随着经济和社会的增长,企业,尤其是在金融科技行业中,对客户收集,市场营销,反欺诈电话等对客户的需求不断增加。但是,大部分重复性和机械工作都占据了人类代理商的大部分时间,因此企业的设备和劳动力成本正在增加。同时,随着过去几十年来人工智能技术的发展,公司使用大数据和人工智能等新技术来增强呼叫业务的能力已变得非常普遍。智能出站机器人是人工智能技术在出站呼叫业务领域的典型应用。它主要用于与客户交流以实现某个目标。它具有低成本,高额重用和易于合规性的特征,这引起了行业的更多关注。目前,该行业有两种智能出站机器人,但他们俩仍然为改进留下了巨大的空间。其中一种是基于有限状态机,该机器依赖于跳跃条件和基于手动体验的相应节点的配置。这种智能出站机器人也称为基于流的机器人。例如,图\ ref {图:标签}中显示了基于流的机器人的工作模型的示意图。在每个回合中,机器人将用与每个节点相对应的单词回复用户。
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在本文中,我们提出了双工对话,这是一种多型,多模式的口语对话系统,使基于电话的代理能够与人类这样的客户互动。我们在电信中使用全双工的概念来证明人类般的互动体验应该是什么以及如何通过三个子任务实现平稳的转弯:用户状态检测,后拨频选择和驳船检测。此外,我们建议使用多模式数据增强的半监督学习,以利用未标记的数据来增加模型的概括。三个子任务的实验结果表明,与基准相比,所提出的方法可实现一致的改进。我们将双工对话部署到阿里巴巴智能客户服务,并在生产中分享经验教训。在线A/B实验表明,所提出的系统可以将响应潜伏期显着降低50%。
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Any organization needs to improve their products, services, and processes. In this context, engaging with customers and understanding their journey is essential. Organizations have leveraged various techniques and technologies to support customer engagement, from call centres to chatbots and virtual agents. Recently, these systems have used Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze large volumes of customer feedback and engagement data. The goal is to understand customers in context and provide meaningful answers across various channels. Despite multiple advances in Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Recommender Systems (RS), it is still challenging to understand the intent behind customer questions during the customer journey. To address this challenge, in this paper, we study and analyze the recent work in Conversational Recommender Systems (CRS) in general and, more specifically, in chatbot-based CRS. We introduce a pipeline to contextualize the input utterances in conversations. We then take the next step towards leveraging reverse feature engineering to link the contextualized input and learning model to support intent recognition. Since performance evaluation is achieved based on different ML models, we use transformer base models to evaluate the proposed approach using a labelled dialogue dataset (MSDialogue) of question-answering interactions between information seekers and answer providers.
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Recently, spoken dialogue systems have been widely deployed in a variety of applications, serving a huge number of end-users. A common issue is that the errors resulting from noisy utterances, semantic misunderstandings, or lack of knowledge make it hard for a real system to respond properly, possibly leading to an unsatisfactory user experience. To avoid such a case, we consider a proactive interaction mechanism where the system predicts the user satisfaction with the candidate response before giving it to the user. If the user is not likely to be satisfied according to the prediction, the system will ask the user a suitable question to determine the real intent of the user instead of providing the response directly. With such an interaction with the user, the system can give a better response to the user. Previous models that predict the user satisfaction are not applicable to DuerOS which is a large-scale commercial dialogue system. They are based on hand-crafted features and thus can hardly learn the complex patterns lying behind millions of conversations and temporal dependency in multiple turns of the conversation. Moreover, they are trained and evaluated on the benchmark datasets with adequate labels, which are expensive to obtain in a commercial dialogue system. To face these challenges, we propose a pipeline to predict the user satisfaction to help DuerOS decide whether to ask for clarification in each turn. Specifically, we propose to first generate a large number of weak labels and then train a transformer-based model to predict the user satisfaction with these weak labels. Empirically, we deploy and evaluate our model on DuerOS, and observe a 19% relative improvement on the accuracy of user satisfaction prediction and 2.3% relative improvement on user experience.
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以任务为导向的对话系统(TDSS)主要在离线设置或人类评估中评估。评估通常仅限于单转或非常耗时。作为替代方案,模拟用户行为的用户模拟器使我们能够考虑一组广泛的用户目标,以生成类似人类的对话以进行模拟评估。使用现有的用户模拟器来评估TDSS是具有挑战性的,因为用户模拟器主要旨在优化TDSS的对话策略,并且评估功能有限。此外,对用户模拟器的评估是一个开放的挑战。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个用于端到端TDS评估的隐喻用户模拟器,如果它在与系统的交互中模拟用户的类似思维,则定义模拟器是隐喻的。我们还提出了一个基于测试人员的评估框架,以生成变体,即具有不同功能的对话系统。我们的用户模拟器构建了一个隐喻的用户模型,该模型通过参考遇到新项目时的先验知识来帮助模拟器进行推理。我们通过检查模拟器与变体之间的模拟相互作用来估计模拟器的质量。我们的实验是使用三个TDS数据集进行的。与基于议程的模拟器和三个数据集上的SEQ2SEQ模型相比,隐喻用户模拟器与手动评估的一致性更好。我们的测试人员框架展示了效率,并且可以更好地概括和可扩展性,因为它可以适用于多个域中的对话和多个任务,例如对话建议和电子商务对话。
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在口头对话系统中,我们的目标是部署人工智能,以建立可以与人类交流的自动化对话剂。对话系统越来越多地旨在超越仅仅模仿对话,而且随着时间的推移,这些交互也会改善。在本次调查中,我们概述了多年来制定对话系统的方法的广泛概述。对话系统的不同用例范围从基于任务的系统到开放域聊天动机和需要特定的系统。从简单的规则的系统开始,研究已经朝着越来越复杂的建筑培训,这些建筑在大规模的数据集语料库中培训,如深度学习系统。激进了类似人类对话的直觉,通过加强学习将情绪纳入自然语言发生器的进展。虽然我们看到对某些指标的高度边际改善的趋势,但我们发现指标存在有限的理由,评估实践并不统一。要得出结论,我们标志着这些问题并突出了可能的研究方向。
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The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.
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以任务为导向的对话系统(TODS)继续升高,因为各种行业发现有效地利用其能力,节省时间和金钱。然而,即使是最先进的TOD尚未达到其全部潜力。TOD通常具有主要设计专注于完成手头的任务,因此任务分辨率的度量应优先考虑。可能会忽略可能指向对话的其他可能指向成功或其他方面的会话质量属性。这可能导致人类和对话系统之间的相互作用,让用户不满意或沮丧。本文探讨了对话系统的评价框架的文献,以及对话系统中的会话质量属性的作用,看起来,如何以及在与对话系统的性能相关的情况下,如何相关。
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Negotiation is one of the crucial abilities in human communication, and there has been a resurgent research interest in negotiation dialogue systems recently, which goal is to empower intelligent agents with such ability that can efficiently help humans resolve conflicts or reach beneficial agreements. Although there have been many explorations in negotiation dialogue systems, a systematic review of this task has to date remained notably absent. To this end, we aim to fill this gap by reviewing contemporary studies in the emerging field of negotiation dialogue systems, covering benchmarks, evaluations, and methodologies. Furthermore, we also discuss potential future directions, including multi-modal, multi-party, and cross-cultural negotiation scenarios. Our goal is to provide the community with a systematic overview of negotiation dialogue systems and to inspire future research.
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通过整合人类的知识和经验,人在循环旨在以最低成本培训准确的预测模型。人类可以为机器学习应用提供培训数据,并直接完成在基于机器的方法中对管道中计算机中的难以实现的任务。在本文中,我们从数据的角度调查了人类循环的现有工作,并将它们分为三类具有渐进关系:(1)从数据处理中提高模型性能的工作,(2)通过介入模型培训提高模型性能,(3)系统的设计独立于循环的设计。使用上述分类,我们总结了该领域的主要方法;随着他们的技术优势/弱点以及自然语言处理,计算机愿景等的简单分类和讨论。此外,我们提供了一些开放的挑战和机遇。本调查打算为人类循环提供高级别的摘要,并激励有兴趣的读者,以考虑设计有效的循环解决方案的方法。
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最近,通过“向导”模拟游戏收集了一类以任务为导向的对话(TOD)数据集。但是,《巫师》数据实际上是模拟的数据,因此与现实生活中的对话根本不同,这些对话更加嘈杂和随意。最近,Seretod挑战赛是组织的,并发布了Mobilecs数据集,该数据集由来自中国移动的真实用户和客户服务人员之间的真实世界对话框组成。基于Mobilecs数据集,Seretod挑战具有两个任务,不仅评估了对话系统本身的构建,而且还检查了对话框成绩单中的信息提取,这对于建立TOD的知识库至关重要。本文主要介绍了Mobilecs数据集对这两项任务的基线研究。我们介绍了如何构建两个基线,遇到的问题以及结果。我们预计基线可以促进令人兴奋的未来研究,以建立针对现实生活任务的人类机器人对话系统。
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Empathy is a vital factor that contributes to mutual understanding, and joint problem-solving. In recent years, a growing number of studies have recognized the benefits of empathy and started to incorporate empathy in conversational systems. We refer to this topic as empathetic conversational systems. To identify the critical gaps and future opportunities in this topic, this paper examines this rapidly growing field using five review dimensions: (i) conceptual empathy models and frameworks, (ii) adopted empathy-related concepts, (iii) datasets and algorithmic techniques developed, (iv) evaluation strategies, and (v) state-of-the-art approaches. The findings show that most studies have centered on the use of the EMPATHETICDIALOGUES dataset, and the text-based modality dominates research in this field. Studies mainly focused on extracting features from the messages of the users and the conversational systems, with minimal emphasis on user modeling and profiling. Notably, studies that have incorporated emotion causes, external knowledge, and affect matching in the response generation models, have obtained significantly better results. For implementation in diverse real-world settings, we recommend that future studies should address key gaps in areas of detecting and authenticating emotions at the entity level, handling multimodal inputs, displaying more nuanced empathetic behaviors, and encompassing additional dialogue system features.
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面向任务导向的对话系统已经受到获得大规模和高质量的注释对话的困难困扰。此外,大多数公开的数据集仅包括书面对话,这不足以反映实际口头对话系统中的实际人类行为。在本文中,我们提出了面向任务的对话数据增强(TOD-DA),这是一种新型模型 - 不可知的数据增强范例,以提高面向任务对话建模的鲁棒性。 TOD-DA由两个模块组成:1)对话丰富,以扩展关于易于执行数据稀疏性的任务对话的培训数据,用于宽松数据稀疏性和2)口语对话模拟器,以模仿各种粒度的口语样式表达和语音识别错误,以弥合书面之间的差距和口头对话。通过这样的设计,我们的方法在DSTC10 Track2的两个任务中排名第一,这是针对口语对话的任务对话建模的基准,展示了我们提出的TOD-DA的优势和有效性。
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虚拟支持代理商已经普及,作为企业提供更好,更可访问的客户服务的一种方式。此域中的一些挑战包括模糊的用户查询以及更改支持主题和用户行为(非实用性)。但是,我们这样做可以访问用户提供的部分反馈(点击,调查和其他事件),这些反馈可以利用来改善用户体验。适应的学习技术,如上下文匪徒,是对这个问题设置的自然拟合。在本文中,我们讨论了Microsoft Virtual代理的上下文匪徒(CB)的实际实现。它包括基于神经线性匪徒(NLB)和基于多武装匪徒(MAB)集合的内容建议的意图消歧。我们的解决方案已部署到生产并改进了Microsoft虚拟代理的关键业务指标,由A / B实验确认。结果包括问题分辨率的相对增加12%,并且对人类运营商的升级相对减少超过4%。虽然我们目前的用例侧重于Intent消费歧义和支持机器人的上下文建议,但我们认为我们的方法可以扩展到其他域。
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与具有粗粒度信息的Crosswoz(中文)和多发性(英文)数据集相比,没有数据集,可以正确处理细粒度和分层级别信息。在本文中,我们在香港发布了一份粤语知识驱动的对话数据集(KDDRES),将多转谈话中的信息放在一个特定的餐厅。我们的语料库包含0.8k次谈话,它来自10家餐厅,提供不同地区的各种风格。除此之外,我们还设计了细粒度的插槽和意图,以更好地捕获语义信息。基准实验和数据统计分析显示了我们数据集的多样性和丰富的注释。我们认为,KDDRE的出版可以是当前对话数据集的必要补充,以及社会中小企业(中小企业)更适合和更有价值,如为每家餐馆建立定制的对话系统。语料库和基准模型是公开可用的。
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旨在用自然语言和谐地与人类交流的智能对话体系对于促进人工智能时代的人机互动的发展非常出色。有了逐渐复杂的人类计算机交互要求(例如,多模式输入,时间敏感性),传统的基于文本的对话系统很难满足对更加生动和方便的交互的需求。因此,视觉背景增强对话系统(VAD)有可能通过感知和理解多模式信息(即图像或视频中的视觉上下文,文本对话历史记录)与人类进行交流,已成为主要的研究范式。 VAD受益于视觉和文本上下文之间的一致性和互补性,具有产生引人入胜和背景感知响应的潜力。为了描述VAD的开发,我们首先表征VAD的概念和独特功能,然后介绍其通用系统体系结构以说明系统工作流程。随后,对一些研究挑战和代表性作品进行了详细研究,然后进行了权威基准摘要。我们通过提出一些开放问题和有前途的VAD研究趋势来结束本文,例如,在跨模式对话环境下,人机对话的认知机制以及知识增强的跨模式语义互动。
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在本文中,我们建议将面向任务导向的对话系统作为纯粹的自然语言生成任务,以便充分利用像GPT-2这样的大规模预训练模型,并简化了复杂的光学化预备。然而,直接应用这种方法严重遭受了通过删除了替代令牌而导致的对话实体不一致,以及在微调期间灾害模型的灾难性遗忘问题,导致表现不令人满意。为了缓解这些问题,我们设计了一种新颖的GPT-Adapter-CopyNet网络,它将轻量级适配器和CopyNet模块包含到GPT-2中,以实现转移学习和对话实体生成的更好性能。在DSTC8轨道1基准和多种数据集上进行的实验结果表明,我们的建议方法显着优于基线模型,在自动和人类评估中具有显着性能。
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The advances in language-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies applied to build educational applications can present AI for social-good opportunities with a broader positive impact. Across many disciplines, enhancing the quality of mathematics education is crucial in building critical thinking and problem-solving skills at younger ages. Conversational AI systems have started maturing to a point where they could play a significant role in helping students learn fundamental math concepts. This work presents a task-oriented Spoken Dialogue System (SDS) built to support play-based learning of basic math concepts for early childhood education. The system has been evaluated via real-world deployments at school while the students are practicing early math concepts with multimodal interactions. We discuss our efforts to improve the SDS pipeline built for math learning, for which we explore utilizing MathBERT representations for potential enhancement to the Natural Language Understanding (NLU) module. We perform an end-to-end evaluation using real-world deployment outputs from the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Intent Recognition, and Dialogue Manager (DM) components to understand how error propagation affects the overall performance in real-world scenarios.
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我们展示了一个讲故事机器人,通过ACT-R认知架构控制,能够采用不同的说服技术和道德阶段,同时对关于Covid-19的一些主题进行交谈。论文的主要贡献包括在对话期间,在代理程序内记忆中可用的有说服力技术的使用(如果有)使用(如果有的话)的需求驱动模型的提议。在这种模型中测试的说服技术组合从使用讲故事,以绘制技术和基于修辞的参数。据我们所知,这代表了建立一个有说服力的代理商,能够整合关于对话管理,讲故事和说服技术以及道德态度的明确接地的认知假设的混合。本文介绍了63名参与者对系统的探索性评估结果
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如何有效地构建和使用对话数据,以及如何在不同域中在不同域中部署模型可能是建立面向任务的对话系统的两个关键问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的手动指导对话方案,以减轻这些问题,在该方案中,代理商从对话和手册中学习任务。该手册是一个非结构化的文本文档,可指导代理在对话过程中与用户和数据库进行交互。我们提出的方案降低了对话模型对细粒领域本体的依赖性,并使它们更灵活以适应各种领域。然后,我们为完全注销的多域数据集Magdial贡献以支持我们的方案。它介绍了三个对话建模子任务:指令匹配,参数填充和响应生成。对这些子任务进行建模与人类代理的行为模式一致。实验表明,手动引导对话方案提高了构建对话系统中的数据效率和域可伸缩性。数据集和基准将公开用于促进未来的研究。
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