具有深层神经网络的图像分类使技术突破激增,在面部识别,医学成像和自动驾驶等领域具有有希望的应用。然而,在工程问题中,例如发动机喷油器喷雾剂或身体油漆喷雾剂的高速成像,深度神经网络面临着与充足和多样性数据的可用性有关的根本挑战。通常,只有数千甚至数百个样本可供培训。此外,不同喷雾类之间的过渡是连续体,需要高水平的域专业知识来准确标记图像。在这项工作中,我们使用混音作为一种系统地处理工业喷雾应用中发现的数据稀缺和模棱两可的类界限的方法。我们表明,数据增强可以减轻小型数据集上大型神经网络的过度问题,但无法从根本上解决该问题。我们讨论了不同类别的凸线性插值如何自然与应用程序中不同类别之间的连续过渡保持一致。我们的实验表明,混合是一种简单而有效的方法,可以用仅几百个样品训练准确,坚固的深神网络分类器。
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Fruit is a key crop in worldwide agriculture feeding millions of people. The standard supply chain of fruit products involves quality checks to guarantee freshness, taste, and, most of all, safety. An important factor that determines fruit quality is its stage of ripening. This is usually manually classified by experts in the field, which makes it a labor-intensive and error-prone process. Thus, there is an arising need for automation in the process of fruit ripeness classification. Many automatic methods have been proposed that employ a variety of feature descriptors for the food item to be graded. Machine learning and deep learning techniques dominate the top-performing methods. Furthermore, deep learning can operate on raw data and thus relieve the users from having to compute complex engineered features, which are often crop-specific. In this survey, we review the latest methods proposed in the literature to automatize fruit ripeness classification, highlighting the most common feature descriptors they operate on.
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海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要,因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然,因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据,这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析,这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术,在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域,但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中,我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程,该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序,讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外,我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查,包括分类,计数,定位和细分。此外,我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查,并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解,通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程,并了解如何发展其研究,以促进他们的研究。努力。同时,它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家,以进行鱼类栖息地监测。
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Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.
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为了确保全球粮食安全和利益相关者的总体利润,正确检测和分类植物疾病的重要性至关重要。在这方面,基于深度学习的图像分类的出现引入了大量解决方案。但是,这些解决方案在低端设备中的适用性需要快速,准确和计算廉价的系统。这项工作提出了一种基于轻巧的转移学习方法,用于从番茄叶中检测疾病。它利用一种有效的预处理方法来增强具有照明校正的叶片图像,以改善分类。我们的系统使用组合模型来提取功能,该模型由预审计的MobilenETV2体系结构和分类器网络组成,以进行有效的预测。传统的增强方法被运行时的增加取代,以避免数据泄漏并解决类不平衡问题。来自PlantVillage数据集的番茄叶图像的评估表明,所提出的体系结构可实现99.30%的精度,型号大小为9.60mb和4.87亿个浮点操作,使其成为低端设备中现实生活的合适选择。我们的代码和型号可在https://github.com/redwankarimsony/project-tomato中找到。
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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides an effective means of leveraging unlabeled data to improve a model's performance. This domain has seen fast progress recently, at the cost of requiring more complex methods. In this paper we propose FixMatch, an algorithm that is a significant simplification of existing SSL methods. FixMatch first generates pseudo-labels using the model's predictions on weaklyaugmented unlabeled images. For a given image, the pseudo-label is only retained if the model produces a high-confidence prediction. The model is then trained to predict the pseudo-label when fed a strongly-augmented version of the same image. Despite its simplicity, we show that FixMatch achieves state-of-the-art performance across a variety of standard semi-supervised learning benchmarks, including 94.93% accuracy on CIFAR-10 with 250 labels and 88.61% accuracy with 40 -just 4 labels per class. We carry out an extensive ablation study to tease apart the experimental factors that are most important to FixMatch's success. The code is available at https://github.com/google-research/fixmatch.
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大多数杂草物种都会通过竞争高价值作物所需的营养而产生对农业生产力的不利影响。手动除草对于大型种植区不实用。已经开展了许多研究,为农业作物制定了自动杂草管理系统。在这个过程中,其中一个主要任务是识别图像中的杂草。但是,杂草的认可是一个具有挑战性的任务。它是因为杂草和作物植物的颜色,纹理和形状类似,可以通过成像条件,当记录图像时的成像条件,地理或天气条件进一步加剧。先进的机器学习技术可用于从图像中识别杂草。在本文中,我们调查了五个最先进的深神经网络,即VGG16,Reset-50,Inception-V3,Inception-Resnet-V2和MobileNetv2,并评估其杂草识别的性能。我们使用了多种实验设置和多个数据集合组合。特别是,我们通过组合几个较小的数据集,通过数据增强构成了一个大型DataSet,缓解了类别不平衡,并在基于深度神经网络的基准测试中使用此数据集。我们通过保留预先训练的权重来调查使用转移学习技术来利用作物和杂草数据集的图像提取特征和微调它们。我们发现VGG16比小规模数据集更好地执行,而ResET-50比其他大型数据集上的其他深网络更好地执行。
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手写数字识别(HDR)是光学特征识别(OCR)领域中最具挑战性的任务之一。不管语言如何,HDR都存在一些固有的挑战,这主要是由于个人跨个人的写作风格的变化,编写媒介和环境的变化,无法在反复编写任何数字等时保持相同的笔触。除此之外,特定语言数字的结构复杂性可能会导致HDR的模棱两可。多年来,研究人员开发了许多离线和在线HDR管道,其中不同的图像处理技术与传统的机器学习(ML)基于基于的和/或基于深度学习(DL)的体系结构相结合。尽管文献中存在有关HDR的广泛审查研究的证据,例如:英语,阿拉伯语,印度,法尔西,中文等,但几乎没有对孟加拉人HDR(BHDR)的调查,这缺乏对孟加拉语HDR(BHDR)的研究,而这些调查缺乏对孟加拉语HDR(BHDR)的研究。挑战,基础识别过程以及可能的未来方向。在本文中,已经分析了孟加拉语手写数字的特征和固有的歧义,以及二十年来最先进的数据集的全面见解和离线BHDR的方法。此外,还详细讨论了一些涉及BHDR的现实应用特定研究。本文还将作为对离线BHDR背后科学感兴趣的研究人员的汇编,煽动了对相关研究的新途径的探索,这可能会进一步导致在不同应用领域对孟加拉语手写数字进行更好的离线认识。
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Large deep neural networks are powerful, but exhibit undesirable behaviors such as memorization and sensitivity to adversarial examples. In this work, we propose mixup, a simple learning principle to alleviate these issues. In essence, mixup trains a neural network on convex combinations of pairs of examples and their labels. By doing so, mixup regularizes the neural network to favor simple linear behavior in-between training examples. Our experiments on the ImageNet-2012, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Google commands and UCI datasets show that mixup improves the generalization of state-of-the-art neural network architectures. We also find that mixup reduces the memorization of corrupt labels, increases the robustness to adversarial examples, and stabilizes the training of generative adversarial networks.
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我们对最近的自我和半监督ML技术进行严格的评估,从而利用未标记的数据来改善下游任务绩效,以河床分割的三个遥感任务,陆地覆盖映射和洪水映射。这些方法对于遥感任务特别有价值,因为易于访问未标记的图像,并获得地面真理标签通常可以昂贵。当未标记的图像(标记数据集之外)提供培训时,我们量化性能改进可以对这些遥感分割任务进行期望。我们还设计实验以测试这些技术的有效性,当测试集相对于训练和验证集具有域移位时。
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无线电星系的连续排放通常可以分为不同的形态学类,如FRI,Frii,弯曲或紧凑。在本文中,我们根据使用深度学习方法使用小规模数据集的深度学习方法来探讨基于形态的无线电星系分类的任务($ \ SIM 2000 $ Samples)。我们基于双网络应用了几次射击学习技术,并使用预先培训的DENSENET模型进行了先进技术的传输学习技术,如循环学习率和歧视性学习迅速训练模型。我们使用最佳表演模型实现了超过92 \%的分类准确性,其中最大的混乱来源是弯曲和周五型星系。我们的结果表明,专注于一个小但策划数据集随着使用最佳实践来训练神经网络可能会导致良好的结果。自动分类技术对于即将到来的下一代无线电望远镜的调查至关重要,这预计将在不久的将来检测数十万个新的无线电星系。
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我们开发了卷积神经网络(CNNS),快速,直接从无线电尘埃连续图像中推断出行星质量。在原始板块中的年轻行星引起的子结构可用于推断潜在的年轻行星属性。流体动力模拟已被用于研究地球属性与这些磁盘特征之间的关系。然而,这些尝试了微调的数值模拟,以一次适合一个原始磁盘,这是耗时的,或者四方平均模拟结果,以导出间隙宽度/深度和行星质量之间的一些线性关系,这丢失了信息磁盘中的不对称功能。为了应对这些缺点,我们开发了行星间隙神经网络(PGNET),以推断出2D图像的行星质量。我们首先符合张等人的网格数据。 (2018)作为分类问题。然后,通过使用近随机采样参数运行额外的模拟来分布数据集,并将行星质量和磁盘粘度一起作为回归问题衍生在一起。分类方法可以达到92 \%的准确性,而回归方法可以达到1 $ \ Sigma $ AS 0.16 DEX,用于行星质量和0.23°D磁盘粘度。我们可以在线性拟合方法中重现退化缩放$ \ alpha $ $ \ propto $ $ m_p ^ 3 $。这意味着CNN方法甚至可以用于寻找退化关系。梯度加权类激活映射有效地确认PGNETS使用适当的磁盘特征来限制行星质量。我们为张等人提供了PGNETS和传统配件方法的计划。 (2018),并讨论各种方法的优缺点。
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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark tasks. However, we argue that these benchmarks fail to address many issues that SSL algorithms would face in real-world applications. After creating a unified reimplementation of various widely-used SSL techniques, we test them in a suite of experiments designed to address these issues. We find that the performance of simple baselines which do not use unlabeled data is often underreported, SSL methods differ in sensitivity to the amount of labeled and unlabeled data, and performance can degrade substantially when the unlabeled dataset contains out-ofdistribution examples. To help guide SSL research towards real-world applicability, we make our unified reimplemention and evaluation platform publicly available. 2 * Equal contribution 2 https://github.com/brain-research/realistic-ssl-evaluation 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2018),
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时间序列数据是数据驱动技术中使用的原始数据表示的基本类型之一。在机器状态监测中,时间序列振动数据用于深度神经网络的数据挖掘中。通常,振动数据被转换为使用深神经网络(DNN)进行分类的图像,并且缩放是图像表示最有效的形式。然而,DNN分类器需要大量标记的训练样本来达到最佳性能。因此,将多种形式的数据增强技术应用于分类器以补偿缺乏训练样本。然而,缩放图是现有增强技术受到的图形表示,因为它们要么改变图形含义,要么在改变物理含义的样本中有太多的噪声。在本研究中,提出了一种名为集合增强的数据增强技术来克服这种限制。该增强方法使用集合中添加的白噪声的功率到原始样本以产生真实样本。在使用集合平均信号之后,获得包含原始信号特性的新信号。使用模拟信号验证集合增强的参数。使用三种轴承振动数据使用三种最先进的传输学习(TL)模型来评估所提出的方法,即Inception-V3,MobileNet-V2和Reset50。增强的增量产生了增量:第一个增量产生与训练样本相同数量的假样本,并且在第二个增量中,样本的数量逐渐增加。所提出的方法的输出与使用深度卷积生成的对冲网络(DCGAN)的增强,增强,以及几何变换基的增强......
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Sunquakes are seismic emissions visible on the solar surface, associated with some solar flares. Although discovered in 1998, they have only recently become a more commonly detected phenomenon. Despite the availability of several manual detection guidelines, to our knowledge, the astrophysical data produced for sunquakes is new to the field of Machine Learning. Detecting sunquakes is a daunting task for human operators and this work aims to ease and, if possible, to improve their detection. Thus, we introduce a dataset constructed from acoustic egression-power maps of solar active regions obtained for Solar Cycles 23 and 24 using the holography method. We then present a pedagogical approach to the application of machine learning representation methods for sunquake detection using AutoEncoders, Contrastive Learning, Object Detection and recurrent techniques, which we enhance by introducing several custom domain-specific data augmentation transformations. We address the main challenges of the automated sunquake detection task, namely the very high noise patterns in and outside the active region shadow and the extreme class imbalance given by the limited number of frames that present sunquake signatures. With our trained models, we find temporal and spatial locations of peculiar acoustic emission and qualitatively associate them to eruptive and high energy emission. While noting that these models are still in a prototype stage and there is much room for improvement in metrics and bias levels, we hypothesize that their agreement on example use cases has the potential to enable detection of weak solar acoustic manifestations.
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与现场测量相比,遥感益处可以通过使大面积的监控更容易地进行栖息地保护,尤其是在可以自动分析遥感数据的情况下。监测的一个重要方面是对受监视区域中存在的栖息地类型进行分类和映射。自动分类是一项艰巨的任务,因为课程具有细粒度的差异,并且它们的分布是长尾巴且不平衡的。通常,用于自动土地覆盖分类的培训数据取决于完全注释的分割图,从遥感的图像到相当高的分类学,即森林,农田或市区等类别。自动栖息地分类的挑战是可靠的数据注释需要现场策略。因此,完整的分割图的生产成本很高,训练数据通常很稀疏,类似点,并且仅限于可以步行访问的区域。需要更有效地利用这些有限数据的方法。我们通过提出一种栖息地分类和映射的方法来解决这些问题,并应用此方法将整个芬兰拉普兰北部地区分类为Natura2000类。该方法的特征是使用从现场收集的细粒,稀疏,单像素注释,并与大量未经通知的数据结合在一起来产生分割图。比较了监督,无监督和半监督的方法,并证明了从较大的室外数据集中转移学习的好处。我们提出了一个\ ac {cnn}偏向于中心像素分类,与随机的森林分类器结合使用,该分类器比单独的模型本身产生更高的质量分类。我们表明,增加种植,测试时间的增加和半监督的学习可以进一步帮助分类。
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Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.
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我们介绍了几个新的数据集即想象的A / O和Imagenet-R以及合成环境和测试套件,我们称为CAOS。 Imagenet-A / O允许研究人员专注于想象成剩余的盲点。由于追踪稳健的表示,以特殊创建了ImageNet-R,因为表示不再简单地自然,而是包括艺术和其他演绎。 Caos Suite由Carla Simulator构建,允许包含异常物体,可以创建可重复的合成环境和用于测试稳健性的场景。所有数据集都是为测试鲁棒性和衡量鲁棒性的衡量进展而创建的。数据集已用于各种其他作品中,以衡量其具有鲁棒性的自身进步,并允许切向进展,这些进展不会完全关注自然准确性。鉴于这些数据集,我们创建了几种旨在推进鲁棒性研究的新方法。我们以最大Logit的形式和典型程度的形式构建简单的基线,并以深度的形式创建新的数据增强方法,从而提高上述基准。最大Logit考虑Logit值而不是SoftMax操作后的值,而微小的变化会产生明显的改进。典型程分将输出分布与类的后部分布进行比较。我们表明,除了分段任务之外,这将提高对基线的性能。猜测可能在像素级别,像素的语义信息比类级信息的语义信息不太有意义。最后,新的Deepaulment的新增强技术利用神经网络在彻底不同于先前使用的传统几何和相机的转换的图像上创建增强。
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Regional dropout strategies have been proposed to enhance the performance of convolutional neural network classifiers. They have proved to be effective for guiding the model to attend on less discriminative parts of objects (e.g. leg as opposed to head of a person), thereby letting the network generalize better and have better object localization capabilities. On the other hand, current methods for regional dropout remove informative pixels on training images by overlaying a patch of either black pixels or random noise. Such removal is not desirable because it leads to information loss and inefficiency during training. We therefore propose the CutMix augmentation strategy: patches are cut and pasted among training images where the ground truth labels are also mixed proportionally to the area of the patches. By making efficient use of training pixels and retaining the regularization effect of regional dropout, CutMix consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art augmentation strategies on CI-FAR and ImageNet classification tasks, as well as on the Im-ageNet weakly-supervised localization task. Moreover, unlike previous augmentation methods, our CutMix-trained ImageNet classifier, when used as a pretrained model, results in consistent performance gains in Pascal detection and MS-COCO image captioning benchmarks. We also show that CutMix improves the model robustness against input corruptions and its out-of-distribution detection performances. Source code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/clovaai/CutMix-PyTorch.
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2019年12月,一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展,但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外,许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能,以诊断许多疾病,甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此,本调查纸探讨了提议的方法,可以提前援助医生和研究人员,廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试,但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面,对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果,提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后,我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外,我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此,我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后,在研究挑战中,我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题,我们解决了我们的理解,以建立一个明亮健康的环境。
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