多语言机器翻译已被证明是一种有效的策略，可以用单个模型在多种语言之间进行翻译。但是，大多数研究都集中在多语言句子翻译上，而无需考虑跨不同语言生成长文档，这需要了解多语言上下文依赖性，并且通常更难。在本文中，我们首先是天真地纳入辅助多语言数据的辅助目标或源辅助数据对我们感兴趣的源目标对没有任何改进。在这一观察过程中，我们提出了一个名为多语言传递性（MTRAN）的新型框架，以在多语言模型中通过源辅助目标找到一个隐式的最佳途径。为了鼓励MTRANS，我们提出了一种称为三重平行数据（TPD）的新方法，该方法使用包含（源 - 载体，辅助目标和源目标）的平行三重线进行训练。然后，辅助语言充当枢轴，并自动促进隐式信息过渡流，从而更容易翻译。我们进一步提出了一个名为“双向多语言协议”（BI-Magree）的新颖框架，该框架鼓励不同语言之间的双向协议。为了鼓励Bi-Magree，我们提出了一种称为多语言Kullback-Leibler Divergence（MKL）的新颖方法，该方法迫使输入的输出分布具有相同的含义，但以不同的语言彼此一致。实验结果表明，我们的方法对三个文档翻译任务的强大基准进行了一致的改进：IWSLT2015 ZH-EN，DE-EN和VI-EN。我们的分析验证了MTRAN和BI-MAGREE的实用性和存在，我们的框架和方法对合成辅助数据有效。

Despite the current success of multilingual pre-training, most prior works focus on leveraging monolingual data or bilingual parallel data and overlooked the value of trilingual parallel data. This paper presents \textbf{Tri}angular Document-level \textbf{P}re-training (\textbf{TRIP}), which is the first in the field to extend the conventional monolingual and bilingual pre-training to a trilingual setting by (i) \textbf{Grafting} the same documents in two languages into one mixed document, and (ii) predicting the remaining one language as the reference translation. Our experiments on document-level MT and cross-lingual abstractive summarization show that TRIP brings by up to 3.65 d-BLEU points and 6.2 ROUGE-L points on three multilingual document-level machine translation benchmarks and one cross-lingual abstractive summarization benchmark, including multiple strong state-of-the-art (SOTA) scores. In-depth analysis indicates that TRIP improves document-level machine translation and captures better document contexts in at least three characteristics: (i) tense consistency, (ii) noun consistency and (iii) conjunction presence.

在本文中，我们介绍了DOCMT5，这是一种预先培训的多语言序列到序列语言模型，具有大规模并行文档。虽然以前的方法专注于利用句子级并行数据，但我们尝试构建一个可以理解和生成长文件的通用预训练模型。我们提出了一个简单有效的预训练目标 - 文件重新排序机翻译（DRMT），其中需要翻译和屏蔽的输入文件。 DRMT在各种文档级生成任务中对强大基线带来一致的改进，包括超过12个BLEU积分，用于观看语言对文件级MT，超过7个BLEU积分，用于看不见的语言对文件级MT和3胭脂-1位为言语对交叉术概要。我们在WMT20 De-en和IWSLT15 Zh-ZH文档翻译任务中实现了最先进的（SOTA）。我们还对文档预培训的各种因素进行了广泛的分析，包括（1）预培训数据质量的影响和（2）组合单语言和交叉训练的影响。我们计划公开使用我们的模型检查站。

This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.

我们提出了一种两阶段的培训方法，用于开发单个NMT模型，以翻译英语和英语的看不见的语言。对于第一阶段，我们将编码器模型初始化以鉴定XLM-R和Roberta的权重，然后对25种语言的平行数据进行多种语言微调。我们发现该模型可以推广到对看不见的语言的零击翻译。在第二阶段，我们利用这种概括能力从单语数据集生成合成的并行数据，然后用连续的反向翻译训练。最终模型扩展到了英语到许多方向，同时保持了多到英语的性能。我们称我们的方法为ecxtra（以英语为中心的跨语言（x）转移）。我们的方法依次利用辅助并行数据和单语言数据，并且在概念上很简单，仅在两个阶段都使用标准的跨熵目标。最终的ECXTRA模型对8种低资源语言的无监督NMT进行了评估，该语言为英语至哈萨克语（22.3> 10.4 bleu）以及其他15个翻译方向的竞争性能而获得了新的最先进。

Pre-training is an effective technique for ensuring robust performance on a variety of machine learning tasks. It typically depends on large-scale crawled corpora that can result in toxic or biased models. Such data can also be problematic with respect to copyright, attribution, and privacy. Pre-training with synthetic tasks and data is a promising way of alleviating such concerns since no real-world information is ingested by the model. Our goal in this paper is to understand what makes for a good pre-trained model when using synthetic resources. We answer this question in the context of neural machine translation by considering two novel approaches to translation model pre-training. Our first approach studies the effect of pre-training on obfuscated data derived from a parallel corpus by mapping words to a vocabulary of 'nonsense' tokens. Our second approach explores the effect of pre-training on procedurally generated synthetic parallel data that does not depend on any real human language corpus. Our empirical evaluation on multiple language pairs shows that, to a surprising degree, the benefits of pre-training can be realized even with obfuscated or purely synthetic parallel data. In our analysis, we consider the extent to which obfuscated and synthetic pre-training techniques can be used to mitigate the issue of hallucinated model toxicity.

Pre-trained models have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). However, existing pre-training methods underutilize the benefits of language understanding for generation. Inspired by the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we propose a GAN-style model for encoder-decoder pre-training by introducing an auxiliary discriminator, unifying the ability of language understanding and generation in a single model. Our model, named as GanLM, is trained with two pre-training objectives: replaced token detection and replaced token denoising. Specifically, given masked source sentences, the generator outputs the target distribution and the discriminator predicts whether the target sampled tokens from distribution are incorrect. The target sentence is replaced with misclassified tokens to construct noisy previous context, which is used to generate the gold sentence. In general, both tasks improve the ability of language understanding and generation by selectively using the denoising data. Extensive experiments in language generation benchmarks show that GanLM with the powerful language understanding capability outperforms various strong pre-trained language models (PLMs) and achieves state-of-the-art performance.

我们描述了JD Explore Academy对WMT 2022共享的一般翻译任务的提交。我们参加了所有高资源曲目和一条中型曲目，包括中文英语，德语英语，捷克语英语，俄语 - 英语和日语英语。我们通过扩大两个主要因素，即语言对和模型大小，即\ textbf {vega-mt}系统来推动以前的工作的极限 - 进行翻译的双向培训。至于语言对，我们将“双向”扩展到“多向”设置，涵盖所有参与语言，以利用跨语言的常识，并将其转移到下游双语任务中。至于型号尺寸，我们将变压器限制到拥有近47亿参数的极大模型，以完全增强我们VEGA-MT的模型容量。此外，我们采用数据增强策略，例如单语数据的循环翻译以及双语和单语数据的双向自我训练，以全面利用双语和单语言数据。为了使我们的Vega-MT适应通用域测试集，设计了概括调整。根据受约束系统的官方自动分数，根据图1所示的sacrebleu，我们在{zh-en（33.5），en-zh（49.7）（49.7），de-en（33.7）上获得了第一名-de（37.8），CS-EN（54.9），En-CS（41.4）和En-Ru（32.7）}，在{ru-en（45.1）和Ja-en（25.6）}和第三名上的第二名和第三名在{en-ja（41.5）}上； W.R.T彗星，我们在{zh-en（45.1），en-zh（61.7），de-en（58.0），en-de（63.2），cs-en（74.7），ru-en（ru-en（ru-en）上，我们获得了第一名64.9），en-ru（69.6）和en-ja（65.1）}，分别在{en-cs（95.3）和ja-en（40.6）}上的第二名。将发布模型，以通过GitHub和Omniforce平台来促进MT社区。

We report the result of the first edition of the WMT shared task on Translation Suggestion (TS). The task aims to provide alternatives for specific words or phrases given the entire documents generated by machine translation (MT). It consists two sub-tasks, namely, the naive translation suggestion and translation suggestion with hints. The main difference is that some hints are provided in sub-task two, therefore, it is easier for the model to generate more accurate suggestions. For sub-task one, we provide the corpus for the language pairs English-German and English-Chinese. And only English-Chinese corpus is provided for the sub-task two. We received 92 submissions from 5 participating teams in sub-task one and 6 submissions for the sub-task 2, most of them covering all of the translation directions. We used the automatic metric BLEU for evaluating the performance of each submission.

本报告介绍了在大型多语种计算机翻译中为WMT21共享任务的Microsoft的机器翻译系统。我们参加了所有三种评估轨道，包括大轨道和两个小轨道，前者是无约束的，后两者完全受约束。我们的模型提交到共享任务的初始化用deltalm \脚注{\ url {https://aka.ms/deltalm}}，一个通用的预训练的多语言编码器 - 解码器模型，并相应地使用巨大的收集并行进行微调数据和允许的数据源根据轨道设置，以及应用逐步学习和迭代背翻译方法进一步提高性能。我们的最终提交在自动评估度量方面排名第一的三条轨道。

Translating training data into many languages has emerged as a practical solution for improving cross-lingual transfer. For tasks that involve span-level annotations, such as information extraction or question answering, an additional label projection step is required to map annotated spans onto the translated texts. Recently, a few efforts have utilized a simple mark-then-translate method to jointly perform translation and projection by inserting special markers around the labeled spans in the original sentence. However, as far as we are aware, no empirical analysis has been conducted on how this approach compares to traditional annotation projection based on word alignment. In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study across 42 languages and three tasks (QA, NER, and Event Extraction) to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of both methods, filling an important gap in the literature. Experimental results show that our optimized version of mark-then-translate, which we call EasyProject, is easily applied to many languages and works surprisingly well, outperforming the more complex word alignment-based methods. We analyze several key factors that affect end-task performance, and show EasyProject works well because it can accurately preserve label span boundaries after translation. We will publicly release all our code and data.

State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used beyond that language. Since collecting data in every language is not realistic, there has been a growing interest in crosslingual language understanding (XLU) and low-resource cross-language transfer. In this work, we construct an evaluation set for XLU by extending the development and test sets of the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus (MultiNLI) to 15 languages, including low-resource languages such as Swahili and Urdu. We hope that our dataset, dubbed XNLI, will catalyze research in cross-lingual sentence understanding by providing an informative standard evaluation task. In addition, we provide several baselines for multilingual sentence understanding, including two based on machine translation systems, and two that use parallel data to train aligned multilingual bag-of-words and LSTM encoders. We find that XNLI represents a practical and challenging evaluation suite, and that directly translating the test data yields the best performance among available baselines.

Traditional multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) uses a single model to translate all directions. However, with the increasing scale of language pairs, simply using a single model for massive MNMT brings new challenges: parameter tension and large computations. In this paper, we revisit multi-way structures by assigning an individual branch for each language (group). Despite being a simple architecture, it is challenging to train de-centralized models due to the lack of constraints to align representations from all languages. We propose a localized training recipe to map different branches into a unified space, resulting in an efficient detachable model, Lego-MT. For a fair comparison, we collect data from OPUS and build the first large-scale open-source translation benchmark covering 7 language-centric data, each containing 445 language pairs. Experiments show that Lego-MT (1.2B) brings gains of more than 4 BLEU while outperforming M2M-100 (12B) (We will public all training data, models, and checkpoints)

We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no changes to the model architecture from a standard NMT system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. The rest of the model, which includes an encoder, decoder and attention module, remains unchanged and is shared across all languages. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT using a single model without any increase in parameters, which is significantly simpler than previous proposals for Multilingual NMT. On the WMT'14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English→French and surpasses state-of-the-art results for English→German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French→English and German→English on WMT'14 and WMT'15 benchmarks, respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. In addition to improving the translation quality of language pairs that the model was trained with, our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and show some interesting examples when mixing languages.

我们对真正低资源语言的神经机翻译（NMT）进行了实证研究，并提出了一个训练课程，适用于缺乏并行培训数据和计算资源的情况，反映了世界上大多数世界语言和研究人员的现实致力于这些语言。以前，已经向低资源语言储存了使用后翻译（BT）和自动编码（AE）任务的无监督NMT。我们证明利用可比的数据和代码切换作为弱监管，与BT和AE目标相结合，即使仅使用适度的计算资源，低资源语言也会显着改进。在这项工作中提出的培训课程实现了Bleu分数，可通过+12.2 Bleu为古吉拉特和+3.7 Bleu为哈萨克斯培训的监督NMT培训，展示了弱势监督的巨大监督态度资源语言。在受到监督数据的培训时，我们的培训课程达到了索马里数据集（索马里29.3的BLEU的最先进的结果）。我们还观察到增加更多时间和GPU来培训可以进一步提高性能，强调报告在MT研究中的报告资源使用的重要性。

机器翻译系统（MTS）是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中，对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见，英语和一套印度语言（ILS）正式使用。与英语相反，由于语料库的不可用，IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质，多语言神经机器翻译（MNMT）系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中，我们提出了一个MNMT系统，以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统，即用于英语印度（一对多），另一个用于指示英语（多一对多），其中包含15个语言对（30个翻译说明）的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库，因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略，以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外，本文解决了语言关系的使用（在方言，脚本等方面），尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外，实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势，以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法，我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效，即一组ILS的BLEU（双语评估研究）得分。

通过多种语言对培训的多语言神经机器翻译（MNMT），由于模型参数的较少和较低的培训成本，通过在多种语言之间共享知识，引起了人们的关注。尽管如此，由于不同翻译方向之间的负面干扰，尤其是在高资源语言上，因此，多语言培训在共享参数中受到语言干扰退化的困扰。在本文中，我们提出了具有高资源语言特定培训（HLT-MT）的多语言翻译模型，以减轻负面干扰，该干扰采用了具有特定于语言的选择机制的两阶段培训。具体而言，我们首先仅使用高资源对训练多语言模型，然后选择解码器顶部的语言特定模块，以增强高资源方向的翻译质量。接下来，对所有可用语料库进行进一步培训，将知识从高资源语言（HRLS）转移到低资源语言（LRLS）。实验结果表明，HLT-MT在WMT-10和Opus-100基准测试上的表现优于各种强基础。此外，分析实验验证了我们方法在减轻多语言训练中负面干扰方面的有效性。

本文介绍了一种新的数据增强方法，用于神经机器翻译，该方法可以在语言内部和跨语言内部实施更强的语义一致性。我们的方法基于条件掩盖语言模型（CMLM），该模型是双向的，可以在左右上下文以及标签上有条件。我们证明CMLM是生成上下文依赖性单词分布的好技术。特别是，我们表明CMLM能够通过在替换过程中对源和目标进行调节来实现语义一致性。此外，为了增强多样性，我们将软词替换的想法纳入了数据增强，该概念用词汇上的概率分布代替了一个单词。在不同量表的四个翻译数据集上进行的实验表明，总体解决方案会导致更现实的数据增强和更好的翻译质量。与最新作品相比，我们的方法始终取得了最佳性能，并且在基线上的提高了1.90个BLEU点。

在所有人类语言对之间实现通用翻译是机器翻译的圣杯（MT）研究。虽然最近在大量的多语言MT中的进展是达到这一目标的一步，但它变得明显，即简单地通过在更加平行数据上训练扩展多语言MT系统是不可编译的，因为用于低资源和非英语的标记数据的可用性 - 姓氏对禁止有限。为此，我们展示了一种务实的方法，可以使用监督和自我监督目标的混合来构建涵盖数百种语言的多语种MT模型，具体取决于不同语言对的数据可用性。我们展示这两种训练范例之间的协同作用使模型能够在零资源设置中产生高质量的翻译，甚至超过监控的用于中资和中资和中资质。我们开展广泛的实验，了解多语言监督，域错配和平行和单机数据量的效果，以了解我们自我监督的多语言模型的质量。为了展示方法的可扩展性，我们培训具有200多种语言的模型，并在几个先前研究的语言上展示了对零资源翻译的高性能。我们希望我们的调查结果将成为踏脚石，以便为下一千种语言进行翻译。

Software engineers working with the same programming language (PL) may speak different natural languages (NLs) and vice versa, erecting huge barriers to communication and working efficiency. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of generative pre-training in computer programs, yet they are always English-centric. In this work, we step towards bridging the gap between multilingual NLs and multilingual PLs for large language models (LLMs). We release ERNIE-Code, a unified pre-trained language model for 116 NLs and 6 PLs. We employ two methods for universal cross-lingual pre-training: span-corruption language modeling that learns patterns from monolingual NL or PL; and pivot-based translation language modeling that relies on parallel data of many NLs and PLs. Extensive results show that ERNIE-Code outperforms previous multilingual LLMs for PL or NL across a wide range of end tasks of code intelligence, including multilingual code-to-text, text-to-code, code-to-code, and text-to-text generation. We further show its advantage of zero-shot prompting on multilingual code summarization and text-to-text translation. We will make our code and pre-trained models publicly available.