人具有天生的感知周围环境的能力,因为他们可以从以自我为中心的感知中提取空间表示,并通过空间转换和内存更新形成同类语义图。但是,由于两个困难,赋予具有这种空间感应能力的移动试剂仍然是一个挑战:(1)先前的卷积模型受到局部接收场的限制,因此,在观察过程中努力捕获整体的长距离依赖性; (2)成功所需的过度计算预算通常会导致映射管道分为阶段,从而导致整个映射过程效率低下。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个基于映射的端到端一阶段变压器的框架,称为Trans4map。我们的以自我为中心的中心映射过程包括三个步骤:(1)有效的变压器从一批以自我为中心的图像中提取上下文特征; (2)提出的双向同类记忆(BAM)模块将自中心的特征投入到同类中心的内存中; (3)地图解码器解析了累积的内存并预测自上而下的语义分割图。相比之下,Trans4MAP取得了最新结果,减少了67.2%的参数,但在MatterPort3D数据集上获得了 +3.25%MIOU和A +4.09%MBF1的改进。代码将在https://github.com/jamycheung/trans4map上公开提供。
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在本文中,我们介绍了全景语义细分,该分段以整体方式提供了对周围环境的全景和密集的像素的理解。由于两个关键的挑战,全景分割尚未探索:(1)全景上的图像扭曲和对象变形; (2)缺乏培训全景分段的注释。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个用于全景语义细分(Trans4Pass)体系结构的变压器。首先,为了增强失真意识,Trans4Pass配备了可变形的贴片嵌入(DPE)和可变形的MLP(DMLP)模块,能够在适应之前(适应之前或之后)和任何地方(浅层或深度级别的(浅层或深度))和图像变形(通过任何涉及(浅层或深层))和图像变形(通过任何地方)和图像变形设计。我们进一步介绍了升级后的Trans4Pass+模型,其中包含具有平行令牌混合的DMLPV2,以提高建模歧视性线索的灵活性和概括性。其次,我们提出了一种无监督域适应性的相互典型适应(MPA)策略。第三,除了针孔到型 - 帕诺amic(PIN2PAN)适应外,我们还创建了一个新的数据集(Synpass),其中具有9,080个全景图像,以探索360 {\ deg} Imagery中的合成对真实(Syn2real)适应方案。进行了广泛的实验,这些实验涵盖室内和室外场景,并且使用PIN2PAN和SYN2REAL方案进行了研究。 Trans4Pass+在四个域自适应的全景语义分割基准上实现最先进的性能。代码可从https://github.com/jamycheung/trans4pass获得。
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大型预训练的变压器是现代语义分割基准的顶部,但具有高计算成本和冗长的培训。为了提高这种约束,我们从综合知识蒸馏的角度来研究有效的语义分割,并考虑弥合多源知识提取和特定于变压器特定的斑块嵌入之间的差距。我们提出了基于变压器的知识蒸馏(TransKD)框架,该框架通过蒸馏出大型教师变压器的特征地图和补丁嵌入来学习紧凑的学生变形金刚,绕过长期的预训练过程并将FLOPS降低> 85.0%。具体而言,我们提出了两个基本和两个优化模块:(1)交叉选择性融合(CSF)可以通过通道注意和层次变压器内的特征图蒸馏之间的知识转移; (2)嵌入对齐(PEA)在斑块过程中执行尺寸转换,以促进贴片嵌入蒸馏; (3)全局本地上下文混合器(GL-MIXER)提取了代表性嵌入的全局和局部信息; (4)嵌入助手(EA)是一种嵌入方法,可以无缝地桥接老师和学生模型,并具有老师的渠道数量。关于CityScapes,ACDC和NYUV2数据集的实验表明,TransKD的表现优于最先进的蒸馏框架,并竞争了耗时的预训练方法。代码可在https://github.com/ruipingl/transkd上找到。
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交通场景边缘壳体的语义分割的鲁棒性是智能运输安全的重要因素。然而,交通事故的大多数关键场景都是非常动态和以前看不见的,这严重损害了语义分割方法的性能。另外,在高速驾驶期间传统相机的延迟将进一步降低时间尺寸中的上下文信息。因此,我们建议从基于事件的数据提取动态上下文,以更高的时间分辨率来增强静态RGB图像,即使对于来自运动模糊,碰撞,变形,翻转等的流量事故而言,此外,为评估分割交通事故中的性能,我们提供了一个像素 - 明智的注释事故数据集,即Dada-Seg,其中包含来自交通事故的各种临界情景。我们的实验表明,基于事件的数据可以通过在事故中保留快速移动的前景(碰撞物体)的微粒运动来提供互补信息以在不利条件下稳定语义分割。我们的方法在拟议的事故数据集中实现了+ 8.2%的性能增益,超过了20多种最先进的语义细分方法。已经证明该提案对于在多个源数据库中学到的模型,包括CityScapes,Kitti-360,BDD和Apolloscape的模型始终如一。
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在本文中,我们专注于探索有效的方法,以更快,准确和域的不可知性语义分割。受到相邻视频帧之间运动对齐的光流的启发,我们提出了一个流对齐模块(FAM),以了解相邻级别的特征映射之间的\ textit {语义流},并将高级特征广播到高分辨率特征有效地,有效地有效。 。此外,将我们的FAM与共同特征的金字塔结构集成在一起,甚至在轻量重量骨干网络(例如Resnet-18和DFNET)上也表现出优于其他实时方法的性能。然后,为了进一步加快推理过程,我们还提出了一个新型的封闭式双流对齐模块,以直接对齐高分辨率特征图和低分辨率特征图,在该图中我们将改进版本网络称为SFNET-LITE。广泛的实验是在几个具有挑战性的数据集上进行的,结果显示了SFNET和SFNET-LITE的有效性。特别是,建议的SFNET-LITE系列在使用RESNET-18主链和78.8 MIOU以120 fps运行的情况下,使用RTX-3090上的STDC主链在120 fps运行时,在60 fps运行时达到80.1 miou。此外,我们将四个具有挑战性的驾驶数据集(即CityScapes,Mapillary,IDD和BDD)统一到一个大数据集中,我们将其命名为Unified Drive细分(UDS)数据集。它包含不同的域和样式信息。我们基准了UDS上的几项代表性作品。 SFNET和SFNET-LITE仍然可以在UDS上取得最佳的速度和准确性权衡,这在如此新的挑战性环境中是强大的基准。所有代码和模型均可在https://github.com/lxtgh/sfsegnets上公开获得。
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由于从输入方面互补的方式,RGB-D语义细分引发了研究的兴趣。现有作品通常采用两流体系结构,该体系结构并行处理光度法和几何信息,很少有方法明确利用深度线索的贡献来调整RGB图像上的采样位置。在本文中,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以将深度信息纳入RGB卷积神经网络(CNN),称为Z-ACN(深度适应的CNN)。具体而言,我们的Z-ACN生成了一个2D适应的偏移量,该偏移完全受到低级功能的约束,以指导RGB图像上的特征提取。通过生成的偏移,我们引入了两个直观有效的操作,以取代基本的CNN操作员:深度适应的卷积和深度适应的平均池。对室内和室外语义分割任务的广泛实验证明了我们方法的有效性。
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编码器 - 解码器模型已广泛用于RGBD语义分割,并且大多数通过双流网络设计。通常,共同推理RGBD的颜色和几何信息是有益的对语义分割。然而,大多数现有方法都无法全面地利用编码器和解码器中的多模式信息。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于RGBD语义细分的新型关注的双重监督解码器。在编码器中,我们设计一个简单但有效的关注的多模式融合模块,以提取和保险丝深度多级成对的互补信息。要了解更强大的深度表示和丰富的多模态信息,我们介绍了一个双分支解码器,以有效利用不同任务的相关性和互补线。在Nyudv2和Sun-RGBD数据集上的广泛实验表明,我们的方法达到了最先进的方法的卓越性能。
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Semantic segmentation usually benefits from global contexts, fine localisation information, multi-scale features, etc. To advance Transformer-based segmenters with these aspects, we present a simple yet powerful semantic segmentation architecture, termed as IncepFormer. IncepFormer has two critical contributions as following. First, it introduces a novel pyramid structured Transformer encoder which harvests global context and fine localisation features simultaneously. These features are concatenated and fed into a convolution layer for final per-pixel prediction. Second, IncepFormer integrates an Inception-like architecture with depth-wise convolutions, and a light-weight feed-forward module in each self-attention layer, efficiently obtaining rich local multi-scale object features. Extensive experiments on five benchmarks show that our IncepFormer is superior to state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed, e.g., 1) our IncepFormer-S achieves 47.7% mIoU on ADE20K which outperforms the existing best method by 1% while only costs half parameters and fewer FLOPs. 2) Our IncepFormer-B finally achieves 82.0% mIoU on Cityscapes dataset with 39.6M parameters. Code is available:github.com/shendu0321/IncepFormer.
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在鸟眼中学习强大的表现(BEV),以进行感知任务,这是趋势和吸引行业和学术界的广泛关注。大多数自动驾驶算法的常规方法在正面或透视视图中执行检测,细分,跟踪等。随着传感器配置变得越来越复杂,从不同的传感器中集成了多源信息,并在统一视图中代表功能至关重要。 BEV感知继承了几个优势,因为代表BEV中的周围场景是直观和融合友好的。对于BEV中的代表对象,对于随后的模块,如计划和/或控制是最可取的。 BEV感知的核心问题在于(a)如何通过从透视视图到BEV来通过视图转换来重建丢失的3D信息; (b)如何在BEV网格中获取地面真理注释; (c)如何制定管道以合并来自不同来源和视图的特征; (d)如何适应和概括算法作为传感器配置在不同情况下各不相同。在这项调查中,我们回顾了有关BEV感知的最新工作,并对不同解决方案进行了深入的分析。此外,还描述了该行业的BEV方法的几种系统设计。此外,我们推出了一套完整的实用指南,以提高BEV感知任务的性能,包括相机,激光雷达和融合输入。最后,我们指出了该领域的未来研究指示。我们希望该报告能阐明社区,并鼓励对BEV感知的更多研究。我们保留一个活跃的存储库来收集最新的工作,并在https://github.com/openperceptionx/bevperception-survey-recipe上提供一包技巧的工具箱。
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3D point clouds are rich in geometric structure information, while 2D images contain important and continuous texture information. Combining 2D information to achieve better 3D semantic segmentation has become mainstream in 3D scene understanding. Albeit the success, it still remains elusive how to fuse and process the cross-dimensional features from these two distinct spaces. Existing state-of-the-art usually exploit bidirectional projection methods to align the cross-dimensional features and realize both 2D & 3D semantic segmentation tasks. However, to enable bidirectional mapping, this framework often requires a symmetrical 2D-3D network structure, thus limiting the network's flexibility. Meanwhile, such dual-task settings may distract the network easily and lead to over-fitting in the 3D segmentation task. As limited by the network's inflexibility, fused features can only pass through a decoder network, which affects model performance due to insufficient depth. To alleviate these drawbacks, in this paper, we argue that despite its simplicity, projecting unidirectionally multi-view 2D deep semantic features into the 3D space aligned with 3D deep semantic features could lead to better feature fusion. On the one hand, the unidirectional projection enforces our model focused more on the core task, i.e., 3D segmentation; on the other hand, unlocking the bidirectional to unidirectional projection enables a deeper cross-domain semantic alignment and enjoys the flexibility to fuse better and complicated features from very different spaces. In joint 2D-3D approaches, our proposed method achieves superior performance on the ScanNetv2 benchmark for 3D semantic segmentation.
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本地功能匹配是在子像素级别上的计算密集任务。尽管基于检测器的方法和特征描述符在低文本场景中遇到了困难,但具有顺序提取到匹配管道的基于CNN的方法无法使用编码器的匹配能力,并且倾向于覆盖用于匹配的解码器。相比之下,我们提出了一种新型的层次提取和匹配变压器,称为火柴场。在层次编码器的每个阶段,我们将自我注意事项与特征提取和特征匹配的交叉注意相结合,从而产生了人直觉提取和匹配方案。这种匹配感知的编码器释放了过载的解码器,并使该模型高效。此外,将自我交叉注意在分层体系结构中的多尺度特征结合起来,可以提高匹配的鲁棒性,尤其是在低文本室内场景或更少的室外培训数据中。得益于这样的策略,MatchFormer是效率,鲁棒性和精度的多赢解决方案。与以前的室内姿势估计中的最佳方法相比,我们的Lite MatchFormer只有45%的Gflops,但获得了 +1.3%的精度增益和41%的运行速度提升。大型火柴构造器以四个不同的基准达到最新的基准,包括室内姿势估计(SCANNET),室外姿势估计(Megadepth),同型估计和图像匹配(HPATCH)和视觉定位(INLOC)。
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从预期的观点(例如范围视图(RV)和Bird's-eye-view(BEV))进行了云云语义细分。不同的视图捕获了点云的不同信息,因此彼此互补。但是,最近基于投影的点云语义分割方法通常会利用一种香草后期的融合策略来预测不同观点,因此未能从表示学习过程中从几何学角度探索互补信息。在本文中,我们引入了一个几何流动网络(GFNET),以探索以融合方式对准不同视图之间的几何对应关系。具体而言,我们设计了一个新颖的几何流量模块(GFM),以双向对齐并根据端到端学习方案下的几何关系跨不同观点传播互补信息。我们对两个广泛使用的基准数据集(Semantickitti和Nuscenes)进行了广泛的实验,以证明我们的GFNET对基于项目的点云语义分割的有效性。具体而言,GFNET不仅显着提高了每个单独观点的性能,而且还可以在所有基于投影的模型中取得最新的结果。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/haibo-qiu/gfnet}中获得。
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Vision transformers (ViTs) encoding an image as a sequence of patches bring new paradigms for semantic segmentation.We present an efficient framework of representation separation in local-patch level and global-region level for semantic segmentation with ViTs. It is targeted for the peculiar over-smoothness of ViTs in semantic segmentation, and therefore differs from current popular paradigms of context modeling and most existing related methods reinforcing the advantage of attention. We first deliver the decoupled two-pathway network in which another pathway enhances and passes down local-patch discrepancy complementary to global representations of transformers. We then propose the spatially adaptive separation module to obtain more separate deep representations and the discriminative cross-attention which yields more discriminative region representations through novel auxiliary supervisions. The proposed methods achieve some impressive results: 1) incorporated with large-scale plain ViTs, our methods achieve new state-of-the-art performances on five widely used benchmarks; 2) using masked pre-trained plain ViTs, we achieve 68.9% mIoU on Pascal Context, setting a new record; 3) pyramid ViTs integrated with the decoupled two-pathway network even surpass the well-designed high-resolution ViTs on Cityscapes; 4) the improved representations by our framework have favorable transferability in images with natural corruptions. The codes will be released publicly.
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Scene understanding is a major challenge of today's computer vision. Center to this task is image segmentation, since scenes are often provided as a set of pictures. Nowadays, many such datasets also provide 3D geometry information given as a 3D point cloud acquired by a laser scanner or a depth camera. To exploit this geometric information, many current approaches rely on both a 2D loss and 3D loss, requiring not only 2D per pixel labels but also 3D per point labels. However obtaining a 3D groundtruth is challenging, time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we show that image segmentation can benefit from 3D geometric information without requiring any 3D groundtruth, by training the geometric feature extraction with a 2D segmentation loss in an end-to-end fashion. Our method starts by extracting a map of 3D features directly from the point cloud by using a lightweight and simple 3D encoder neural network. The 3D feature map is then used as an additional input to a classical image segmentation network. During training, the 3D features extraction is optimized for the segmentation task by back-propagation through the entire pipeline. Our method exhibits state-of-the-art performance with much lighter input dataset requirements, since no 3D groundtruth is required.
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变压器在自然语言处理中的成功最近引起了计算机视觉领域的关注。由于能够学习长期依赖性,变压器已被用作广泛使用的卷积运算符的替代品。事实证明,这种替代者在许多任务中都取得了成功,其中几种最先进的方法依靠变压器来更好地学习。在计算机视觉中,3D字段还见证了使用变压器来增加3D卷积神经网络和多层感知器网络的增加。尽管许多调查都集中在视力中的变压器上,但由于与2D视觉相比,由于数据表示和处理的差异,3D视觉需要特别注意。在这项工作中,我们介绍了针对不同3D视觉任务的100多种变压器方法的系统和彻底审查,包括分类,细分,检测,完成,姿势估计等。我们在3D Vision中讨论了变形金刚的设计,该设计使其可以使用各种3D表示形式处理数据。对于每个应用程序,我们强调了基于变压器的方法的关键属性和贡献。为了评估这些方法的竞争力,我们将它们的性能与12个3D基准测试的常见非转化方法进行了比较。我们通过讨论3D视觉中变压器的不同开放方向和挑战来结束调查。除了提出的论文外,我们的目标是频繁更新最新的相关论文及其相应的实现:https://github.com/lahoud/3d-vision-transformers。
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语义分割是自主车辆了解周围场景的关键技术。当代模型的吸引力表现通常以牺牲重计算和冗长的推理时间为代价,这对于自行车来说是无法忍受的。在低分辨率图像上使用轻量级架构(编码器 - 解码器或双路)或推理,最近的方法实现了非常快的场景解析,即使在单个1080TI GPU上以100多件FPS运行。然而,这些实时方法与基于扩张骨架的模型之间的性能仍有显着差距。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一家专门为实时语义细分设计的高效底座。所提出的深层双分辨率网络(DDRNET)由两个深部分支组成,之间进行多个双边融合。此外,我们设计了一个名为Deep聚合金字塔池(DAPPM)的新上下文信息提取器,以基于低分辨率特征映射放大有效的接收字段和熔丝多尺度上下文。我们的方法在城市景观和Camvid数据集上的准确性和速度之间实现了新的最先进的权衡。特别是,在单一的2080Ti GPU上,DDRNET-23-Slim在Camvid测试组上的Citycapes试验组102 FPS上的102 FPS,74.7%Miou。通过广泛使用的测试增强,我们的方法优于最先进的模型,需要计算得多。 CODES和培训的型号在线提供。
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We present SegFormer, a simple, efficient yet powerful semantic segmentation framework which unifies Transformers with lightweight multilayer perceptron (MLP) decoders. SegFormer has two appealing features: 1) SegFormer comprises a novel hierarchically structured Transformer encoder which outputs multiscale features. It does not need positional encoding, thereby avoiding the interpolation of positional codes which leads to decreased performance when the testing resolution differs from training. 2) SegFormer avoids complex decoders. The proposed MLP decoder aggregates information from different layers, and thus combining both local attention and global attention to render powerful representations. We show that this simple and lightweight design is the key to efficient segmentation on Transformers. We scale our approach up to obtain a series of models from SegFormer-B0 to SegFormer-B5, reaching significantly better performance and efficiency than previous counterparts. For example, SegFormer-B4 achieves 50.3% mIoU on ADE20K with 64M parameters, being 5× smaller and 2.2% better than the previous best method. Our best model, SegFormer-B5, achieves 84.0% mIoU on Cityscapes validation set and shows excellent zero-shot robustness on Cityscapes-C. Code will be released at: github.com/NVlabs/SegFormer.Preprint. Under review.
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Semantic segmentation works on the computer vision algorithm for assigning each pixel of an image into a class. The task of semantic segmentation should be performed with both accuracy and efficiency. Most of the existing deep FCNs yield to heavy computations and these networks are very power hungry, unsuitable for real-time applications on portable devices. This project analyzes current semantic segmentation models to explore the feasibility of applying these models for emergency response during catastrophic events. We compare the performance of real-time semantic segmentation models with non-real-time counterparts constrained by aerial images under oppositional settings. Furthermore, we train several models on the Flood-Net dataset, containing UAV images captured after Hurricane Harvey, and benchmark their execution on special classes such as flooded buildings vs. non-flooded buildings or flooded roads vs. non-flooded roads. In this project, we developed a real-time UNet based model and deployed that network on Jetson AGX Xavier module.
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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大多数现有的RGB-D突出物体检测方法利用卷积操作并构建复杂的交织融合结构来实现跨模型信息集成。卷积操作的固有局部连接将基于卷积的方法的性能进行了限制到天花板的性能。在这项工作中,我们从全球信息对齐和转换的角度重新思考此任务。具体地,所提出的方法(Transcmd)级联几个跨模型集成单元来构造基于自上而下的变换器的信息传播路径(TIPP)。 Transcmd将多尺度和多模态特征集成作为序列到序列上下文传播和内置于变压器上的更新过程。此外,考虑到二次复杂性W.R.T.输入令牌的数量,我们设计了具有可接受的计算成本的修补程序令牌重新嵌入策略(Ptre)。七个RGB-D SOD基准数据集上的实验结果表明,在配备TIPP时,简单的两流编码器 - 解码器框架可以超越最先进的基于CNN的方法。
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