Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning aims to learn a model with rare positive samples and abundant unlabeled samples. Compared with classical binary classification, the task of PU learning is much more challenging due to the existence of many incompletely-annotated data instances. Since only part of the most confident positive samples are available and evidence is not enough to categorize the rest samples, many of these unlabeled data may also be the positive samples. Research on this topic is particularly useful and essential to many real-world tasks which demand very expensive labelling cost. For example, the recognition tasks in disease diagnosis, recommendation system and satellite image recognition may only have few positive samples that can be annotated by the experts. These methods mainly omit the intrinsic hardness of some unlabeled data, which can result in sub-optimal performance as a consequence of fitting the easy noisy data and not sufficiently utilizing the hard data. In this paper, we focus on improving the commonly-used nnPU with a novel training pipeline. We highlight the intrinsic difference of hardness of samples in the dataset and the proper learning strategies for easy and hard data. By considering this fact, we propose first splitting the unlabeled dataset with an early-stop strategy. The samples that have inconsistent predictions between the temporary and base model are considered as hard samples. Then the model utilizes a noise-tolerant Jensen-Shannon divergence loss for easy data; and a dual-source consistency regularization for hard data which includes a cross-consistency between student and base model for low-level features and self-consistency for high-level features and predictions, respectively.

我们在语义分段（NCDSS）中介绍了新型类发现的新设置，其目的在于将未标记的图像分段，其中给出了从标记的不相交类集之前知识的新类。与看起来在图像分类中的新型类发现的现有方法相比，我们专注于更具挑战性的语义细分。在NCDS中，我们需要区分对象和背景，并处理图像内的多个类的存在，这增加了使用未标记数据的难度。为了解决这个新的设置，我们利用标记的基础数据和显着模型来粗略地集群新颖的课程，以便在我们的基本框架中进行模型培训。此外，我们提出了基于熵的不确定性建模和自我培训（EUMS）框架来克服嘈杂的伪标签，进一步提高了新颖类别的模型性能。我们的欧姆斯利用熵排名技术和动态重新分配来蒸馏清洁标签，从而充分利用自我监督的学习来充分利用嘈杂的数据。我们在Pascal-5 $ ^ i $ dataSet上构建NCDSS基准。广泛的实验表明了基本框架的可行性（实现了平均Miou的49.81％）和欧姆斯框架的有效性（优于9.28％Miou的基本框架）。

We present Noisy Student Training, a semi-supervised learning approach that works well even when labeled data is abundant. Noisy Student Training achieves 88.4% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, which is 2.0% better than the state-of-the-art model that requires 3.5B weakly labeled Instagram images. On robustness test sets, it improves ImageNet-A top-1 accuracy from 61.0% to 83.7%, reduces ImageNet-C mean corruption error from 45.7 to 28.3, and reduces ImageNet-P mean flip rate from 27.8 to 12.2.Noisy Student Training extends the idea of self-training and distillation with the use of equal-or-larger student models and noise added to the student during learning. On Im-ageNet, we first train an EfficientNet model on labeled images and use it as a teacher to generate pseudo labels for 300M unlabeled images. We then train a larger Efficient-Net as a student model on the combination of labeled and pseudo labeled images. We iterate this process by putting back the student as the teacher. During the learning of the student, we inject noise such as dropout, stochastic depth, and data augmentation via RandAugment to the student so that the student generalizes better than the teacher. 1 * This work was conducted at Google.

自我训练在半监督学习中表现出巨大的潜力。它的核心思想是使用在标记数据上学习的模型来生成未标记样本的伪标签，然后自我教学。为了获得有效的监督，主动尝试通常会采用动量老师进行伪标签的预测，但要观察确认偏见问题，在这种情况下，错误的预测可能会提供错误的监督信号并在培训过程中积累。这种缺点的主要原因是，现行的自我训练框架充当以前的知识指导当前状态，因为老师仅与过去的学生更新。为了减轻这个问题，我们提出了一种新颖的自我训练策略，该策略使模型可以从未来学习。具体而言，在每个培训步骤中，我们都会首先优化学生（即，在不将其应用于模型权重的情况下缓存梯度），然后用虚拟未来的学生更新老师，最后要求老师为伪标记生产伪标签目前的学生作为指导。这样，我们设法提高了伪标签的质量，从而提高了性能。我们还通过深入（FST-D）和广泛（FST-W）窥视未来，开发了我们未来自我训练（FST）框架的两个变体。将无监督的域自适应语义分割和半监督语义分割的任务作为实例，我们在广泛的环境下实验表明了我们方法的有效性和优越性。代码将公开可用。

Despite significant advances, the performance of state-of-the-art continual learning approaches hinges on the unrealistic scenario of fully labeled data. In this paper, we tackle this challenge and propose an approach for continual semi-supervised learning -- a setting where not all the data samples are labeled. An underlying issue in this scenario is the model forgetting representations of unlabeled data and overfitting the labeled ones. We leverage the power of nearest-neighbor classifiers to non-linearly partition the feature space and learn a strong representation for the current task, as well as distill relevant information from previous tasks. We perform a thorough experimental evaluation and show that our method outperforms all the existing approaches by large margins, setting a strong state of the art on the continual semi-supervised learning paradigm. For example, on CIFAR100 we surpass several others even when using at least 30 times less supervision (0.8% vs. 25% of annotations).

在本文中，我们在半监督对象检测（SSOD）中深入研究了两种关键技术，即伪标记和一致性训练。我们观察到，目前，这两种技术忽略了对象检测的一些重要特性，从而阻碍了对未标记数据的有效学习。具体而言，对于伪标记，现有作品仅关注分类得分，但不能保证伪框的本地化精度；为了保持一致性训练，广泛采用的随机训练只考虑了标签级的一致性，但错过了功能级别的训练，这在确保尺度不变性方面也起着重要作用。为了解决嘈杂的伪箱所产生的问题，我们设计了包括预测引导的标签分配（PLA）和正面验证一致性投票（PCV）的嘈杂伪盒学习（NPL）。 PLA依赖于模型预测来分配标签，并使甚至粗糙的伪框都具有鲁棒性。 PCV利用积极建议的回归一致性来反映伪盒的本地化质量。此外，在一致性训练中，我们提出了包括标签和特征水平一致性的机制的多视图尺度不变学习（MSL），其中通过将两个图像之间的移动特征金字塔对准具有相同内容但变化量表的变化来实现特征一致性。在可可基准测试上，我们的方法称为伪标签和一致性训练（PSECO），分别以2.0、1.8、2.0分的1％，5％和10％的标签比优于SOTA（软教师）。它还显着提高了SSOD的学习效率，例如，PSECO将SOTA方法的训练时间减半，但实现了更好的性能。代码可从https://github.com/ligang-cs/pseco获得。

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in leveraging a large amount of unlabeled data to learn a promising classifier. A popular approach is pseudo-labeling that generates pseudo labels only for those unlabeled data with high-confidence predictions. As for the low-confidence ones, existing methods often simply discard them because these unreliable pseudo labels may mislead the model. Nevertheless, we highlight that these data with low-confidence pseudo labels can be still beneficial to the training process. Specifically, although the class with the highest probability in the prediction is unreliable, we can assume that this sample is very unlikely to belong to the classes with the lowest probabilities. In this way, these data can be also very informative if we can effectively exploit these complementary labels, i.e., the classes that a sample does not belong to. Inspired by this, we propose a novel Contrastive Complementary Labeling (CCL) method that constructs a large number of reliable negative pairs based on the complementary labels and adopts contrastive learning to make use of all the unlabeled data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CCL significantly improves the performance on top of existing methods. More critically, our CCL is particularly effective under the label-scarce settings. For example, we yield an improvement of 2.43% over FixMatch on CIFAR-10 only with 40 labeled data.

迄今为止，最强大的半监督对象检测器（SS-OD）基于伪盒，该盒子需要一系列带有微调超参数的后处理。在这项工作中，我们建议用稀疏的伪盒子以伪造的伪标签形式取代稀疏的伪盒。与伪盒相比，我们的密集伪标签（DPL）不涉及任何后处理方法，因此保留了更丰富的信息。我们还引入了一种区域选择技术，以突出关键信息，同时抑制密集标签所携带的噪声。我们将利用DPL作为密集老师的拟议的SS-OD算法命名。在可可和VOC上，密集的老师在各种环境下与基于伪盒的方法相比表现出卓越的表现。

培训深层神经网络以识别图像识别通常需要大规模的人类注释数据。为了减少深神经溶液对标记数据的依赖，文献中已经提出了最先进的半监督方法。尽管如此，在面部表达识别领域（FER）领域，使用这种半监督方法非常罕见。在本文中，我们介绍了一项关于最近提出的在FER背景下的最先进的半监督学习方法的全面研究。我们对八种半监督学习方法进行了比较研究当使用各种标记的样品时。我们还将这些方法的性能与完全监督的培训进行了比较。我们的研究表明，当培训现有的半监督方法时，每类标记的样本只有250个标记的样品可以产生可比的性能，而在完整标记的数据集中训练的完全监督的方法。为了促进该领域的进一步研究，我们在：https：//github.com/shuvenduroy/ssl_fer上公开提供代码

本文为半监督医学图像分割提供了一个简单而有效的两阶段框架。我们的主要洞察力是探索用标记和未标记的（即伪标记）图像的特征表示学习，以增强分段性能。在第一阶段，我们介绍了一种炼层的不确定感知方法，即Aua，以改善产生高质量伪标签的分割性能。考虑到医学图像的固有歧义，Aua自适应地规范了具有低歧义的图像的一致性。为了提高代表学习，我们提出了一种舞台适应性的对比学习方法，包括边界意识的对比损失，以规范第一阶段中标记的图像，并在第二阶段中的原型感知对比损失优化标记和伪标记的图像阶段。边界意识的对比损失仅优化分段边界周围的像素，以降低计算成本。原型感知对比损失通过为每个类构建质心来充分利用标记的图像和伪标记的图像，以减少对比较的计算成本。我们的方法在两个公共医学图像分割基准上实现了最佳结果。值得注意的是，我们的方法在结肠肿瘤分割的骰子上以5.7％的骰子依赖于只有5％标记的图像而表现出5.7％。

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

图表神经网络（GNNS）在半监督学习场景中取得了显着的成功。图形神经网络中的消息传递机制有助于未标记的节点收集标记邻居的监督信号。在这项工作中，我们调查了一项广泛采用的半监督学习方法之一的一致性正则化的一致性，可以帮助提高图形神经网络的性能。我们重新审视图形神经网络的两种一致性正则化方法。一个是简单的一致性正则化（SCR），另一个是均值是均值 - 教师一致性正则化（MCR）。我们将一致性正则化方法与两个最先进的GNN结合起来并在OGBN-Products数据集上进行实验。通过一致性正常化，可以在具有和无外数据的OGBN-Products数据集中提高最先进的GNN的性能0.3％。

在许多图像引导的临床方法中，医学图像分割是一个基本和关键的步骤。基于深度学习的细分方法的最新成功通常取决于大量标记的数据，这特别困难且昂贵，尤其是在医学成像领域中，只有专家才能提供可靠和准确的注释。半监督学习已成为一种吸引人的策略，并广泛应用于医学图像分割任务，以训练注释有限的深层模型。在本文中，我们对最近提议的半监督学习方法进行了全面综述，并总结了技术新颖性和经验结果。此外，我们分析和讨论现有方法的局限性和几个未解决的问题。我们希望这篇评论可以激发研究界探索解决这一挑战的解决方案，并进一步促进医学图像细分领域的发展。

The task of Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to transfer the knowledge learned from base categories with sufficient labelled data to novel categories with scarce known information. It is currently an important research question and has great practical values in the real-world applications. Despite extensive previous efforts are made on few-shot learning tasks, we emphasize that most existing methods did not take into account the distributional shift caused by sample selection bias in the FSL scenario. Such a selection bias can induce spurious correlation between the semantic causal features, that are causally and semantically related to the class label, and the other non-causal features. Critically, the former ones should be invariant across changes in distributions, highly related to the classes of interest, and thus well generalizable to novel classes, while the latter ones are not stable to changes in the distribution. To resolve this problem, we propose a novel data augmentation strategy dubbed as PatchMix that can break this spurious dependency by replacing the patch-level information and supervision of the query images with random gallery images from different classes from the query ones. We theoretically show that such an augmentation mechanism, different from existing ones, is able to identify the causal features. To further make these features to be discriminative enough for classification, we propose Correlation-guided Reconstruction (CGR) and Hardness-Aware module for instance discrimination and easier discrimination between similar classes. Moreover, such a framework can be adapted to the unsupervised FSL scenario.

半监督的对象检测在平均教师驱动的自我训练的发展中取得了重大进展。尽管结果有令人鼓舞，但在先前的工作中尚未完全探索标签不匹配问题，从而导致自训练期间严重确认偏见。在本文中，我们从两个不同但互补的角度（即分布级别和实例级别）提出了一个简单而有效的标签框架。对于前者，根据Monte Carlo采样，可以合理地近似来自标记数据的未标记数据的类分布。在这种弱监督提示的指导下，我们引入了一个重新分配卑鄙的老师，该老师利用自适应标签 - 分布意识到的信心阈值来生成无偏见的伪标签来推动学生学习。对于后一个，存在着跨教师模型的被忽视的标签分配歧义问题。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新的标签分配机制，用于自我训练框架，即提案自我分配，该机制将学生的建议注入教师，并生成准确的伪标签，以相应地匹配学生模型中的每个建议。 MS-Coco和Pascal-VOC数据集的实验证明了我们提出的框架与其他最先进的框架相当优越。代码将在https://github.com/hikvision-research/ssod上找到。

糖尿病性视网膜病变（DR）是发达国家工人衰老人群中失明的主要原因之一，这是由于糖尿病的副作用降低了视网膜的血液供应。深度神经网络已被广泛用于自动化系统中，以在眼底图像上进行DR分类。但是，这些模型需要大量带注释的图像。在医疗领域，专家的注释昂贵，乏味且耗时。结果，提供了有限数量的注释图像。本文提出了一种半监督的方法，该方法利用未标记的图像和标记的图像来训练一种检测糖尿病性视网膜病的模型。提出的方法通过自我监督的学习使用无监督的预告片，然后使用一小部分标记的图像和知识蒸馏来监督微调，以提高分类任务的性能。在Eyepacs测试和Messidor-2数据集中评估了此方法，仅使用2％的Eyepacs列车标记图像，分别使用0.94和0.89 AUC。

基于伪标签的半监督学习（SSL）在原始数据利用率上取得了巨大的成功。但是，由于自我生成的人工标签中包含的噪声，其训练程序受到确认偏差的影响。此外，该模型的判断在具有广泛分布数据的现实应用程序中变得更加嘈杂。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种名为“班级意识的对比度半监督学习”（CCSSL）的通用方法，该方法是提高伪标签质量并增强现实环境中模型的稳健性的插手。我们的方法不是将现实世界数据视为一个联合集合，而是分别处理可靠的分布数据，并将其融合到下游任务中，并将其与图像对比度融合到下游任务中，以更好地泛化。此外，通过应用目标重新加权，我们成功地强调了清洁标签学习，并同时减少嘈杂的标签学习。尽管它很简单，但我们提出的CCSSL比标准数据集CIFAR100和STL10上的最新SSL方法具有显着的性能改进。在现实世界数据集Semi-Inat 2021上，我们将FixMatch提高了9.80％，并提高了3.18％。代码可用https://github.com/tencentyouturesearch/classification-spoomls。

The core issue in semi-supervised learning (SSL) lies in how to effectively leverage unlabeled data, whereas most existing methods tend to put a great emphasis on the utilization of high-confidence samples yet seldom fully explore the usage of low-confidence samples. In this paper, we aim to utilize low-confidence samples in a novel way with our proposed mutex-based consistency regularization, namely MutexMatch. Specifically, the high-confidence samples are required to exactly predict "what it is" by conventional True-Positive Classifier, while the low-confidence samples are employed to achieve a simpler goal -- to predict with ease "what it is not" by True-Negative Classifier. In this sense, we not only mitigate the pseudo-labeling errors but also make full use of the low-confidence unlabeled data by consistency of dissimilarity degree. MutexMatch achieves superior performance on multiple benchmark datasets, i.e., CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, STL-10, mini-ImageNet and Tiny-ImageNet. More importantly, our method further shows superiority when the amount of labeled data is scarce, e.g., 92.23% accuracy with only 20 labeled data on CIFAR-10. Our code and model weights have been released at https://github.com/NJUyued/MutexMatch4SSL.

积极的未标记（PU）学习旨在仅从积极和未标记的培训数据中学习二进制分类器。最近的方法通过发展无偏的损失功能通过对成本敏感的学习解决了这一问题，后来通过迭代伪标记解决方案改善了其性能。但是，这样的两步程序容易受到错误估计的伪标签的影响，因为在以后的错误预测训练新模型时，在以后的迭代中传播了错误。为了防止这种确认偏见，我们提出PUUPL是PU学习的新型损失不足的训练程序，该程序将认知不确定性纳入伪标签选择中。通过使用基于低确定性预测的神经网络的合奏并分配伪标记，我们表明PUUPL提高了伪标签的可靠性，提高了我们方法的预测性能，并导致了新的最先进的结果在自我训练中进行PU学习。通过广泛的实验，我们显示了方法对不同数据集，模式和学习任务的有效性，以及改进的校准，对先前拼写错误的稳健性，偏见的正数据和不平衡数据集。

Deep learning has emerged as an effective solution for solving the task of object detection in images but at the cost of requiring large labeled datasets. To mitigate this cost, semi-supervised object detection methods, which consist in leveraging abundant unlabeled data, have been proposed and have already shown impressive results. However, most of these methods require linking a pseudo-label to a ground-truth object by thresholding. In previous works, this threshold value is usually determined empirically, which is time consuming, and only done for a single data distribution. When the domain, and thus the data distribution, changes, a new and costly parameter search is necessary. In this work, we introduce our method Adaptive Self-Training for Object Detection (ASTOD), which is a simple yet effective teacher-student method. ASTOD determines without cost a threshold value based directly on the ground value of the score histogram. To improve the quality of the teacher predictions, we also propose a novel pseudo-labeling procedure. We use different views of the unlabeled images during the pseudo-labeling step to reduce the number of missed predictions and thus obtain better candidate labels. Our teacher and our student are trained separately, and our method can be used in an iterative fashion by replacing the teacher by the student. On the MS-COCO dataset, our method consistently performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods that do not require a threshold parameter, and shows competitive results with methods that require a parameter sweep search. Additional experiments with respect to a supervised baseline on the DIOR dataset containing satellite images lead to similar conclusions, and prove that it is possible to adapt the score threshold automatically in self-training, regardless of the data distribution.