With more and more data being collected, data-driven modeling methods have been gaining in popularity in recent years. While physically sound, classical gray-box models are often cumbersome to identify and scale, and their accuracy might be hindered by their limited expressiveness. On the other hand, classical black-box methods, typically relying on Neural Networks (NNs) nowadays, often achieve impressive performance, even at scale, by deriving statistical patterns from data. However, they remain completely oblivious to the underlying physical laws, which may lead to potentially catastrophic failures if decisions for real-world physical systems are based on them. Physically Consistent Neural Networks (PCNNs) were recently developed to address these aforementioned issues, ensuring physical consistency while still leveraging NNs to attain state-of-the-art accuracy. In this work, we scale PCNNs to model building temperature dynamics and propose a thorough comparison with classical gray-box and black-box methods. More precisely, we design three distinct PCNN extensions, thereby exemplifying the modularity and flexibility of the architecture, and formally prove their physical consistency. In the presented case study, PCNNs are shown to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy, even outperforming classical NN-based models despite their constrained structure. Our investigations furthermore provide a clear illustration of NNs achieving seemingly good performance while remaining completely physics-agnostic, which can be misleading in practice. While this performance comes at the cost of computational complexity, PCNNs on the other hand show accuracy improvements of 17-35% compared to all other physically consistent methods, paving the way for scalable physically consistent models with state-of-the-art performance.
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由于其高能量强度,建筑物在当前全球能源转型中发挥着重要作用。建筑模型是普遍无处不在的,因为在建筑物的每个阶段都需要它们,即设计,改装和控制操作。基于物理方程式的古典白盒式模型必然遵循物理规律,但其底层结构的具体设计可能会阻碍他们的表现力,从而阻碍他们的准确性。另一方面,黑匣子型号更适合捕获非线性建筑动态,因此通常可以实现更好的准确性,但它们需要大量的数据,并且可能不会遵循物理规律,这是神经网络特别常见的问题(NN)模型。为了抵消这种已知的概括问题,最近介绍了物理知识的NNS,研究人员在NNS的结构中介绍了以底层底层物理法律接地,并避免经典的NN概括问题。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种新的物理信息的NN架构,被称为身体一致的NN(PCNN),其仅需要过去的运行数据并且没有工程开销,包括在并联运行到经典NN的线性模块中的先前知识。我们正式证明,这些网络是物理上一致的 - 通过设计甚至在看不见的数据 - 关于不同的控制输入和邻近区域的温度。我们在案例研究中展示了他们的表现,其中PCNN比3美元的古典物理型电阻电容模型更好地获得高达50美元的准确性。此外,尽管结构受到约束的结构,但PCNNS在验证数据上对古典NNS对古典NNS进行了类似的性能,使训练数据较少,并保留高表达性以解决泛化问题。
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Despite the immense success of neural networks in modeling system dynamics from data, they often remain physics-agnostic black boxes. In the particular case of physical systems, they might consequently make physically inconsistent predictions, which makes them unreliable in practice. In this paper, we leverage the framework of Irreversible port-Hamiltonian Systems (IPHS), which can describe most multi-physics systems, and rely on Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) to learn their parameters from data. Since IPHS models are consistent with the first and second principles of thermodynamics by design, so are the proposed Physically Consistent NODEs (PC-NODEs). Furthermore, the NODE training procedure allows us to seamlessly incorporate prior knowledge of the system properties in the learned dynamics. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by learning the thermodynamics of a building from the real-world measurements and the dynamics of a simulated gas-piston system. Thanks to the modularity and flexibility of the IPHS framework, PC-NODEs can be extended to learn physically consistent models of multi-physics distributed systems.
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随着数据的不断增加,将现代机器学习方法应用于建模和控制等领域的兴趣爆炸。但是,尽管这种黑盒模型具有灵活性和令人惊讶的准确性,但仍然很难信任它们。结合两种方法的最新努力旨在开发灵活的模型,这些模型仍然可以很好地推广。我们称为混合分析和建模(HAM)的范式。在这项工作中,我们调查了使用数据驱动模型纠正基于错误的物理模型的纠正源术语方法(COSTA)。这使我们能够开发出可以进行准确预测的模型,即使问题的基本物理学尚未得到充分理解。我们将Costa应用于铝电解电池中的Hall-H \'Eroult工艺。我们证明该方法提高了准确性和预测稳定性,从而产生了总体可信赖的模型。
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本文介绍了一种用于开发面向控制的建筑物的散热模型的数据驱动建模方法。这些型号是通过降低能耗成本的目标而开发的,同时控制建筑物的室内温度,在所需的舒适度限制内。结合白/灰盒物理模型的可解释性和神经网络的表现力,我们提出了一种物理知识的神经网络方法,用于这种建模任务。除了测量的数据和构建参数之外,我们将通过管理这些建筑物的热行为的底层物理编码神经网络。因此,实现了由物理学引导的模型,有助于建模室温和功耗的时间演化以及隐藏状态,即建筑物热质量的温度。这项工作的主要研究贡献是:(1)我们提出了两种物理学的变种信息,为机构的控制定向热建模任务提供了通知的神经网络架构,(2)我们展示这些架构是数据效率的,需要更少培训数据与传统的非物理知识的神经网络相比,(3)我们表明这些架构比传统的神经网络实现更准确的预测,用于更长的预测视野。我们使用模拟和实际字数据测试所提出的架构的预测性能,以演示(2)和(3),并显示所提出的物理知识的神经网络架构可以用于该控制导向的建模问题。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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动态系统参见在物理,生物学,化学等自然科学中广泛使用,以及电路分析,计算流体动力学和控制等工程学科。对于简单的系统,可以通过应用基本物理法来导出管理动态的微分方程。然而,对于更复杂的系统,这种方法变得非常困难。数据驱动建模是一种替代范式,可以使用真实系统的观察来了解系统的动态的近似值。近年来,对数据驱动的建模技术的兴趣增加,特别是神经网络已被证明提供了解决广泛任务的有效框架。本文提供了使用神经网络构建动态系统模型的不同方式的调查。除了基础概述外,我们还审查了相关的文献,概述了这些建模范式必须克服的数值模拟中最重要的挑战。根据审查的文献和确定的挑战,我们提供了关于有前途的研究领域的讨论。
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Energy consumption in buildings, both residential and commercial, accounts for approximately 40% of all energy usage in the U.S., and similar numbers are being reported from countries around the world. This significant amount of energy is used to maintain a comfortable, secure, and productive environment for the occupants. So, it is crucial that the energy consumption in buildings must be optimized, all the while maintaining satisfactory levels of occupant comfort, health, and safety. Recently, Machine Learning has been proven to be an invaluable tool in deriving important insights from data and optimizing various systems. In this work, we review the ways in which machine learning has been leveraged to make buildings smart and energy-efficient. For the convenience of readers, we provide a brief introduction of several machine learning paradigms and the components and functioning of each smart building system we cover. Finally, we discuss challenges faced while implementing machine learning algorithms in smart buildings and provide future avenues for research at the intersection of smart buildings and machine learning.
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本文旨在讨论和分析控制设计应用中经常性神经网络(RNN)的潜力。考虑RNN的主要系列,即神经非线性自回归外源,(NNARX),回波状态网络(ESN),长短短期存储器(LSTM)和门控复发单元(GRU)。目标是双重。首先,为了调查近期RNN培训的结果,可以享受输入到状态稳定性(ISS)和增量输入到状态稳定性({\ delta} ISS)保证。其次,讨论仍然阻碍RNN进行控制的问题,即它们的鲁棒性,核算和解释性。前者属性与网络的所谓概括能力有关,即即使在视野或扰动的输入轨迹存在下,它们与底层真实植物的一致性。后者与在RNN模型和植物之间提供明确的正式连接的可能性有关。在这种情况下,我们说明了Iss和{\ delta} ISS如何朝着RNN模型的稳健性和可验证代表重大步骤,而可解释性的要求铺平了基于物理的网络的使用方式。还简要讨论了植物模型的模型预测控制器的设计。最后,在模拟化学体系上说明了本文的一些主要话题。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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背景信息:在过去几年中,机器学习(ML)一直是许多创新的核心。然而,包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中,例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的,因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的:本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战,以及文献中提出的解决方案,以解决它们,回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统?'方法:我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述(SLR),涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题,被认为是ML认证的主要支柱:鲁棒性,不确定性,解释性,验证,安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题,并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果:单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情,以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系,以加深域名研究。最后,它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性,这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论:我们强调了目前部署的努力,以实现ML基于ML的软件系统,并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。
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Despite great progress in simulating multiphysics problems using the numerical discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs), one still cannot seamlessly incorporate noisy data into existing algorithms, mesh generation remains complex, and high-dimensional problems governed by parameterized PDEs cannot be tackled. Moreover, solving inverse problems with hidden physics is often prohibitively expensive and requires different formulations and elaborate computer codes. Machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative, but training deep neural networks requires big data, not always available for scientific problems. Instead, such networks can be trained from additional information obtained by enforcing the physical laws (for example, at random points in the continuous space-time domain). Such physics-informed learning integrates (noisy) data and mathematical models, and implements them through neural networks or other kernel-based regression networks. Moreover, it may be possible to design specialized network architectures that automatically satisfy some of the physical invariants for better accuracy, faster training and improved generalization. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, present some of the current capabilities and limitations and discuss diverse applications of physics-informed learning both for forward and inverse problems, including discovering hidden physics and tackling high-dimensional problems.
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即将到来的技术,例如涉及安全至关重要应用的数字双胞胎,自主和人工智能系统,需要准确,可解释,计算上有效且可推广的模型。不幸的是,两种最常用的建模方法,基于物理学的建模(PBM)和数据驱动的建模(DDM)无法满足所有这些要求。在当前的工作中,我们演示了将最佳PBM和DDM结合的混合方法如何导致模型可以胜过两者的模型。我们这样做是通过基于第一原则与黑匣子DDM相结合的偏微分方程,在这种情况下,深度神经网络模型补偿了未知物理。首先,我们提出了一个数学论点,说明为什么这种方法应该起作用,然后将混合方法应用于未知的源项模拟二维热扩散问题。结果证明了该方法在准确性和概括性方面的出色性能。此外,它显示了如何在混合框架中解释DDM部分以使整体方法可靠。
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在这项工作中,我们介绍,证明并展示了纠正源期限方法(Costa) - 一种新的混合分析和建模(火腿)的新方法。 HAM的目标是将基于物理的建模(PBM)和数据驱动的建模(DDM)组合,以创建概括,值得信赖,准确,计算高效和自我不断发展的模型。 Costa通过使用深神经网络产生的纠正源期限增强PBM模型的控制方程来实现这一目标。在一系列关于一维热扩散的数值实验中,发现CostA在精度方面优于相当的DDM和PBM模型 - 通常通过几个数量级降低预测误差 - 同时也比纯DDM更好地概括。由于其灵活而稳定的理论基础,Costa提供了一种模块化框架,用于利用PBM和DDM中的新颖开发。其理论基础还确保了哥斯达队可以用来模拟由(确定性)部分微分方程所控制的任何系统。此外,Costa有助于在PBM的背景下解释DNN生成的源术语,这导致DNN的解释性改善。这些因素使哥斯达成为数据驱动技术的潜在门开启者,以进入先前为纯PBM保留的高赌注应用。
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在许多学科中,动态系统的数据信息预测模型的开发引起了广泛的兴趣。我们提出了一个统一的框架,用于混合机械和机器学习方法,以从嘈杂和部分观察到的数据中识别动态系统。我们将纯数据驱动的学习与混合模型进行比较,这些学习结合了不完善的域知识。我们的公式与所选的机器学习模型不可知,在连续和离散的时间设置中都呈现,并且与表现出很大的内存和错误的模型误差兼容。首先,我们从学习理论的角度研究无内存线性(W.R.T.参数依赖性)模型误差,从而定义了过多的风险和概括误差。对于沿阵行的连续时间系统,我们证明,多余的风险和泛化误差都通过与T的正方形介于T的术语(指定训练数据的时间间隔)的术语界定。其次,我们研究了通过记忆建模而受益的方案,证明了两类连续时间复发性神经网络(RNN)的通用近似定理:两者都可以学习与内存有关的模型误差。此外,我们将一类RNN连接到储层计算,从而将学习依赖性错误的学习与使用随机特征在Banach空间之间进行监督学习的最新工作联系起来。给出了数值结果(Lorenz '63,Lorenz '96多尺度系统),以比较纯粹的数据驱动和混合方法,发现混合方法较少,渴望数据较少,并且更有效。最后,我们从数值上证明了如何利用数据同化来从嘈杂,部分观察到的数据中学习隐藏的动态,并说明了通过这种方法和培训此类模型来表示记忆的挑战。
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This paper is a technical overview of DeepMind and Google's recent work on reinforcement learning for controlling commercial cooling systems. Building on expertise that began with cooling Google's data centers more efficiently, we recently conducted live experiments on two real-world facilities in partnership with Trane Technologies, a building management system provider. These live experiments had a variety of challenges in areas such as evaluation, learning from offline data, and constraint satisfaction. Our paper describes these challenges in the hope that awareness of them will benefit future applied RL work. We also describe the way we adapted our RL system to deal with these challenges, resulting in energy savings of approximately 9% and 13% respectively at the two live experiment sites.
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在概述中,引入了通用数学对象(映射),并解释了其与模型物理参数化的关系。引入了可用于模拟和/或近似映射的机器学习(ML)工具。ML的应用在模拟现有参数化,开发新的参数化,确保物理约束和控制开发应用程序的准确性。讨论了一些允许开发人员超越标准参数化范式的ML方法。
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基于预测方法的深度学习已成为时间序列预测或预测的许多应用中的首选方法,通常通常优于其他方法。因此,在过去的几年中,这些方法现在在大规模的工业预测应用中无处不在,并且一直在预测竞赛(例如M4和M5)中排名最佳。这种实践上的成功进一步提高了学术兴趣,以理解和改善深厚的预测方法。在本文中,我们提供了该领域的介绍和概述:我们为深入预测的重要构建块提出了一定深度的深入预测;随后,我们使用这些构建块,调查了最近的深度预测文献的广度。
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A digital twin is defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision-making. Unfortunately, the term remains vague and says little about its capability. Recently, the concept of capability level has been introduced to address this issue. Based on its capability, the concept states that a digital twin can be categorized on a scale from zero to five, referred to as standalone, descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive, and autonomous, respectively. The current work introduces the concept in the context of the built environment. It demonstrates the concept by using a modern house as a use case. The house is equipped with an array of sensors that collect timeseries data regarding the internal state of the house. Together with physics-based and data-driven models, these data are used to develop digital twins at different capability levels demonstrated in virtual reality. The work, in addition to presenting a blueprint for developing digital twins, also provided future research directions to enhance the technology.
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