提高GCN的深度（预计将允许更多表达性）显示出损害性能，尤其是在节点分类上。原因的主要原因在于过度平滑。过度平滑的问题将GCN的输出驱动到一个在节点之间包含有限的区别信息的空间，从而导致表现不佳。已经提出了一些有关完善GCN架构的作品，但理论上仍然未知这些改进是否能够缓解过度平衡。在本文中，我们首先从理论上分析了通用GCN如何与深度增加的作用，包括通用GCN，GCN，具有偏见，RESGCN和APPNP。我们发现所有这些模型都以通用过程为特征：所有节点融合到Cuboid。在该定理下，我们建议通过在每个训练时期随机去除一定数量的边缘来减轻过度光滑的状态。从理论上讲，Dropedge可以降低过度平滑的收敛速度，或者可以减轻尺寸崩溃引起的信息损失。对模拟数据集的实验评估已可视化不同GCN之间过度平滑的差异。此外，对几个真正的基准支持的广泛实验，这些实验始终如一地改善各种浅GCN和深度GCN的性能。

Over-fitting and over-smoothing are two main obstacles of developing deep Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) for node classification. In particular, over-fitting weakens the generalization ability on small dataset, while over-smoothing impedes model training by isolating output representations from the input features with the increase in network depth. This paper proposes DropEdge, a novel and flexible technique to alleviate both issues. At its core, DropEdge randomly removes a certain number of edges from the input graph at each training epoch, acting like a data augmenter and also a message passing reducer. Furthermore, we theoretically demonstrate that DropEdge either reduces the convergence speed of over-smoothing or relieves the information loss caused by it. More importantly, our DropEdge is a general skill that can be equipped with many other backbone models (e.g. GCN, ResGCN, GraphSAGE, and JKNet) for enhanced performance. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks verify that DropEdge consistently improves the performance on a variety of both shallow and deep GCNs. The effect of DropEdge on preventing over-smoothing is empirically visualized and validated as well. Codes are released on https://github.com/DropEdge/DropEdge.

过度平滑是一个具有挑战性的问题，这会降低深图卷积网络（GCNS）的性能。然而，用于缓解过度平滑问题的现有研究缺乏一般性或有效性。在本文中，我们分析了过度平滑问题背后的潜在问题，即特征 - 多样性退化，梯度消失和模型重量衰减。灵感来自于此，我们提出了一个简单而有效的即插即用模块，速度，缓解过度平滑。具体地，对于GCN模型的每个中间层，随机地（或基于节点度）选择节点以通过直接向非线性函数馈送它们的输入特征来跳过卷积操作。分析，1）跳过卷积操作可以防止特征失去多样性; 2）“跳过”节点使能梯度直接传递回来，从而减轻梯度消失和模型权重过腐蚀问题。为了展示Skipnode的优越性，我们对九个流行的数据集进行了广泛的实验，包括同性恋和异化图，在两个典型的任务上具有不同的图表大小：节点分类和链路预测。具体而言，1）SkipNode具有适应不同数据集和任务的各种基于GCN的模型的普遍性。 2）Skipnode优于最近最先进的反平滑插头 - 播放模块，即DropEdge和Dropnode，在不同的设置中。代码将在GitHub上公开提供。

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) are a powerful deep learning approach for graph-structured data. Recently, GCNs and subsequent variants have shown superior performance in various application areas on real-world datasets. Despite their success, most of the current GCN models are shallow, due to the over-smoothing problem.In this paper, we study the problem of designing and analyzing deep graph convolutional networks. We propose the GCNII, an extension of the vanilla GCN model with two simple yet effective techniques: Initial residual and Identity mapping. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that the two techniques effectively relieves the problem of over-smoothing. Our experiments show that the deep GCNII model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on various semi-and fullsupervised tasks. Code is available at https: //github.com/chennnM/GCNII.

Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.

Graph Neural Networks (graph NNs) are a promising deep learning approach for analyzing graph-structured data. However, it is known that they do not improve (or sometimes worsen) their predictive performance as we pile up many layers and add non-lineality. To tackle this problem, we investigate the expressive power of graph NNs via their asymptotic behaviors as the layer size tends to infinity. Our strategy is to generalize the forward propagation of a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), which is a popular graph NN variant, as a specific dynamical system. In the case of a GCN, we show that when its weights satisfy the conditions determined by the spectra of the (augmented) normalized Laplacian, its output exponentially approaches the set of signals that carry information of the connected components and node degrees only for distinguishing nodes. Our theory enables us to relate the expressive power of GCNs with the topological information of the underlying graphs inherent in the graph spectra. To demonstrate this, we characterize the asymptotic behavior of GCNs on the Erdős -Rényi graph. We show that when the Erdős -Rényi graph is sufficiently dense and large, a broad range of GCNs on it suffers from the "information loss" in the limit of infinite layers with high probability. Based on the theory, we provide a principled guideline for weight normalization of graph NNs. We experimentally confirm that the proposed weight scaling enhances the predictive performance of GCNs in real data 1 .

Graph neural networks have shown significant success in the field of graph representation learning. Graph convolutions perform neighborhood aggregation and represent one of the most important graph operations. Nevertheless, one layer of these neighborhood aggregation methods only consider immediate neighbors, and the performance decreases when going deeper to enable larger receptive fields. Several recent studies attribute this performance deterioration to the over-smoothing issue, which states that repeated propagation makes node representations of different classes indistinguishable. In this work, we study this observation systematically and develop new insights towards deeper graph neural networks. First, we provide a systematical analysis on this issue and argue that the key factor compromising the performance significantly is the entanglement of representation transformation and propagation in current graph convolution operations. After decoupling these two operations, deeper graph neural networks can be used to learn graph node representations from larger receptive fields. We further provide a theoretical analysis of the above observation when building very deep models, which can serve as a rigorous and gentle description of the over-smoothing issue. Based on our theoretical and empirical analysis, we propose Deep Adaptive Graph Neural Network (DAGNN) to adaptively incorporate information from large receptive fields. A set of experiments on citation, coauthorship, and co-purchase datasets have confirmed our analysis and insights and demonstrated the superiority of our proposed methods. CCS CONCEPTS• Mathematics of computing → Graph algorithms; • Computing methodologies → Artificial intelligence; Neural networks.

图表神经网络（GNNS）在各种机器学习任务中获得了表示学习的提高。然而，应用邻域聚合的大多数现有GNN通常在图中的图表上执行不良，其中相邻的节点属于不同的类。在本文中，我们示出了在典型的异界图中，边缘可以被引导，以及是否像是处理边缘，也可以使它们过度地影响到GNN模型的性能。此外，由于异常的限制，节点对来自本地邻域之外的类似节点的消息非常有益。这些激励我们开发一个自适应地学习图表的方向性的模型，并利用潜在的长距离相关性节点之间。我们首先将图拉普拉斯概括为基于所提出的特征感知PageRank算法向数字化，该算法同时考虑节点之间的图形方向性和长距离特征相似性。然后，Digraph Laplacian定义了一个图形传播矩阵，导致一个名为{\ em diglaciangcn}的模型。基于此，我们进一步利用节点之间的通勤时间测量的节点接近度，以便在拓扑级别上保留节点的远距离相关性。具有不同级别的10个数据集的广泛实验，同意级别展示了我们在节点分类任务任务中对现有解决方案的有效性。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for graph representation learning. Despite their rapid development, GNNs also face some challenges, such as over-fitting, over-smoothing, and non-robustness. Previous works indicate that these problems can be alleviated by random dropping methods, which integrate augmented data into models by randomly masking parts of the input. However, some open problems of random dropping on GNNs remain to be solved. First, it is challenging to find a universal method that are suitable for all cases considering the divergence of different datasets and models. Second, augmented data introduced to GNNs causes the incomplete coverage of parameters and unstable training process. Third, there is no theoretical analysis on the effectiveness of random dropping methods on GNNs. In this paper, we propose a novel random dropping method called DropMessage, which performs dropping operations directly on the propagated messages during the message-passing process. More importantly, we find that DropMessage provides a unified framework for most existing random dropping methods, based on which we give theoretical analysis of their effectiveness. Furthermore, we elaborate the superiority of DropMessage: it stabilizes the training process by reducing sample variance; it keeps information diversity from the perspective of information theory, enabling it become a theoretical upper bound of other methods. To evaluate our proposed method, we conduct experiments that aims for multiple tasks on five public datasets and two industrial datasets with various backbone models. The experimental results show that DropMessage has the advantages of both effectiveness and generalization, and can significantly alleviate the problems mentioned above.

Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.

图表是一个宇宙数据结构，广泛用于组织现实世界中的数据。像交通网络，社交和学术网络这样的各种实际网络网络可以由图表代表。近年来，目睹了在网络中代表顶点的快速发展，进入低维矢量空间，称为网络表示学习。表示学习可以促进图形数据上的新算法的设计。在本调查中，我们对网络代表学习的当前文献进行了全面审查。现有算法可以分为三组：浅埋模型，异构网络嵌入模型，图形神经网络的模型。我们为每个类别审查最先进的算法，并讨论这些算法之间的基本差异。调查的一个优点是，我们系统地研究了不同类别的算法底层的理论基础，这提供了深入的见解，以更好地了解网络表示学习领域的发展。

图表神经网络（GNNS）在图形结构数据的表现中表现出巨大的成功。在捕获图形拓扑中，GNN中的层展图表卷积显示为强大。在此过程中，GNN通常由预定义的内核引导，例如拉普拉斯矩阵，邻接矩阵或其变体。但是，预定义的内核的采用可能会限制不同图形的必要性：图形和内核之间的不匹配将导致次优性能。例如，当高频信息对于图表具有重要意义时，聚焦在低频信息上的GNN可能无法实现令人满意的性能，反之亦然。为了解决这个问题，在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的框架 - 即，即Adaptive Kernel图神经网络（AKGNN） - 这将在第一次尝试时以统一的方式适应最佳图形内核。在所提出的AKGNN中，我们首先设计一种数据驱动的图形内核学习机制，它通过修改图拉普拉斯的最大特征值来自适应地调制全通过和低通滤波器之间的平衡。通过此过程，AKGNN了解高频信号之间的最佳阈值以减轻通用问题。稍后，我们通过参数化技巧进一步减少参数的数量，并通过全局读出功能增强富有表现力。在确认的基准数据集中进行了广泛的实验，并且有希望的结果通过与最先进的GNNS比较，展示了我们所提出的Akgnn的出色表现。源代码在公开上可用：https://github.com/jumxglhf/akgnn。

图形神经网络（GNNS）对图表上的半监督节点分类展示了卓越的性能，结果是它们能够同时利用节点特征和拓扑信息的能力。然而，大多数GNN隐含地假设曲线图中的节点和其邻居的标签是相同或一致的，其不包含在异质图中，其中链接节点的标签可能不同。因此，当拓扑是非信息性的标签预测时，普通的GNN可以显着更差，而不是在每个节点上施加多层Perceptrons（MLPS）。为了解决上述问题，我们提出了一种新的$ -laplacian基于GNN模型，称为$ ^ P $ GNN，其消息传递机制来自离散正则化框架，并且可以理论上解释为多项式图的近似值在$ p $ -laplacians的频谱域上定义过滤器。光谱分析表明，新的消息传递机制同时用作低通和高通滤波器，从而使$ ^ P $ GNNS对同性恋和异化图有效。关于现实世界和合成数据集的实证研究验证了我们的调查结果，并证明了$ ^ P $ GNN明显优于异交基准的几个最先进的GNN架构，同时在同性恋基准上实现竞争性能。此外，$ ^ p $ gnns可以自适应地学习聚合权重，并且对嘈杂的边缘具有强大。

由于学习节点表示的优越性，图形神经网络（GNNS）受到了巨大的关注。这些模型依赖于消息传递和特征转换功能来从邻居编码结构和功能信息。然而，堆叠更多的卷积层显着降低了GNN的性能。大多数最近的研究将此限制属于过平滑问题，其中节点嵌入式会聚到无法区分的向量。通过许多实验观察，我们认为，主要因素降低性能是不稳定的正向标准化和后向梯度因特征变换的不当设计而导致的，尤其是对于未发生过平滑的浅GNN。因此，我们提出了一个名为Ortho-GConv的新型正交特征转换，这通常可以增加现有的GNN骨干，以稳定模型训练并改善模型的泛化性能。具体地，我们从三个视角综合地维持特征变换的正交性，即混合权重初始化，正交变换和正交正规。通过用ortho-gconv配备现有的GNN（例如GCN，JKNET，GCNII），我们展示了正交特征变换的一般性以实现稳定训练，并显示其对节点和图形分类任务的有效性。

作为建模复杂关系的强大工具，HyperGraphs从图表学习社区中获得了流行。但是，深度刻画学习中的常用框架专注于具有边缘独立的顶点权重（EIVW）的超图，而无需考虑具有具有更多建模功率的边缘依赖性顶点权重（EDVWS）的超图。为了弥补这一点，我们提出了一般的超图光谱卷积（GHSC），这是一个通用学习框架，不仅可以处理EDVW和EIVW HyperGraphs，而且更重要的是，理论上可以明确地利用现有强大的图形卷积神经网络（GCNN）明确说明，从而很大程度上可以释放。超图神经网络的设计。在此框架中，给定的无向GCNN的图形拉普拉斯被统一的HyperGraph Laplacian替换，该统一的HyperGraph Laplacian通过将我们所定义的广义超透明牌与简单的无向图等同起来，从随机的步行角度将顶点权重信息替换。来自各个领域的广泛实验，包括社交网络分析，视觉目标分类和蛋白质学习，证明了拟议框架的最新性能。

A prominent paradigm for graph neural networks is based on the message passing framework. In this framework, information communication is realized only between neighboring nodes. The challenge of approaches that use this paradigm is to ensure efficient and accurate \textit{long distance communication} between nodes, as deep convolutional networks are prone to over-smoothing. In this paper, we present a novel method based on time derivative graph diffusion (TIDE), with a learnable time parameter. Our approach allows to adapt the spatial extent of diffusion across different tasks and network channels, thus enabling medium and long-distance communication efficiently. Furthermore, we show that our architecture directly enables local message passing and thus inherits from the expressive power of local message passing approaches. We show that on widely used graph benchmarks we achieve comparable performance and on a synthetic mesh dataset we outperform state-of-the-art methods like GCN or GRAND by a significant margin.

Deep learning has been shown to be successful in a number of domains, ranging from acoustics, images, to natural language processing. However, applying deep learning to the ubiquitous graph data is non-trivial because of the unique characteristics of graphs. Recently, substantial research efforts have been devoted to applying deep learning methods to graphs, resulting in beneficial advances in graph analysis techniques. In this survey, we comprehensively review the different types of deep learning methods on graphs. We divide the existing methods into five categories based on their model architectures and training strategies: graph recurrent neural networks, graph convolutional networks, graph autoencoders, graph reinforcement learning, and graph adversarial methods. We then provide a comprehensive overview of these methods in a systematic manner mainly by following their development history. We also analyze the differences and compositions of different methods. Finally, we briefly outline the applications in which they have been used and discuss potential future research directions.

图表可以模拟实体之间的复杂交互，它在许多重要的应用程序中自然出现。这些应用程序通常可以投入到标准图形学习任务中，其中关键步骤是学习低维图表示。图形神经网络（GNN）目前是嵌入方法中最受欢迎的模型。然而，邻域聚合范例中的标准GNN患有区分\ EMPH {高阶}图形结构的有限辨别力，而不是\ EMPH {低位}结构。为了捕获高阶结构，研究人员求助于主题和开发的基于主题的GNN。然而，现有的基于主基的GNN仍然仍然遭受较少的辨别力的高阶结构。为了克服上述局限性，我们提出了一个新颖的框架，以更好地捕获高阶结构的新框架，铰接于我们所提出的主题冗余最小化操作员和注射主题组合的新颖框架。首先，MGNN生成一组节点表示W.R.T.每个主题。下一阶段是我们在图案中提出的冗余最小化，该主题在彼此相互比较并蒸馏出每个主题的特征。最后，MGNN通过组合来自不同图案的多个表示来执行节点表示的更新。特别地，为了增强鉴别的功率，MGNN利用重新注射功能来组合表示的函数w.r.t.不同的主题。我们进一步表明，我们的拟议体系结构增加了GNN的表现力，具有理论分析。我们展示了MGNN在节点分类和图形分类任务上的七个公共基准上表现出最先进的方法。

尽管在深度学习的其他应用领域中取得了非常深的架构，但流行的图神经网络是浅层模型。这降低了建模能力，并使模型无法捕获远程关系。浅设计的主要原因是过度平滑的，这导致节点状态随着深度的增加而变得更加相似。我们建立在GNNS和Pagerank之间的紧密联系的基础上，为此，个性化的Pagerank介绍了对个性化向量的考虑。通过这个想法，我们提出了个性化的Pagerank图神经网络（PPRGNN），该神经网络将图形卷积网络扩展到无限深度模型，该模型有机会将邻居聚集重置回每个迭代中的初始状态。我们引入了一个很好的解释调整，以重置重置并证明我们的方法与独特解决方案的收敛性，而无需放置任何限制，即使无限地进行了许多邻居聚集。与个性化的Pagerank一样，我们的结果不会过度光滑。在这样做的同时，在我们保持内存复杂性恒定的同时，时间复杂性保持线性，而与网络的深度无关，使其比较大图。我们从经验上展示了方法对各种节点和图形分类任务的有效性。在几乎所有情况下，PPRGNN优于可比较的方法。

本文提出了FLGC，这是一个简单但有效的全线性图形卷积网络，用于半监督和无人监督的学习。基于计算具有解耦步骤的全局最优闭合液解决方案而不是使用梯度下降，而不是使用梯度下降。我们展示（1）FLGC强大的是处理图形结构化数据和常规数据，（2）具有闭合形式解决方案的训练图卷积模型提高了计算效率而不会降低性能，而（3）FLGC作为自然概括非欧几里德域的经典线性模型，例如Ridge回归和子空间聚类。此外，我们通过引入初始剩余策略来实现半监督的FLGC和无监督的FLGC，使FLGC能够聚集长距离邻域并减轻过平滑。我们将我们的半监督和无人监督的FLGC与各种分类和聚类基准的许多最先进的方法进行比较，表明建议的FLGC模型在准确性，鲁棒性和学习效率方面始终如一地优于先前的方法。我们的FLGC的核心代码在https://github.com/angrycai/flgc下发布。