无线电星系的连续排放通常可以分为不同的形态学类，如FRI，Frii，弯曲或紧凑。在本文中，我们根据使用深度学习方法使用小规模数据集的深度学习方法来探讨基于形态的无线电星系分类的任务（$ \ SIM 2000 $ Samples）。我们基于双网络应用了几次射击学习技术，并使用预先培训的DENSENET模型进行了先进技术的传输学习技术，如循环学习率和歧视性学习迅速训练模型。我们使用最佳表演模型实现了超过92 \％的分类准确性，其中最大的混乱来源是弯曲和周五型星系。我们的结果表明，专注于一个小但策划数据集随着使用最佳实践来训练神经网络可能会导致良好的结果。自动分类技术对于即将到来的下一代无线电望远镜的调查至关重要，这预计将在不久的将来检测数十万个新的无线电星系。

海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要，因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然，因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据，这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析，这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术，在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域，但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中，我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程，该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序，讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外，我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查，包括分类，计数，定位和细分。此外，我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查，并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解，通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程，并了解如何发展其研究，以促进他们的研究。努力。同时，它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家，以进行鱼类栖息地监测。

大多数杂草物种都会通过竞争高价值作物所需的营养而产生对农业生产力的不利影响。手动除草对于大型种植区不实用。已经开展了许多研究，为农业作物制定了自动杂草管理系统。在这个过程中，其中一个主要任务是识别图像中的杂草。但是，杂草的认可是一个具有挑战性的任务。它是因为杂草和作物植物的颜色，纹理和形状类似，可以通过成像条件，当记录图像时的成像条件，地理或天气条件进一步加剧。先进的机器学习技术可用于从图像中识别杂草。在本文中，我们调查了五个最先进的深神经网络，即VGG16，Reset-50，Inception-V3，Inception-Resnet-V2和MobileNetv2，并评估其杂草识别的性能。我们使用了多种实验设置和多个数据集合组合。特别是，我们通过组合几个较小的数据集，通过数据增强构成了一个大型DataSet，缓解了类别不平衡，并在基于深度神经网络的基准测试中使用此数据集。我们通过保留预先训练的权重来调查使用转移学习技术来利用作物和杂草数据集的图像提取特征和微调它们。我们发现VGG16比小规模数据集更好地执行，而ResET-50比其他大型数据集上的其他深网络更好地执行。

With the development of a series of Galaxy sky surveys in recent years, the observations increased rapidly, which makes the research of machine learning methods for galaxy image recognition a hot topic. Available automatic galaxy image recognition researches are plagued by the large differences in similarity between categories, the imbalance of data between different classes, and the discrepancy between the discrete representation of Galaxy classes and the essentially gradual changes from one morphological class to the adjacent class (DDRGC). These limitations have motivated several astronomers and machine learning experts to design projects with improved galaxy image recognition capabilities. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel learning method, ``Hierarchical Imbalanced data learning with Weighted sampling and Label smoothing" (HIWL). The HIWL consists of three key techniques respectively dealing with the above-mentioned three problems: (1) Designed a hierarchical galaxy classification model based on an efficient backbone network; (2) Utilized a weighted sampling scheme to deal with the imbalance problem; (3) Adopted a label smoothing technique to alleviate the DDRGC problem. We applied this method to galaxy photometric images from the Galaxy Zoo-The Galaxy Challenge, exploring the recognition of completely round smooth, in between smooth, cigar-shaped, edge-on and spiral. The overall classification accuracy is 96.32\%, and some superiorities of the HIWL are shown based on recall, precision, and F1-Score in comparing with some related works. In addition, we also explored the visualization of the galaxy image features and model attention to understand the foundations of the proposed scheme.

Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.

为了确保全球粮食安全和利益相关者的总体利润，正确检测和分类植物疾病的重要性至关重要。在这方面，基于深度学习的图像分类的出现引入了大量解决方案。但是，这些解决方案在低端设备中的适用性需要快速，准确和计算廉价的系统。这项工作提出了一种基于轻巧的转移学习方法，用于从番茄叶中检测疾病。它利用一种有效的预处理方法来增强具有照明校正的叶片图像，以改善分类。我们的系统使用组合模型来提取功能，该模型由预审计的MobilenETV2体系结构和分类器网络组成，以进行有效的预测。传统的增强方法被运行时的增加取代，以避免数据泄漏并解决类不平衡问题。来自PlantVillage数据集的番茄叶图像的评估表明，所提出的体系结构可实现99.30％的精度，型号大小为9.60mb和4.87亿个浮点操作，使其成为低端设备中现实生活的合适选择。我们的代码和型号可在https://github.com/redwankarimsony/project-tomato中找到。

The process of learning good features for machine learning applications can be very computationally expensive and may prove difficult in cases where little data is available. A prototypical example of this is the one-shot learning setting, in which we must correctly make predictions given only a single example of each new class.In this paper, we explore a method for learning siamese neural networks which employ a unique structure to naturally rank similarity between inputs. Once a network has been tuned, we can then capitalize on powerful discriminative features to generalize the predictive power of the network not just to new data, but to entirely new classes from unknown distributions. Using a convolutional architecture, we are able to achieve strong results which exceed those of other deep learning models with near stateof-the-art performance on one-shot classification tasks.

通过卫星摄像机获取关于地球表面的大面积的信息使我们能够看到远远超过我们在地面上看到的更多。这有助于我们在检测和监测土地使用模式，大气条件，森林覆盖和许多非上市方面的地区的物理特征。所获得的图像不仅跟踪连续的自然现象，而且对解决严重森林砍伐的全球挑战也至关重要。其中亚马逊盆地每年占最大份额。适当的数据分析将有助于利用可持续健康的氛围来限制对生态系统和生物多样性的不利影响。本报告旨在通过不同的机器学习和优越的深度学习模型用大气和各种陆地覆盖或土地使用亚马逊雨林的卫星图像芯片。评估是基于F2度量完成的，而用于损耗函数，我们都有S形跨熵以及Softmax交叉熵。在使用预先训练的ImageNet架构中仅提取功能之后，图像被间接馈送到机器学习分类器。鉴于深度学习模型，通过传输学习使用微调Imagenet预训练模型的集合。到目前为止，我们的最佳分数与F2度量为0.927。

In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of class imbalance on classification performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and compare frequently used methods to address the issue. Class imbalance is a common problem that has been comprehensively studied in classical machine learning, yet very limited systematic research is available in the context of deep learning. In our study, we use three benchmark datasets of increasing complexity, MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, to investigate the effects of imbalance on classification and perform an extensive comparison of several methods to address the issue: oversampling, undersampling, two-phase training, and thresholding that compensates for prior class probabilities. Our main evaluation metric is area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) adjusted to multi-class tasks since overall accuracy metric is associated with notable difficulties in the context of imbalanced data. Based on results from our experiments we conclude that (i) the effect of class imbalance on classification performance is detrimental; (ii) the method of addressing class imbalance that emerged as dominant in almost all analyzed scenarios was oversampling; (iii) oversampling should be applied to the level that completely eliminates the imbalance, whereas the optimal undersampling ratio depends on the extent of imbalance; (iv) as opposed to some classical machine learning models, oversampling does not cause overfitting of CNNs; (v) thresholding should be applied to compensate for prior class probabilities when overall number of properly classified cases is of interest.

随着深度学习技术的快速发展和计算能力的提高，深度学习已广泛应用于高光谱图像（HSI）分类领域。通常，深度学习模型通常包含许多可训练参数，并且需要大量标记的样品来实现最佳性能。然而，关于HSI分类，由于手动标记的难度和耗时的性质，大量标记的样本通常难以获取。因此，许多研究工作侧重于建立一个少数标记样本的HSI分类的深层学习模型。在本文中，我们专注于这一主题，并对相关文献提供系统审查。具体而言，本文的贡献是双重的。首先，相关方法的研究进展根据学习范式分类，包括转移学习，积极学习和少量学习。其次，已经进行了许多具有各种最先进的方法的实验，总结了结果以揭示潜在的研究方向。更重要的是，虽然深度学习模型（通常需要足够的标记样本）和具有少量标记样本的HSI场景之间存在巨大差距，但是通过深度学习融合，可以很好地表征小样本集的问题方法和相关技术，如转移学习和轻量级模型。为了再现性，可以在HTTPS://github.com/shuguoj/hsi-classification中找到纸张中评估的方法的源代码.git。

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

手写数字识别（HDR）是光学特征识别（OCR）领域中最具挑战性的任务之一。不管语言如何，HDR都存在一些固有的挑战，这主要是由于个人跨个人的写作风格的变化，编写媒介和环境的变化，无法在反复编写任何数字等时保持相同的笔触。除此之外，特定语言数字的结构复杂性可能会导致HDR的模棱两可。多年来，研究人员开发了许多离线和在线HDR管道，其中不同的图像处理技术与传统的机器学习（ML）基于基于的和/或基于深度学习（DL）的体系结构相结合。尽管文献中存在有关HDR的广泛审查研究的证据，例如：英语，阿拉伯语，印度，法尔西，中文等，但几乎没有对孟加拉人HDR（BHDR）的调查，这缺乏对孟加拉语HDR（BHDR）的研究，而这些调查缺乏对孟加拉语HDR（BHDR）的研究。挑战，基础识别过程以及可能的未来方向。在本文中，已经分析了孟加拉语手写数字的特征和固有的歧义，以及二十年来最先进的数据集的全面见解和离线BHDR的方法。此外，还详细讨论了一些涉及BHDR的现实应用特定研究。本文还将作为对离线BHDR背后科学感兴趣的研究人员的汇编，煽动了对相关研究的新途径的探索，这可能会进一步导致在不同应用领域对孟加拉语手写数字进行更好的离线认识。

Time Series Classification (TSC) is an important and challenging problem in data mining. With the increase of time series data availability, hundreds of TSC algorithms have been proposed. Among these methods, only a few have considered Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to perform this task. This is surprising as deep learning has seen very successful applications in the last years. DNNs have indeed revolutionized the field of computer vision especially with the advent of novel deeper architectures such as Residual and Convolutional Neural Networks. Apart from images, sequential data such as text and audio can also be processed with DNNs to reach state-of-the-art performance for document classification and speech recognition. In this article, we study the current state-ofthe-art performance of deep learning algorithms for TSC by presenting an empirical study of the most recent DNN architectures for TSC. We give an overview of the most successful deep learning applications in various time series domains under a unified taxonomy of DNNs for TSC. We also provide an open source deep learning framework to the TSC community where we implemented each of the compared approaches and evaluated them on a univariate TSC benchmark (the UCR/UEA archive) and 12 multivariate time series datasets. By training 8,730 deep learning models on 97 time series datasets, we propose the most exhaustive study of DNNs for TSC to date.

我们提出“ AITLAS：基准竞技场” - 一个开源基准测试框架，用于评估地球观察中图像分类的最新深度学习方法（EO）。为此，我们介绍了从九种不同的最先进的体系结构得出的400多个模型的全面比较分析，并将它们与来自22个具有不同尺寸的数据集的各种多级和多标签分类任务进行比较和属性。除了完全在这些数据集上训练的模型外，我们还基于在转移学习的背景下训练的模型，利用预训练的模型变体，因为通常在实践中执行。所有提出的方法都是一般的，可以轻松地扩展到本研究中未考虑的许多其他遥感图像分类任务。为了确保可重复性并促进更好的可用性和进一步的开发，所有实验资源在内的所有实验资源，包括训练的模型，模型配置和数据集的处理详细信息（以及用于培训和评估模型的相应拆分）都在存储库上公开可用：HTTPS ：//github.com/biasvariancelabs/aitlas-arena。

由于肿胀和病态增大，人体组织中组织的异常发育被称为肿瘤。它们主要被归类为良性和恶性。大脑中的肿瘤可能是致命的，因为它可能是癌性的，因此可以以附近的健康细胞为食并不断增加大小。这可能会影响大脑中软组织，神经细胞和小血管。因此，有必要以最高的精度在早期阶段检测和分类。脑肿瘤的大小和位置不同，这使得很难理解其性质。由于附近的健康细胞与肿瘤之间的相似性，即使使用先进的MRI（磁共振成像）技术，脑肿瘤的检测和分类过程也可能是一项繁重的任务。在本文中，我们使用Keras和Tensorflow来实施最先进的卷积神经网络（CNN）架构，例如EdgitionNetB0，Resnet50，Xpection，MobilenetV2和VGG16，使用转移学习来检测和分类三种类型的大脑肿瘤，即神经胶质瘤，脑膜瘤和垂体。我们使用的数据集由3264个2-D磁共振图像和4个类组成。由于数据集的尺寸较小，因此使用各种数据增强技术来增加数据集的大小。我们提出的方法不仅包括数据增强，而且还包括各种图像降级技术，头骨剥离，裁剪和偏置校正。在我们提出的工作效率NETB0体系结构中，最佳准确性为97.61％。本文的目的是区分正常和异常像素，并以更好的准确性对它们进行分类。

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.

Sunquakes are seismic emissions visible on the solar surface, associated with some solar flares. Although discovered in 1998, they have only recently become a more commonly detected phenomenon. Despite the availability of several manual detection guidelines, to our knowledge, the astrophysical data produced for sunquakes is new to the field of Machine Learning. Detecting sunquakes is a daunting task for human operators and this work aims to ease and, if possible, to improve their detection. Thus, we introduce a dataset constructed from acoustic egression-power maps of solar active regions obtained for Solar Cycles 23 and 24 using the holography method. We then present a pedagogical approach to the application of machine learning representation methods for sunquake detection using AutoEncoders, Contrastive Learning, Object Detection and recurrent techniques, which we enhance by introducing several custom domain-specific data augmentation transformations. We address the main challenges of the automated sunquake detection task, namely the very high noise patterns in and outside the active region shadow and the extreme class imbalance given by the limited number of frames that present sunquake signatures. With our trained models, we find temporal and spatial locations of peculiar acoustic emission and qualitatively associate them to eruptive and high energy emission. While noting that these models are still in a prototype stage and there is much room for improvement in metrics and bias levels, we hypothesize that their agreement on example use cases has the potential to enable detection of weak solar acoustic manifestations.

纯粹后的损害评估对于管理资源分配和执行有效响应至关重要。传统上，这种评估是通过野外侦察进行的，该侦察速度缓慢，危险且艰巨。取而代之的是，在本文中，我们进一步提出了通过卷积神经网络实施深度学习的想法，以便将建筑物的后卫星卫星图像分类为被洪水/损坏或未损坏的。该实验是在2017年哈维飓风之后使用的，该数据集采用了一个包含大休斯顿地区的纯种后卫星图像的数据集进行。本文实施了三个卷积神经网络模型体系结构，并配对了其他模型考虑，以实现高精度（超过99％），（超过99％），，超过99％），（超过99％）加强在殖民后灾难评估中有效使用机器学习。