本文提出了FLGC,这是一个简单但有效的全线性图形卷积网络,用于半监督和无人监督的学习。基于计算具有解耦步骤的全局最优闭合液解决方案而不是使用梯度下降,而不是使用梯度下降。我们展示(1)FLGC强大的是处理图形结构化数据和常规数据,(2)具有闭合形式解决方案的训练图卷积模型提高了计算效率而不会降低性能,而(3)FLGC作为自然概括非欧几里德域的经典线性模型,例如Ridge回归和子空间聚类。此外,我们通过引入初始剩余策略来实现半监督的FLGC和无监督的FLGC,使FLGC能够聚集长距离邻域并减轻过平滑。我们将我们的半监督和无人监督的FLGC与各种分类和聚类基准的许多最先进的方法进行比较,表明建议的FLGC模型在准确性,鲁棒性和学习效率方面始终如一地优于先前的方法。我们的FLGC的核心代码在https://github.com/angrycai/flgc下发布。
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Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) and their variants have experienced significant attention and have become the de facto methods for learning graph representations. GCNs derive inspiration primarily from recent deep learning approaches, and as a result, may inherit unnecessary complexity and redundant computation. In this paper, we reduce this excess complexity through successively removing nonlinearities and collapsing weight matrices between consecutive layers. We theoretically analyze the resulting linear model and show that it corresponds to a fixed low-pass filter followed by a linear classifier. Notably, our experimental evaluation demonstrates that these simplifications do not negatively impact accuracy in many downstream applications. Moreover, the resulting model scales to larger datasets, is naturally interpretable, and yields up to two orders of magnitude speedup over FastGCN.
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Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) are a powerful deep learning approach for graph-structured data. Recently, GCNs and subsequent variants have shown superior performance in various application areas on real-world datasets. Despite their success, most of the current GCN models are shallow, due to the over-smoothing problem.In this paper, we study the problem of designing and analyzing deep graph convolutional networks. We propose the GCNII, an extension of the vanilla GCN model with two simple yet effective techniques: Initial residual and Identity mapping. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that the two techniques effectively relieves the problem of over-smoothing. Our experiments show that the deep GCNII model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on various semi-and fullsupervised tasks. Code is available at https: //github.com/chennnM/GCNII.
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Graph neural networks have shown significant success in the field of graph representation learning. Graph convolutions perform neighborhood aggregation and represent one of the most important graph operations. Nevertheless, one layer of these neighborhood aggregation methods only consider immediate neighbors, and the performance decreases when going deeper to enable larger receptive fields. Several recent studies attribute this performance deterioration to the over-smoothing issue, which states that repeated propagation makes node representations of different classes indistinguishable. In this work, we study this observation systematically and develop new insights towards deeper graph neural networks. First, we provide a systematical analysis on this issue and argue that the key factor compromising the performance significantly is the entanglement of representation transformation and propagation in current graph convolution operations. After decoupling these two operations, deeper graph neural networks can be used to learn graph node representations from larger receptive fields. We further provide a theoretical analysis of the above observation when building very deep models, which can serve as a rigorous and gentle description of the over-smoothing issue. Based on our theoretical and empirical analysis, we propose Deep Adaptive Graph Neural Network (DAGNN) to adaptively incorporate information from large receptive fields. A set of experiments on citation, coauthorship, and co-purchase datasets have confirmed our analysis and insights and demonstrated the superiority of our proposed methods. CCS CONCEPTS• Mathematics of computing → Graph algorithms; • Computing methodologies → Artificial intelligence; Neural networks.
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最近关于图表卷积网络(GCN)的研究表明,初始节点表示(即,第一次图卷积前的节点表示)很大程度上影响最终的模型性能。但是,在学习节点的初始表示时,大多数现有工作线性地组合了节点特征的嵌入,而不考虑特征之间的交互(或特征嵌入)。我们认为,当节点特征是分类时,例如,在许多实际应用程序中,如用户分析和推荐系统,功能交互通常会对预测分析进行重要信号。忽略它们将导致次优初始节点表示,从而削弱后续图表卷积的有效性。在本文中,我们提出了一个名为CatGCN的新GCN模型,当节点功能是分类时,为图表学习量身定制。具体地,我们将显式交互建模的两种方式集成到初始节点表示的学习中,即在每对节点特征上的本地交互建模和人工特征图上的全局交互建模。然后,我们通过基于邻域聚合的图形卷积来优化增强的初始节点表示。我们以端到端的方式训练CatGCN,并在半监督节点分类上展示它。来自腾讯和阿里巴巴数据集的三个用户分析的三个任务(预测用户年龄,城市和购买级别)的大量实验验证了CatGCN的有效性,尤其是在图表卷积之前执行特征交互建模的积极效果。
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最近,图形神经网络(GNN)通过利用图形结构和节点特征的知识来表现出图表表示的显着性能。但是,他们中的大多数都有两个主要限制。首先,GNN可以通过堆叠更多的层来学习高阶结构信息,但由于过度光滑的问题,无法处理较大的深度。其次,由于昂贵的计算成本和高内存使用情况,在大图上应用这些方法并不容易。在本文中,我们提出了节点自适应特征平滑(NAFS),这是一种简单的非参数方法,该方法构建了没有参数学习的节点表示。 NAFS首先通过特征平滑提取每个节点及其不同啤酒花的邻居的特征,然后自适应地结合了平滑的特征。此外,通过不同的平滑策略提取的平滑特征的合奏可以进一步增强构建的节点表示形式。我们在两个不同的应用程序方案上对四个基准数据集进行实验:节点群集和链接预测。值得注意的是,具有功能合奏的NAFS优于这些任务上最先进的GNN,并减轻上述大多数基于学习的GNN对应物的两个限制。
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消息传递已作为设计图形神经网络(GNN)的有效工具的发展。但是,消息传递的大多数现有方法简单地简单或平均所有相邻的功能更新节点表示。它们受到两个问题的限制,即(i)缺乏可解释性来识别对GNN的预测重要的节点特征,以及(ii)特征过度混合,导致捕获长期依赖和无能为力的过度平滑问题在异质或低同质的下方处理图。在本文中,我们提出了一个节点级胶囊图神经网络(NCGNN),以通过改进的消息传递方案来解决这些问题。具体而言,NCGNN表示节点为节点级胶囊组,其中每个胶囊都提取其相应节点的独特特征。对于每个节点级胶囊,开发了一个新颖的动态路由过程,以适应适当的胶囊,以从设计的图形滤波器确定的子图中聚集。 NCGNN聚集仅有利的胶囊并限制无关的消息,以避免交互节点的过度混合特征。因此,它可以缓解过度平滑的问题,并通过同粒或异质的图表学习有效的节点表示。此外,我们提出的消息传递方案本质上是可解释的,并免于复杂的事后解释,因为图形过滤器和动态路由过程确定了节点特征的子集,这对于从提取的子分类中的模型预测最为重要。关于合成和现实图形的广泛实验表明,NCGNN可以很好地解决过度光滑的问题,并为半监视的节点分类产生更好的节点表示。它的表现优于同质和异质的艺术状态。
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提高GCN的深度(预计将允许更多表达性)显示出损害性能,尤其是在节点分类上。原因的主要原因在于过度平滑。过度平滑的问题将GCN的输出驱动到一个在节点之间包含有限的区别信息的空间,从而导致表现不佳。已经提出了一些有关完善GCN架构的作品,但理论上仍然未知这些改进是否能够缓解过度平衡。在本文中,我们首先从理论上分析了通用GCN如何与深度增加的作用,包括通用GCN,GCN,具有偏见,RESGCN和APPNP。我们发现所有这些模型都以通用过程为特征:所有节点融合到Cuboid。在该定理下,我们建议通过在每个训练时期随机去除一定数量的边缘来减轻过度光滑的状态。从理论上讲,Dropedge可以降低过度平滑的收敛速度,或者可以减轻尺寸崩溃引起的信息损失。对模拟数据集的实验评估已可视化不同GCN之间过度平滑的差异。此外,对几个真正的基准支持的广泛实验,这些实验始终如一地改善各种浅GCN和深度GCN的性能。
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图形神经网络已成为从图形结构数据学习的不可缺少的工具之一,并且它们的实用性已在各种各样的任务中显示。近年来,建筑设计的巨大改进,导致各种预测任务的性能更好。通常,这些神经架构在同一层中使用可知的权重矩阵组合节点特征聚合和特征转换。这使得分析从各种跳过的节点特征和神经网络层的富有效力来挑战。由于不同的图形数据集显示在特征和类标签分布中的不同级别和异常级别,因此必须了解哪些特征对于没有任何先前信息的预测任务是重要的。在这项工作中,我们将节点特征聚合步骤和深度与图形神经网络分离,并经验分析了不同的聚合特征在预测性能中发挥作用。我们表明,并非通过聚合步骤生成的所有功能都很有用,并且通常使用这些较少的信息特征可能对GNN模型的性能有害。通过我们的实验,我们表明学习这些功能的某些子集可能会导致各种数据集的性能更好。我们建议使用Softmax作为常规器,并从不同跳距的邻居聚合的功能的“软选择器”;和L2 - GNN层的标准化。结合这些技术,我们呈现了一个简单浅的模型,特征选择图神经网络(FSGNN),并经验展示所提出的模型比九个基准数据集中的最先进的GNN模型实现了可比或甚至更高的准确性节点分类任务,具有显着的改进,可达51.1%。
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Graph convolution is the core of most Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and usually approximated by message passing between direct (one-hop) neighbors. In this work, we remove the restriction of using only the direct neighbors by introducing a powerful, yet spatially localized graph convolution: Graph diffusion convolution (GDC). GDC leverages generalized graph diffusion, examples of which are the heat kernel and personalized PageRank. It alleviates the problem of noisy and often arbitrarily defined edges in real graphs. We show that GDC is closely related to spectral-based models and thus combines the strengths of both spatial (message passing) and spectral methods. We demonstrate that replacing message passing with graph diffusion convolution consistently leads to significant performance improvements across a wide range of models on both supervised and unsupervised tasks and a variety of datasets. Furthermore, GDC is not limited to GNNs but can trivially be combined with any graph-based model or algorithm (e.g. spectral clustering) without requiring any changes to the latter or affecting its computational complexity. Our implementation is available online. 1
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Multi-view data containing complementary and consensus information can facilitate representation learning by exploiting the intact integration of multi-view features. Because most objects in real world often have underlying connections, organizing multi-view data as heterogeneous graphs is beneficial to extracting latent information among different objects. Due to the powerful capability to gather information of neighborhood nodes, in this paper, we apply Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) to cope with heterogeneous-graph data originating from multi-view data, which is still under-explored in the field of GCN. In order to improve the quality of network topology and alleviate the interference of noises yielded by graph fusion, some methods undertake sorting operations before the graph convolution procedure. These GCN-based methods generally sort and select the most confident neighborhood nodes for each vertex, such as picking the top-k nodes according to pre-defined confidence values. Nonetheless, this is problematic due to the non-differentiable sorting operators and inflexible graph embedding learning, which may result in blocked gradient computations and undesired performance. To cope with these issues, we propose a joint framework dubbed Multi-view Graph Convolutional Network with Differentiable Node Selection (MGCN-DNS), which is constituted of an adaptive graph fusion layer, a graph learning module and a differentiable node selection schema. MGCN-DNS accepts multi-channel graph-structural data as inputs and aims to learn more robust graph fusion through a differentiable neural network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by rigorous comparisons with considerable state-of-the-art approaches in terms of multi-view semi-supervised classification tasks.
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图表学习目的旨在将节点内容与图形结构集成以学习节点/图表示。然而,发现许多现有的图形学习方法在具有高异性级别的数据上不能很好地工作,这是不同类标签之间很大比例的边缘。解决这个问题的最新努力集中在改善消息传递机制上。但是,尚不清楚异质性是否确实会损害图神经网络(GNNS)的性能。关键是要展现一个节点与其直接邻居之间的关系,例如它们是异性还是同质性?从这个角度来看,我们在这里研究了杂质表示在披露连接节点之间的关系之前/之后的杂音表示的作用。特别是,我们提出了一个端到端框架,该框架既学习边缘的类型(即异性/同质性),并利用边缘类型的信息来提高图形神经网络的表现力。我们以两种不同的方式实施此框架。具体而言,为了避免通过异质边缘传递的消息,我们可以通过删除边缘分类器鉴定的异性边缘来优化图形结构。另外,可以利用有关异性邻居的存在的信息进行特征学习,因此,设计了一种混合消息传递方法来汇总同质性邻居,并根据边缘分类使异性邻居多样化。广泛的实验表明,在整个同质级别的多个数据集上,通过在多个数据集上提出的框架对GNN的绩效提高了显着提高。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)由于图形数据的规模和模型参数的数量呈指数增长,因此限制了它们在实际应用中的效用,因此往往会遭受高计算成本。为此,最近的一些作品着重于用彩票假设(LTH)稀疏GNN,以降低推理成本,同时保持绩效水平。但是,基于LTH的方法具有两个主要缺点:1)它们需要对密集模型进行详尽且迭代的训练,从而产生了极大的训练计算成本,2)它们仅修剪图形结构和模型参数,但忽略了节点功能维度,存在大量冗余。为了克服上述局限性,我们提出了一个综合的图形渐进修剪框架,称为CGP。这是通过在一个训练过程中设计在训练图周期修剪范式上进行动态修剪GNN来实现的。与基于LTH的方法不同,提出的CGP方法不需要重新训练,这大大降低了计算成本。此外,我们设计了一个共同策略,以全面地修剪GNN的所有三个核心元素:图形结构,节点特征和模型参数。同时,旨在完善修剪操作,我们将重生过程引入我们的CGP框架,以重新建立修剪但重要的连接。提出的CGP通过在6个GNN体系结构中使用节点分类任务进行评估,包括浅层模型(GCN和GAT),浅但深度散发模型(SGC和APPNP)以及Deep Models(GCNII和RESGCN),总共有14个真实图形数据集,包括来自挑战性开放图基准的大规模图数据集。实验表明,我们提出的策略在匹配时大大提高了训练和推理效率,甚至超过了现有方法的准确性。
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Many interesting problems in machine learning are being revisited with new deep learning tools. For graph-based semisupervised learning, a recent important development is graph convolutional networks (GCNs), which nicely integrate local vertex features and graph topology in the convolutional layers. Although the GCN model compares favorably with other state-of-the-art methods, its mechanisms are not clear and it still requires considerable amount of labeled data for validation and model selection. In this paper, we develop deeper insights into the GCN model and address its fundamental limits. First, we show that the graph convolution of the GCN model is actually a special form of Laplacian smoothing, which is the key reason why GCNs work, but it also brings potential concerns of oversmoothing with many convolutional layers. Second, to overcome the limits of the GCN model with shallow architectures, we propose both co-training and self-training approaches to train GCNs. Our approaches significantly improve GCNs in learning with very few labels, and exempt them from requiring additional labels for validation. Extensive experiments on benchmarks have verified our theory and proposals.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)对图表上的半监督节点分类展示了卓越的性能,结果是它们能够同时利用节点特征和拓扑信息的能力。然而,大多数GNN隐含地假设曲线图中的节点和其邻居的标签是相同或一致的,其不包含在异质图中,其中链接节点的标签可能不同。因此,当拓扑是非信息性的标签预测时,普通的GNN可以显着更差,而不是在每个节点上施加多层Perceptrons(MLPS)。为了解决上述问题,我们提出了一种新的$ -laplacian基于GNN模型,称为$ ^ P $ GNN,其消息传递机制来自离散正则化框架,并且可以理论上解释为多项式图的近似值在$ p $ -laplacians的频谱域上定义过滤器。光谱分析表明,新的消息传递机制同时用作低通和高通滤波器,从而使$ ^ P $ GNNS对同性恋和异化图有效。关于现实世界和合成数据集的实证研究验证了我们的调查结果,并证明了$ ^ P $ GNN明显优于异交基准的几个最先进的GNN架构,同时在同性恋基准上实现竞争性能。此外,$ ^ p $ gnns可以自适应地学习聚合权重,并且对嘈杂的边缘具有强大。
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尽管近期图形神经网络(GNN)成功,但常见的架构通常表现出显着的限制,包括对过天飞机,远程依赖性和杂散边缘的敏感性,例如,由于图形异常或对抗性攻击。至少部分地解决了一个简单的透明框架内的这些问题,我们考虑了一个新的GNN层系列,旨在模仿和整合两个经典迭代算法的更新规则,即近端梯度下降和迭代重复最小二乘(IRLS)。前者定义了一个可扩展的基础GNN架构,其免受过性的,而仍然可以通过允许任意传播步骤捕获远程依赖性。相反,后者产生了一种新颖的注意机制,该注意机制被明确地锚定到底层端到端能量函数,以及相对于边缘不确定性的稳定性。当结合时,我们获得了一个非常简单而强大的模型,我们在包括标准化基准,与异常扰动的图形,具有异化的图形和涉及远程依赖性的图形的不同方案的极其简单而强大的模型。在此过程中,我们与已明确为各个任务设计的SOTA GNN方法进行比较,实现竞争或卓越的节点分类准确性。我们的代码可以在https://github.com/fftyyy/twirls获得。
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基于光谱的图形神经网络(SGNNS)在图表表示学习中一直吸引了不断的关注。然而,现有的SGNN是限于实现具有刚性变换的曲线滤波器(例如,曲线图傅立叶或预定义的曲线波小波变换)的限制,并且不能适应驻留在手中的图形和任务上的信号。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的图形神经网络,实现了具有自适应图小波的曲线图滤波器。具体地,自适应图表小波通过神经网络参数化提升结构学习,其中开发了基于结构感知的提升操作(即,预测和更新操作)以共同考虑图形结构和节点特征。我们建议基于扩散小波提升以缓解通过分区非二分类图引起的结构信息损失。通过设计,得到了所得小波变换的局部和稀疏性以及提升结构的可扩展性。我们进一步通过在学习的小波中学习稀疏图表表示来引导软阈值滤波操作,从而产生局部,高效和可伸缩的基于小波的图形滤波器。为了确保学习的图形表示不变于节点排列,在网络的输入中采用层以根据其本地拓扑信息重新排序节点。我们在基准引用和生物信息图形数据集中评估节点级和图形级别表示学习任务的所提出的网络。大量实验在准确性,效率和可扩展性方面展示了在现有的SGNN上的所提出的网络的优越性。
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A prominent paradigm for graph neural networks is based on the message passing framework. In this framework, information communication is realized only between neighboring nodes. The challenge of approaches that use this paradigm is to ensure efficient and accurate \textit{long distance communication} between nodes, as deep convolutional networks are prone to over-smoothing. In this paper, we present a novel method based on time derivative graph diffusion (TIDE), with a learnable time parameter. Our approach allows to adapt the spatial extent of diffusion across different tasks and network channels, thus enabling medium and long-distance communication efficiently. Furthermore, we show that our architecture directly enables local message passing and thus inherits from the expressive power of local message passing approaches. We show that on widely used graph benchmarks we achieve comparable performance and on a synthetic mesh dataset we outperform state-of-the-art methods like GCN or GRAND by a significant margin.
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几何深度学习取得了长足的进步,旨在概括从传统领域到非欧几里得群岛的结构感知神经网络的设计,从而引起图形神经网络(GNN),这些神经网络(GNN)可以应用于形成的图形结构数据,例如社会,例如,网络,生物化学和材料科学。尤其是受欧几里得对应物的启发,尤其是图形卷积网络(GCN)通过提取结构感知功能来成功处理图形数据。但是,当前的GNN模型通常受到各种现象的限制,这些现象限制了其表达能力和推广到更复杂的图形数据集的能力。大多数模型基本上依赖于通过本地平均操作对图形信号的低通滤波,从而导致过度平滑。此外,为了避免严重的过度厚度,大多数流行的GCN式网络往往是较浅的,并且具有狭窄的接收场,导致侵犯。在这里,我们提出了一个混合GNN框架,该框架将传统的GCN过滤器与通过几何散射定义的带通滤波器相结合。我们进一步介绍了一个注意框架,该框架允许该模型在节点级别上从不同过滤器的组合信息进行本地参与。我们的理论结果确定了散射过滤器的互补益处,以利用图表中的结构信息,而我们的实验显示了我们方法对各种学习任务的好处。
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Graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown remarkable performance on homophilic graph data while being far less impressive when handling non-homophilic graph data due to the inherent low-pass filtering property of GNNs. In general, since the real-world graphs are often a complex mixture of diverse subgraph patterns, learning a universal spectral filter on the graph from the global perspective as in most current works may still suffer from great difficulty in adapting to the variation of local patterns. On the basis of the theoretical analysis on local patterns, we rethink the existing spectral filtering methods and propose the \textbf{\underline{N}}ode-oriented spectral \textbf{\underline{F}}iltering for \textbf{\underline{G}}raph \textbf{\underline{N}}eural \textbf{\underline{N}}etwork (namely NFGNN). By estimating the node-oriented spectral filter for each node, NFGNN is provided with the capability of precise local node positioning via the generalized translated operator, thus discriminating the variations of local homophily patterns adaptively. Meanwhile, the utilization of re-parameterization brings a good trade-off between global consistency and local sensibility for learning the node-oriented spectral filters. Furthermore, we theoretically analyze the localization property of NFGNN, demonstrating that the signal after adaptive filtering is still positioned around the corresponding node. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed NFGNN achieves more favorable performance.
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