我们研究了以模型为简单络合物的抽象拓扑空间支撑的处理信号的线性过滤器,可以解释为解释节点,边缘,三角形面的图形的概括等,以处理此类信号,我们开发了定义为Matrix polynomials的简单卷积过滤器下霍德·拉普拉斯人的下部和上部。首先,我们研究了这些过滤器的特性,并表明它们是线性和转移不变的,以及置换和定向等效的。这些过滤器也可以以低计算复杂性的分布式方式实现,因为它们仅涉及(多个回合)上层和下相邻简单之间的简单转移。其次,着眼于边缘流,我们研究了这些过滤器的频率响应,并研究了如何使用Hodge分类来描述梯度,卷曲和谐波频率。我们讨论了这些频率如何对应于霍德拉普拉斯(Hodge laplacian)的下部和上等耦合以及上的核心,并且可以通过我们的滤波器设计独立调整。第三,我们研究设计简单卷积过滤器并讨论其相对优势的不同程序。最后,我们在几种应用中证实了简单过滤器:提取简单信号的不同频率组件,以denoise边缘流量以及分析金融市场和交通网络。
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This paper proposes convolutional filtering for data whose structure can be modeled by a simplicial complex (SC). SCs are mathematical tools that not only capture pairwise relationships as graphs but account also for higher-order network structures. These filters are built by following the shift-and-sum principle of the convolution operation and rely on the Hodge-Laplacians to shift the signal within the simplex. But since in SCs we have also inter-simplex coupling, we use the incidence matrices to transfer the signal in adjacent simplices and build a filter bank to jointly filter signals from different levels. We prove some interesting properties for the proposed filter bank, including permutation and orientation equivariance, a computational complexity that is linear in the SC dimension, and a spectral interpretation using the simplicial Fourier transform. We illustrate the proposed approach with numerical experiments.
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Research in Graph Signal Processing (GSP) aims to develop tools for processing data defined on irregular graph domains. In this paper we first provide an overview of core ideas in GSP and their connection to conventional digital signal processing, along with a brief historical perspective to highlight how concepts recently developed in GSP build on top of prior research in other areas. We then summarize recent advances in developing basic GSP tools, including methods for sampling, filtering or graph learning. Next, we review progress in several application areas using GSP, including processing and analysis of sensor network data, biological data, and applications to image processing and machine learning.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)是由图形卷积和叉指非线性组成的层组成的深度卷积架构。由于其不变性和稳定性属性,GNN在网络数据的学习陈述中被证明是成功的。但是,训练它们需要矩阵计算,这对于大图可能是昂贵的。为了解决这个限制,我们研究了GNN横跨图形转移的能力。我们考虑图形,这是加权和随机图形的图形限制和生成模型,以定义图形卷积和GNNS - Graphon卷曲和Graphon神经网络(WNNS)的限制对象 - 我们用作图形卷曲的生成模型和GNNS。我们表明,这些石墨源区和WNN可以通过图形滤波器和来自加权和随机图中的它们采样的GNN来近似。使用这些结果,我们将导出误差界限,用于跨越此类图形传输图形过滤器和GNN。这些界限表明,可转换性随着图尺寸的增加而增加,并且揭示了在GNN中的可转换性和光谱分辨率之间的折衷,其被点亮的非线性缓解。这些发现经验在电影推荐和分散机器人控制中的数值实验中进行了经验验证。
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In applications such as social, energy, transportation, sensor, and neuronal networks, high-dimensional data naturally reside on the vertices of weighted graphs. The emerging field of signal processing on graphs merges algebraic and spectral graph theoretic concepts with computational harmonic analysis to process such signals on graphs. In this tutorial overview, we outline the main challenges of the area, discuss different ways to define graph spectral domains, which are the analogues to the classical frequency domain, and highlight the importance of incorporating the irregular structures of graph data domains when processing signals on graphs. We then review methods to generalize fundamental operations such as filtering, translation, modulation, dilation, and downsampling to the graph setting, and survey the localized, multiscale transforms that have been proposed to efficiently extract information from high-dimensional data on graphs. We conclude with a brief discussion of open issues and possible extensions.
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最新提出的基于变压器的图形模型的作品证明了香草变压器用于图形表示学习的不足。要了解这种不足,需要研究变压器的光谱分析是否会揭示其对其表现力的见解。类似的研究已经确定,图神经网络(GNN)的光谱分析为其表现力提供了额外的观点。在这项工作中,我们系统地研究并建立了变压器领域中的空间和光谱域之间的联系。我们进一步提供了理论分析,并证明了变压器中的空间注意机制无法有效捕获所需的频率响应,因此,固有地限制了其在光谱空间中的表现力。因此,我们提出了feta,该框架旨在在整个图形频谱(即图形的实际频率成分)上进行注意力类似于空间空间中的注意力。经验结果表明,FETA在标准基准的所有任务中为香草变压器提供均匀的性能增益,并且可以轻松地扩展到具有低通特性的基于GNN的模型(例如GAT)。
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我们介绍了一种新颖的谐波分析,用于在函数上定义的函数,随机步行操作员是基石。作为第一步,我们将随机步行操作员的一组特征向量作为非正交傅里叶类型的功能,用于通过定向图。我们通过将从其Dirichlet能量获得的随机步行操作员的特征向量的变化与其相关的特征值的真实部分连接来发现频率解释。从这个傅立叶基础,我们可以进一步继续,并在有向图中建立多尺度分析。通过将Coifman和MagGioni扩展到定向图,我们提出了一种冗余小波变换和抽取的小波变换。因此,我们对导向图的谐波分析的发展导致我们考虑应用于突出了我们框架效率的指示图的图形上的半监督学习问题和信号建模问题。
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为时空网络数据设计和分析学习模型对于包括预测,异常检测和多机构协调等任务非常重要。图形卷积神经网络(GCNN)是一种从时间不变的网络数据中学习的既定方法。图卷积操作提供了一种原则方法来汇总多分辨率信息。但是,将卷积原则性学习和各自的分析扩展到时空结构域是具有挑战性的,因为时空数据具有更多的固有依赖性。因此,需要更高的灵活性来捕获空间和时间依赖性以学习有意义的高阶表示。在这里,我们利用产品图来表示数据中的时空依赖性,并引入图表时间卷积神经网络(GTCNN)作为有原则的体系结构来帮助学习。提出的方法可以与任何类型的产品图一起使用,我们还引入了参数产品图,以学习时空耦合。卷积原理进一步允许与GCNN相似的数学障碍。特别是,稳定性结果表明GTCNN在空间扰动上是稳定的,但是在可区分性和鲁棒性之间存在隐含的权衡。即,模型越复杂,稳定较小。基准数据集的广泛数值结果证实了我们的发现,并显示GTCNN与最先进的解决方案相比有利。我们预计,GTCNN将成为更复杂的模型的起点,这些模型可以实现良好的性能,但从根本上讲是基础的。
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图形信号处理(GSP)中的基本前提是,将目标信号的成对(反)相关性作为边缘权重以用于图形过滤。但是,现有的快速图抽样方案仅针对描述正相关的正图设计和测试。在本文中,我们表明,对于具有强固有抗相关的数据集,合适的图既包含正边缘和负边缘。作为响应,我们提出了一种以平衡签名图的概念为中心的线性时间签名的图形采样方法。具体而言,给定的经验协方差数据矩阵$ \ bar {\ bf {c}} $,我们首先学习一个稀疏的逆矩阵(Graph laplacian)$ \ MATHCAL {l} $对应于签名图$ \ Mathcal $ \ Mathcal {G} $ 。我们为平衡签名的图形$ \ Mathcal {g} _b $ - 近似$ \ Mathcal {g} $通过Edge Exge Exgement Exgmentation -As Graph频率组件定义Laplacian $ \ Mathcal {L} _b $的特征向量。接下来,我们选择样品以将低通滤波器重建误差分为两个步骤最小化。我们首先将Laplacian $ \ Mathcal {L} _b $的所有Gershgorin圆盘左端对齐,最小的EigenValue $ \ lambda _ {\ min}(\ Mathcal {l} _b)$通过相似性转换$ \ MATHCAL $ \ MATHCAL} s \ Mathcal {l} _b \ s^{ - 1} $,利用最新的线性代数定理,称为gershgorin disc perfect perfect对齐(GDPA)。然后,我们使用以前的快速gershgorin盘式对齐采样(GDAS)方案对$ \ Mathcal {L} _p $进行采样。实验结果表明,我们签名的图形采样方法在各种数据集上明显优于现有的快速采样方案。
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We propose a novel method for constructing wavelet transforms of functions defined on the vertices of an arbitrary finite weighted graph. Our approach is based on defining scaling using the the graph analogue of the Fourier domain, namely the spectral decomposition of the discrete graph Laplacian L. Given a wavelet generating kernel g and a scale parameter t, we define the scaled wavelet operator T t g = g(tL). The spectral graph wavelets are then formed by localizing this operator by applying it to an indicator function. Subject to an admissibility condition on g, this procedure defines an invertible transform. We explore the localization properties of the wavelets in the limit of fine scales. Additionally, we present a fast Chebyshev polynomial approximation algorithm for computing the transform that avoids the need for diagonalizing L. We highlight potential applications of the transform through examples of wavelets on graphs corresponding to a variety of different problem domains.
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Many scientific fields study data with an underlying structure that is a non-Euclidean space. Some examples include social networks in computational social sciences, sensor networks in communications, functional networks in brain imaging, regulatory networks in genetics, and meshed surfaces in computer graphics. In many applications, such geometric data are large and complex (in the case of social networks, on the scale of billions), and are natural targets for machine learning techniques. In particular, we would like to use deep neural networks, which have recently proven to be powerful tools for a broad range of problems from computer vision, natural language processing, and audio analysis. However, these tools have been most successful on data with an underlying Euclidean or grid-like structure, and in cases where the invariances of these structures are built into networks used to model them.Geometric deep learning is an umbrella term for emerging techniques attempting to generalize (structured) deep neural models to non-Euclidean domains such as graphs and manifolds. The purpose of this paper is to overview different examples of geometric deep learning problems and present available solutions, key difficulties, applications, and future research directions in this nascent field.
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我们研究了趋势过滤的多元版本,称为Kronecker趋势过滤或KTF,因为设计点以$ D $维度形成格子。 KTF是单变量趋势过滤的自然延伸(Steidl等,2006; Kim等人,2009; Tibshirani,2014),并通过最大限度地减少惩罚最小二乘问题,其罚款术语总和绝对(高阶)沿每个坐标方向估计参数的差异。相应的惩罚运算符可以编写单次趋势过滤惩罚运营商的Kronecker产品,因此名称Kronecker趋势过滤。等效,可以在$ \ ell_1 $ -penalized基础回归问题上查看KTF,其中基本功能是下降阶段函数的张量产品,是一个分段多项式(离散样条)基础,基于单变量趋势过滤。本文是Sadhanala等人的统一和延伸结果。 (2016,2017)。我们开发了一套完整的理论结果,描述了$ k \ grone 0 $和$ d \ geq 1 $的$ k ^ {\ mathrm {th}} $ over kronecker趋势过滤的行为。这揭示了许多有趣的现象,包括KTF在估计异构平滑的功能时KTF的优势,并且在$ d = 2(k + 1)$的相位过渡,一个边界过去(在高维对 - 光滑侧)线性泡沫不能完全保持一致。我们还利用Tibshirani(2020)的离散花键来利用最近的结果,特别是离散的花键插值结果,使我们能够将KTF估计扩展到恒定时间内的任何偏离晶格位置(与晶格数量的大小无关)。
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在本文中,我们为基于非交换代数的代数神经网络(ALGNN)提供稳定性结果。 ALGNN是堆叠的分层结构,每个层都与代数信号模型(ASM)相关联,由代数,矢量空间和同态性。信号被建模为矢量空间的元素,过滤器是代数中的元素,而同态则可以实现过滤器作为混凝土操作员。我们研究了代数过滤器在非交换代数对同态扰动中的稳定性,并提供了保证稳定性的条件。我们表明,轮班运算符和偏移和扰动之间的换向性不会影响稳定体系结构的属性。这提供了一个问题,即转移不变性是否是保证稳定性的卷积体系结构的必要属性。此外,我们表明,尽管非交换代数中过滤器的频率响应在交换代数中与过滤器相对于过滤器表现出很大的差异,但它们的稳定过滤器的衍生物具有相似的行为。
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We consider the nonlinear inverse problem of learning a transition operator $\mathbf{A}$ from partial observations at different times, in particular from sparse observations of entries of its powers $\mathbf{A},\mathbf{A}^2,\cdots,\mathbf{A}^{T}$. This Spatio-Temporal Transition Operator Recovery problem is motivated by the recent interest in learning time-varying graph signals that are driven by graph operators depending on the underlying graph topology. We address the nonlinearity of the problem by embedding it into a higher-dimensional space of suitable block-Hankel matrices, where it becomes a low-rank matrix completion problem, even if $\mathbf{A}$ is of full rank. For both a uniform and an adaptive random space-time sampling model, we quantify the recoverability of the transition operator via suitable measures of incoherence of these block-Hankel embedding matrices. For graph transition operators these measures of incoherence depend on the interplay between the dynamics and the graph topology. We develop a suitable non-convex iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm, establish its quadratic local convergence, and show that, in optimal scenarios, no more than $\mathcal{O}(rn \log(nT))$ space-time samples are sufficient to ensure accurate recovery of a rank-$r$ operator $\mathbf{A}$ of size $n \times n$. This establishes that spatial samples can be substituted by a comparable number of space-time samples. We provide an efficient implementation of the proposed IRLS algorithm with space complexity of order $O(r n T)$ and per-iteration time complexity linear in $n$. Numerical experiments for transition operators based on several graph models confirm that the theoretical findings accurately track empirical phase transitions, and illustrate the applicability and scalability of the proposed algorithm.
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图卷积学习导致了各个领域的许多令人兴奋的发现。但是,在某些应用中,传统图不足以捕获数据的结构和复杂性。在这种情况下,多编码自然出现是可以嵌入复杂动力学的离散结构。在本文中,我们开发了有关多编码的卷积信息处理,并引入了卷积多编码神经网络(MGNN)。为了捕获每个多数边缘内外的信息传播的复杂动力学,我们正式化了一个卷积信号处理模型,从而定义了多格画上信号,过滤和频率表示的概念。利用该模型,我们开发了多个学习架构,包括采样程序以降低计算复杂性。引入的体系结构用于最佳无线资源分配和仇恨言语本地化任务,从而比传统的图形神经网络的性能提高了。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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散射变换是一种基于多层的小波的深度学习架构,其充当卷积神经网络的模型。最近,几种作品引入了非欧几里德设置的散射变换的概括,例如图形。我们的工作通过基于非常一般的非对称小波来引入图形的窗口和非窗口几何散射变换来构建这些结构。我们表明,这些不对称的图形散射变换具有许多与其对称对应的相同的理论保证。结果,所提出的结构统一并扩展了许多现有图散射架构的已知理论结果。在这样做时,这项工作有助于通过引入具有可提供稳定性和不变性保证的大型网络,帮助弥合几何散射和其他图形神经网络之间的差距。这些结果为未来的图形结构数据奠定了基础,对具有学习过滤器的图形结构数据,并且还可以证明具有理想的理论特性。
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Koopman运算符是无限维的运算符,可全球线性化非线性动态系统,使其光谱信息可用于理解动态。然而,Koopman运算符可以具有连续的光谱和无限维度的子空间,使得它们的光谱信息提供相当大的挑战。本文介绍了具有严格融合的数据驱动算法,用于从轨迹数据计算Koopman运算符的频谱信息。我们引入了残余动态模式分解(ResDMD),它提供了第一种用于计算普通Koopman运算符的Spectra和PseudtoStra的第一种方案,无需光谱污染。使用解析器操作员和RESDMD,我们还计算与测量保存动态系统相关的光谱度量的平滑近似。我们证明了我们的算法的显式收敛定理,即使计算连续频谱和离散频谱的密度,也可以实现高阶收敛即使是混沌系统。我们展示了在帐篷地图,高斯迭代地图,非线性摆,双摆,洛伦茨系统和11美元延长洛伦兹系统的算法。最后,我们为具有高维状态空间的动态系统提供了我们的算法的核化变体。这使我们能够计算与具有20,046维状态空间的蛋白质分子的动态相关的光谱度量,并计算出湍流流过空气的误差界限的非线性Koopman模式,其具有雷诺数为$> 10 ^ 5 $。一个295,122维的状态空间。
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图表表示学习有许多现实世界应用,从超级分辨率的成像,3D计算机视觉到药物重新扫描,蛋白质分类,社会网络分析。图表数据的足够表示对于图形结构数据的统计或机器学习模型的学习性能至关重要。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于图形数据的新型多尺度表示系统,称为抽取帧的图形数据,其在图表上形成了本地化的紧密框架。抽取的帧系统允许在粗粒链上存储图形数据表示,并在每个比例的多个尺度处处理图形数据,数据存储在子图中。基于此,我们通过建设性数据驱动滤波器组建立用于在多分辨率下分解和重建图数据的抽取G-Framewelet变换。图形帧构建基于基于链的正交基础,支持快速图傅里叶变换。由此,我们为抽取的G-Frameword变换或FGT提供了一种快速算法,该算法具有线性计算复杂度O(n),用于尺寸N的图表。用数值示例验证抽取的帧谱和FGT的理论,用于随机图形。现实世界应用的效果是展示的,包括用于交通网络的多分辨率分析,以及图形分类任务的图形神经网络。
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Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.
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