电子商务网站属性价值提取(AVE)的主要挑战是如何处理多种产品的大量属性。尽管该挑战是通过一个问题回答(QA)方法来解决的,该方法在给定查询(属性)的产品数据中找到值,但对于稀有和模棱两可的查询,它不能有效地工作。因此,我们根据基于质量质量质量检查的AVE的查询(属性)的可能答案(属性)提出了简单的知识驱动查询扩展。我们从培训数据中检索查询(属性)的值以扩展查询。我们用两个技巧来训练一个模型,即知识辍学和知识令牌混合,这模仿了测试中价值知识的不完善。我们清洁版的Aliexpress数据集的实验结果表明,我们的方法改善了AVE的性能(+6.08宏F1),尤其是对于稀有和模棱两可的属性(分别为+7.82和+6.86宏F1)。
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属性值提取是指识别来自产品信息的感兴趣属性的值的任务。产品属性值在许多电子商务方案中是必不可少的,例如客户服务机器人,产品排名,检索和建议。在现实世界中,产品的属性值通常不完整并随着时间的变化而变化,这极大地阻碍了实际应用。在本文中,我们介绍了一个新的数据集,以更好地促进产品属性值提取的研究。 Mave由亚马逊页面的策划组220万产品组成,跨越1257个独特类别的300万个属性值注释。 Mave有四个主要和独特的优势:首先,Mave是由属性值示例的数量的最大产品属性值提取数据集。其次,MAVE包括来自产品的多源表示,其捕获具有高属性覆盖的完整产品信息。第三,Mave表示相对于先前的数据集覆盖范围的更多样化的属性和值。最后,Mave提供了一个非常具有挑战性的零点测试集,因为我们经验在实验中说明。我们进一步提出了一种新的方法,它有效地从多源产品信息中提取了属性值。我们使用几个基线进行广泛的实验,并显示MAVE是属性值提取任务的有效数据集。它在零拍摄属性提取也是一个非常具有挑战性的任务。数据可在{\ it \ url {https://github.com/google-research-datasets/mave}}上获得。
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We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a;Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pretrain deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).
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产品的属性值是任何电子商务平台中必不可少的组件。属性值提取(AVE)涉及从其标题或描述中提取产品的属性及其值。在本文中,我们建议使用生成框架解决AVE任务。我们通过将AVE任务作为生成问题制定,即基于单词序列和基于位置的生成范式,即基于单词序列和位置序列。我们在两个数据集上进行实验,在该数据集中生成方法获得了新的最新结果。这表明我们可以将建议的框架用于AVE任务,而无需其他标记或特定于任务的模型设计。
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Motivation: Biomedical text mining is becoming increasingly important as the number of biomedical documents rapidly grows. With the progress in natural language processing (NLP), extracting valuable information from biomedical literature has gained popularity among researchers, and deep learning has boosted the development of effective biomedical text mining models. However, directly applying the advancements in NLP to biomedical text mining often yields unsatisfactory results due to a word distribution shift from general domain corpora to biomedical corpora. In this article, we investigate how the recently introduced pre-trained language model BERT can be adapted for biomedical corpora. Results: We introduce BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining), which is a domain-specific language representation model pre-trained on large-scale biomedical corpora. With almost the same architecture across tasks, BioBERT largely outperforms BERT and previous state-of-the-art models in a variety of biomedical text mining tasks when pre-trained on biomedical corpora. While BERT obtains performance comparable to that of previous state-of-the-art models, BioBERT significantly outperforms them on the following three representative biomedical text mining tasks: biomedical named entity recognition (0.62% F1 score improvement), biomedical relation extraction (2.80% F1 score improvement) and biomedical question answering (12.24% MRR improvement). Our analysis results show that pre-training BERT on biomedical corpora helps it to understand complex biomedical texts.
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生物医学问题的回答旨在从生物医学领域获得对给定问题的答案。由于其对生物医学领域知识的需求很高,因此模型很难从有限的培训数据中学习域知识。我们提出了一种上下文嵌入方法,该方法结合了在生物医学域数据上预先训练的开放域QA模型\ AOA和\ biobert模型。我们对大型生物医学语料库采用无监督的预培训,并在生物医学问题答案数据集上进行了微调。此外,我们采用基于MLP的模型加权层自动利用两个模型的优势以提供正确的答案。由PubMed语料库构建的公共数据集\ BIOMRC用于评估我们的方法。实验结果表明,我们的模型以大幅度优于最先进的系统。
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知识库问题应答(KBQA)旨在在外部知识库的帮助下回答自然语言问题。核心思想是找到内部知识与知识库的已知三元组之间的内部知识之间的联系。 KBQA任务管道包含几个步骤,包括实体识别,关系提取和实体链接。这种管道方法意味着任何过程中的错误将不可避免地传播到最终预测。为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种具有预培训语言模型(PLM)和知识图(KG)的语料库生成 - 检索方法(CGRM)。首先,基于MT5模型,我们设计了两个新的预训练任务:基于段落的知识屏蔽语言建模和问题,以获取知识增强型T5(KT5)模型。其次,在用一系列启发式规则预处理知识图的预处理之后,KT5模型基于处理的三元组生成自然语言QA对。最后,我们通过检索合成数据集直接解决QA。我们在NLPCC-ICCPOL 2016 KBQA数据集上测试我们的方法,结果表明,我们的框架提高了KBQA的性能,直接向前的方法与最先进的方法竞争。
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We propose P4E, an identify-and-localize event detection framework that integrates the best of few-shot prompting and structured prediction. Our framework decomposes event detection into an identification task and a localization task. For the identification task, which we formulate as multi-label classification, we leverage cloze-based prompting to align our objective with the pre-training task of language models, allowing our model to quickly adapt to new event types. We then employ an event type-agnostic sequence labeling model to localize the event trigger conditioned on the identification output. This heterogeneous model design allows P4E to quickly learn new event types without sacrificing the ability to make structured predictions. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed design, and P4E shows superior performance for few-shot event detection on benchmark datasets FewEvent and MAVEN and comparable performance to SOTA for fully-supervised event detection on ACE.
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跨度提取,旨在从纯文本中提取文本跨度(如单词或短语),是信息提取中的基本过程。最近的作品介绍了通过将跨度提取任务正式化为问题(QA正式化)的跨度提取任务来提高文本表示,以实现最先进的表现。然而,QA正规化并没有充分利用标签知识并遭受培训/推理的低效率。为了解决这些问题,我们介绍了一种新的范例来整合标签知识,并进一步提出一个小说模型,明确有效地将标签知识集成到文本表示中。具体而言,它独立地编码文本和标签注释,然后将标签知识集成到文本表示中,并使用精心设计的语义融合模块进行文本表示。我们在三个典型的跨度提取任务中进行广泛的实验:扁平的网,嵌套网和事件检测。实证结果表明,我们的方法在四个基准测试中实现了最先进的性能,而且分别将培训时间和推理时间降低76%和77%,与QA形式化范例相比。我们的代码和数据可在https://github.com/apkepers/lear中获得。
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问题答案(QA)是自然语言处理中最具挑战性的最具挑战性的问题之一(NLP)。问答(QA)系统试图为给定问题产生答案。这些答案可以从非结构化或结构化文本生成。因此,QA被认为是可以用于评估文本了解系统的重要研究区域。大量的QA研究致力于英语语言,调查最先进的技术和实现最先进的结果。然而,由于阿拉伯QA中的研究努力和缺乏大型基准数据集,在阿拉伯语问答进展中的研究努力得到了很大速度的速度。最近许多预先接受的语言模型在许多阿拉伯语NLP问题中提供了高性能。在这项工作中,我们使用四个阅读理解数据集来评估阿拉伯QA的最先进的接种变压器模型,它是阿拉伯语 - 队,ArcD,AQAD和TYDIQA-GoldP数据集。我们微调并比较了Arabertv2基础模型,ArabertV0.2大型型号和ARAElectra模型的性能。在最后,我们提供了一个分析,了解和解释某些型号获得的低绩效结果。
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尽管变压器语言模型(LMS)是信息提取的最新技术,但长文本引入了需要次优的预处理步骤或替代模型体系结构的计算挑战。稀疏注意的LMS可以代表更长的序列,克服性能障碍。但是,目前尚不清楚如何解释这些模型的预测,因为并非所有令牌都在自我发项层中相互参加,而在运行时,长序列对可解释性算法提出了计算挑战,而当运行时取决于文档长度。这些挑战在文档可能很长的医学环境中是严重的,机器学习(ML)模型必须是审核和值得信赖的。我们介绍了一种新颖的蒙版抽样程序(MSP),以识别有助于预测的文本块,将MSP应用于预测医学文本诊断的背景下,并通过两位临床医生的盲目审查来验证我们的方法。我们的方法比以前的最先进的临床信息块高约1.7倍,速度更快100倍,并且可用于生成重要的短语对。 MSP特别适合长LMS,但可以应用于任何文本分类器。我们提供了MSP的一般实施。
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我们提出了一种用于在生成答案时将信息与多个检索文件中的信息组合的可检索增强的开放式开放式开放式开放域问题训练方法。我们将检索决策模拟作为相关文件集的潜在变量。由于通过对所检索的文件集的边缘化,因此使用期望最大化算法估计这一点。我们迭代地估计我们的潜在变量的价值(给定问题的这些相关文档集),然后使用此估计来更新检索器和读取器参数。我们假设这种端到端的训练允许训练信号流到读者,然后比上演明智的训练更好地流到猎犬。这导致检索器能够为问题和读者选择更多相关文档,这些文件在更准确的文档中培训以生成答案。三个基准数据集的实验表明,我们所提出的方法优于所有现有的相当大小的方法2-3%绝对精确匹配点,实现了新的最先进的结果。我们的结果还展示了学习检索以改善答复的可行性,而无明确监督检索决策。
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Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dualencoder framework. When evaluated on a wide range of open-domain QA datasets, our dense retriever outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system greatly by 9%-19% absolute in terms of top-20 passage retrieval accuracy, and helps our end-to-end QA system establish new state-of-the-art on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks. 1 * Equal contribution 1 The code and trained models have been released at https://github.com/facebookresearch/DPR.
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排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法,使用一组手工制作的功能。最近,研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束,以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务,因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型,每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件,以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中,我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型,以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中,我们分析了有前途的神经元件,并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比,其中排名的项目是结构化文档,答案,图像和视频。
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We present SpanBERT, a pre-training method that is designed to better represent and predict spans of text. Our approach extends BERT by (1) masking contiguous random spans, rather than random tokens, and (2) training the span boundary representations to predict the entire content of the masked span, without relying on the individual token representations within it. Span-BERT consistently outperforms BERT and our better-tuned baselines, with substantial gains on span selection tasks such as question answering and coreference resolution. In particular, with the same training data and model size as BERT large , our single model obtains 94.6% and 88.7% F1 on SQuAD 1.1 and 2.0 respectively. We also achieve a new state of the art on the OntoNotes coreference resolution task (79.6% F1), strong performance on the TACRED relation extraction benchmark, and even gains on GLUE. 1 * Equal contribution. 1 Our code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/ SpanBERT.
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我们为指定实体识别(NER)提出了一个有效的双重编码框架,该框架将对比度学习用于映射候选文本跨度,并将实体类型映射到同一矢量表示空间中。先前的工作主要将NER作为序列标记或跨度分类。相反,我们将NER视为一个度量学习问题,它最大程度地提高了实体提及的向量表示之间的相似性及其类型。这使得易于处理嵌套和平坦的ner,并且可以更好地利用嘈杂的自我诉讼信号。 NER对本双重编码器制定的主要挑战在于将非实体跨度与实体提及分开。我们没有明确标记所有非实体跨度为外部(O)与大多数先前方法相同的类别(O),而是引入了一种新型的动态阈值损失,这与标准的对比度损失一起学习。实验表明,我们的方法在受到监督和远处有监督的设置中的表现良好(例如,Genia,NCBI,BC5CDR,JNLPBA)。
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Neural language representation models such as BERT pre-trained on large-scale corpora can well capture rich semantic patterns from plain text, and be fine-tuned to consistently improve the performance of various NLP tasks. However, the existing pre-trained language models rarely consider incorporating knowledge graphs (KGs), which can provide rich structured knowledge facts for better language understanding. We argue that informative entities in KGs can enhance language representation with external knowledge. In this paper, we utilize both large-scale textual corpora and KGs to train an enhanced language representation model (ERNIE), which can take full advantage of lexical, syntactic, and knowledge information simultaneously. The experimental results have demonstrated that ERNIE achieves significant improvements on various knowledge-driven tasks, and meanwhile is comparable with the state-of-the-art model BERT on other common NLP tasks. The source code and experiment details of this paper can be obtained from https:// github.com/thunlp/ERNIE.
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伯特的预先接受的语言模型在广泛的自然语言处理任务中取得了巨大成功。然而,由于缺乏两个域知识,即短语级和产品级别,BERT不能很好地支持电子商务相关任务。一方面,许多电子商务任务需要准确地了解域短语,而这种细粒度的短语级知识没有通过BERT的训练目标明确建模。另一方面,产品级知识如产品关联可以增强电子商务的语言建模,但它们不是事实知识,从而不分青红皂白可以引入噪音。为了解决问题,我们提出了一个统一的训练框架,即E-BERT。具体地,为了保留短语级知识,我们引入自适应混合屏蔽,其允许模型基于两种模式的拟合进度自适应地切换到学习复杂短语的学习初步知识。为了利用产品级知识,我们引入了邻居产品重建,该重建将E-BERT列举,以预测产品的相关邻居,具有去噪的杂交层。我们的调查揭示了四个下游任务,即基于审查的问题回答,方面提取,宽度情绪分类和产品分类。
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Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly elaborate as these collections grow in size. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can be a valuable tool to support legal practitioners in these endeavors. Their usefulness, however, largely depends on whether current state-of-the-art models can generalize across various tasks in the legal domain. To answer this currently open question, we introduce the Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark, a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks in a standardized way. We also provide an evaluation and analysis of several generic and legal-oriented models demonstrating that the latter consistently offer performance improvements across multiple tasks.
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访问公共知识库中可用的大量信息可能对那些不熟悉的SPARQL查询语言的用户可能很复杂。SPARQL中自然语言提出的问题的自动翻译有可能克服这个问题。基于神经机翻译的现有系统非常有效,但在识别出识别出训练集的词汇(OOV)的单词中很容易失败。查询大型本体的时,这是一个严重的问题。在本文中,我们将命名实体链接,命名实体识别和神经计算机翻译相结合,以将自然语言问题的自动转换为SPARQL查询。我们凭经验证明,我们的方法比在纪念碑,QALD-9和LC-QUAD V1上运行实验,我们的方法比现有方法更有效,并且对OOV单词进行了更有效的,并且是现有的方法,这些方法是众所周知的DBPedia的相关数据集。
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