirical analysis shows that the identified designs increase the accuracy of GNNs by up to 40% and 27% over models without them on synthetic and real networks with heterophily, respectively, and yield competitive performance under homophily.
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图形内核是历史上最广泛使用的图形分类任务的技术。然而,由于图的手工制作的组合特征,这些方法具有有限的性能。近年来,由于其性能卓越,图形神经网络(GNNS)已成为与下游图形相关任务的最先进的方法。大多数GNN基于消息传递神经网络(MPNN)框架。然而,最近的研究表明,MPNN不能超过Weisfeiler-Lehman(WL)算法在图形同构术中的力量。为了解决现有图形内核和GNN方法的限制,在本文中,我们提出了一种新的GNN框架,称为\ Texit {内核图形神经网络}(Kernnns),该框架将图形内核集成到GNN的消息传递过程中。通过卷积神经网络(CNNS)中的卷积滤波器的启发,KERGNNS采用可训练的隐藏图作为绘图过滤器,该绘图过滤器与子图组合以使用图形内核更新节点嵌入式。此外,我们表明MPNN可以被视为Kergnns的特殊情况。我们将Kergnns应用于多个与图形相关的任务,并使用交叉验证来与基准进行公平比较。我们表明,与现有的现有方法相比,我们的方法达到了竞争性能,证明了增加GNN的表现能力的可能性。我们还表明,KERGNNS中的训练有素的图形过滤器可以揭示数据集的本地图形结构,与传统GNN模型相比,显着提高了模型解释性。
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图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域,其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务,例如链路预测,节点分类,群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法,但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长,例如预测准确性,运行时间,可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体,参数选择,可伸缩性,硬件和软件平台,下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程,矩阵分解,浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类,链路预测,群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验,并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能,并总结了结果。因此,本文可以作为比较指南,以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。
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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been predominant for graph learning tasks; however, recent studies showed that a well-known graph algorithm, Label Propagation (LP), combined with a shallow neural network can achieve comparable performance to GNNs in semi-supervised node classification on graphs with high homophily. In this paper, we show that this approach falls short on graphs with low homophily, where nodes often connect to the nodes of the opposite classes. To overcome this, we carefully design a combination of a base predictor with LP algorithm that enjoys a closed-form solution as well as convergence guarantees. Our algorithm first learns the class compatibility matrix and then aggregates label predictions using LP algorithm weighted by class compatibilities. On a wide variety of benchmarks, we show that our approach achieves the leading performance on graphs with various levels of homophily. Meanwhile, it has orders of magnitude fewer parameters and requires less execution time. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that simple adaptations of LP can be competitive in semi-supervised node classification in both homophily and heterophily regimes.
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图表可以模拟实体之间的复杂交互,它在许多重要的应用程序中自然出现。这些应用程序通常可以投入到标准图形学习任务中,其中关键步骤是学习低维图表示。图形神经网络(GNN)目前是嵌入方法中最受欢迎的模型。然而,邻域聚合范例中的标准GNN患有区分\ EMPH {高阶}图形结构的有限辨别力,而不是\ EMPH {低位}结构。为了捕获高阶结构,研究人员求助于主题和开发的基于主题的GNN。然而,现有的基于主基的GNN仍然仍然遭受较少的辨别力的高阶结构。为了克服上述局限性,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以更好地捕获高阶结构的新框架,铰接于我们所提出的主题冗余最小化操作员和注射主题组合的新颖框架。首先,MGNN生成一组节点表示W.R.T.每个主题。下一阶段是我们在图案中提出的冗余最小化,该主题在彼此相互比较并蒸馏出每个主题的特征。最后,MGNN通过组合来自不同图案的多个表示来执行节点表示的更新。特别地,为了增强鉴别的功率,MGNN利用重新注射功能来组合表示的函数w.r.t.不同的主题。我们进一步表明,我们的拟议体系结构增加了GNN的表现力,具有理论分析。我们展示了MGNN在节点分类和图形分类任务上的七个公共基准上表现出最先进的方法。
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虽然图形神经网络(GNNS)最近成为用于建模关系数据的事实标准,但它们对图形节点或边缘特征的可用性产生了强烈的假设。然而,在许多现实世界应用中,功能仅部分可用;例如,在社交网络中,年龄和性别仅适用于一小部分用户。我们介绍了一种用于处理基于Dirichlet能量最小化的图形机学习应用中缺失特征的一般方法,并导致图表上的扩散型微分方程。该等方程的离散化产生了一种简单,快速且可伸缩的算法,我们调用特征传播。我们通过实验表明,所提出的方法在七个常见节点分类基准测试中优于先前的方法,并且可以承受令人惊讶的缺失特点率:平均而言,当缺少99%的功能时,我们只观察到约4%的相对精度下降。此外,在单个GPU上运行$ \ SIM $ 2.5M节点和$ \ SIM $ 123M边缘,只需10秒即可在单个GPU上运行。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)依赖于图形结构来定义聚合策略,其中每个节点通过与邻居的信息组合来更新其表示。已知GNN的限制是,随着层数的增加,信息被平滑,压扁并且节点嵌入式变得无法区分,对性能产生负面影响。因此,实用的GNN模型雇用了几层,只能在每个节点周围的有限邻域利用图形结构。不可避免地,实际的GNN不会根据图的全局结构捕获信息。虽然有几种研究GNNS的局限性和表达性,但是关于图形结构数据的实际应用的问题需要全局结构知识,仍然没有答案。在这项工作中,我们通过向几个GNN模型提供全球信息并观察其对下游性能的影响来认证解决这个问题。我们的研究结果表明,全球信息实际上可以为共同的图形相关任务提供显着的好处。我们进一步确定了一项新的正规化策略,导致所有考虑的任务的平均准确性提高超过5%。
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在过去十年中,图形内核引起了很多关注,并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中,该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核,每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中,从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是,我们概述了各种图形内核。此外,我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估,并提供了比较研究。最后,我们讨论图形内核的关键应用,并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)在提供图形结构时良好工作。但是,这种结构可能并不总是在现实世界应用中可用。该问题的一个解决方案是推断任务特定的潜在结构,然后将GNN应用于推断的图形。不幸的是,可能的图形结构的空间与节点的数量超级呈指数,因此任务特定的监督可能不足以学习结构和GNN参数。在这项工作中,我们提出了具有自我监督或拍打的邻接和GNN参数的同时学习,这是通过自我监督来推断图形结构的更多监督的方法。一个综合实验研究表明,缩小到具有数十万个节点的大图和胜过了几种模型,以便在已建立的基准上学习特定于任务的图形结构。
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Graph convolution is the core of most Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and usually approximated by message passing between direct (one-hop) neighbors. In this work, we remove the restriction of using only the direct neighbors by introducing a powerful, yet spatially localized graph convolution: Graph diffusion convolution (GDC). GDC leverages generalized graph diffusion, examples of which are the heat kernel and personalized PageRank. It alleviates the problem of noisy and often arbitrarily defined edges in real graphs. We show that GDC is closely related to spectral-based models and thus combines the strengths of both spatial (message passing) and spectral methods. We demonstrate that replacing message passing with graph diffusion convolution consistently leads to significant performance improvements across a wide range of models on both supervised and unsupervised tasks and a variety of datasets. Furthermore, GDC is not limited to GNNs but can trivially be combined with any graph-based model or algorithm (e.g. spectral clustering) without requiring any changes to the latter or affecting its computational complexity. Our implementation is available online. 1
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How can we augment a dynamic graph for improving the performance of dynamic graph neural networks? Graph augmentation has been widely utilized to boost the learning performance of GNN-based models. However, most existing approaches only enhance spatial structure within an input static graph by transforming the graph, and do not consider dynamics caused by time such as temporal locality, i.e., recent edges are more influential than earlier ones, which remains challenging for dynamic graph augmentation. In this work, we propose TiaRa (Time-aware Random Walk Diffusion), a novel diffusion-based method for augmenting a dynamic graph represented as a discrete-time sequence of graph snapshots. For this purpose, we first design a time-aware random walk proximity so that a surfer can walk along the time dimension as well as edges, resulting in spatially and temporally localized scores. We then derive our diffusion matrices based on the time-aware random walk, and show they become enhanced adjacency matrices that both spatial and temporal localities are augmented. Throughout extensive experiments, we demonstrate that TiaRa effectively augments a given dynamic graph, and leads to significant improvements in dynamic GNN models for various graph datasets and tasks.
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Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.
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消息传递神经网络(MPNNS)是由于其简单性和可扩展性而大部分地进行图形结构数据的深度学习的领先架构。不幸的是,有人认为这些架构的表现力有限。本文提出了一种名为Comifariant Subgraph聚合网络(ESAN)的新颖框架来解决这个问题。我们的主要观察是,虽然两个图可能无法通过MPNN可区分,但它们通常包含可区分的子图。因此,我们建议将每个图形作为由某些预定义策略导出的一组子图,并使用合适的等分性架构来处理它。我们为图同构同构同构造的1立维Weisfeiler-Leman(1-WL)测试的新型变体,并在这些新的WL变体方面证明了ESAN的表达性下限。我们进一步证明,我们的方法增加了MPNNS和更具表现力的架构的表现力。此外,我们提供了理论结果,描述了设计选择诸如子图选择政策和等效性神经结构的设计方式如何影响我们的架构的表现力。要处理增加的计算成本,我们提出了一种子图采样方案,可以将其视为我们框架的随机版本。关于真实和合成数据集的一套全面的实验表明,我们的框架提高了流行的GNN架构的表现力和整体性能。
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近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
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图形神经网络(GNN)已被广泛应用于各种领域,以通过图形结构数据学习。在各种任务(例如节点分类和图形分类)中,他们对传统启发式方法显示了显着改进。但是,由于GNN严重依赖于平滑的节点特征而不是图形结构,因此在链接预测中,它们通常比简单的启发式方法表现出差的性能,例如,结构信息(例如,重叠的社区,学位和最短路径)至关重要。为了解决这一限制,我们建议邻里重叠感知的图形神经网络(NEO-GNNS),这些神经网络(NEO-GNNS)从邻接矩阵中学习有用的结构特征,并估算了重叠的邻域以进行链接预测。我们的Neo-Gnns概括了基于社区重叠的启发式方法,并处理重叠的多跳社区。我们在开放图基准数据集(OGB)上进行的广泛实验表明,NEO-GNNS始终在链接预测中实现最新性能。我们的代码可在https://github.com/seongjunyun/neo_gnns上公开获取。
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