在计算机视觉应用中广泛采用深度神经网络引起了对对抗性鲁棒性的重大兴趣。现有的研究表明，专门针对给定模型量身定制的恶意扰动输入（即，对抗性示例）可以成功地转移到另一个受过独立训练的模型中，以引起预测错误。此外，这种对抗性示例的属性归因于数据分布中的预测模式得出的特征。因此，我们有动力调查以下问题：对抗性防御，例如对抗性例子，可以成功地转移到其他受过独立训练的模型中？为此，我们提出了一种基于深度学习的预处理机制，我们将其称为可鲁棒的可转移功能提取器（RTFE）。在研究了理论动机和含义后，我们在实验上表明，我们的方法可以为多个独立训练的分类器提供对抗性的鲁棒性，这些分类器原本是对自适应白盒对手的无效性。此外，我们表明RTFE甚至可以为在不同数据集中独立训练的模型提供单发对手的鲁棒性。

Recent work has demonstrated that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples-inputs that are almost indistinguishable from natural data and yet classified incorrectly by the network. In fact, some of the latest findings suggest that the existence of adversarial attacks may be an inherent weakness of deep learning models. To address this problem, we study the adversarial robustness of neural networks through the lens of robust optimization. This approach provides us with a broad and unifying view on much of the prior work on this topic. Its principled nature also enables us to identify methods for both training and attacking neural networks that are reliable and, in a certain sense, universal. In particular, they specify a concrete security guarantee that would protect against any adversary. These methods let us train networks with significantly improved resistance to a wide range of adversarial attacks. They also suggest the notion of security against a first-order adversary as a natural and broad security guarantee. We believe that robustness against such well-defined classes of adversaries is an important stepping stone towards fully resistant deep learning models. 1

This paper investigates recently proposed approaches for defending against adversarial examples and evaluating adversarial robustness. We motivate adversarial risk as an objective for achieving models robust to worst-case inputs. We then frame commonly used attacks and evaluation metrics as defining a tractable surrogate objective to the true adversarial risk. This suggests that models may optimize this surrogate rather than the true adversarial risk. We formalize this notion as obscurity to an adversary, and develop tools and heuristics for identifying obscured models and designing transparent models. We demonstrate that this is a significant problem in practice by repurposing gradient-free optimization techniques into adversarial attacks, which we use to decrease the accuracy of several recently proposed defenses to near zero. Our hope is that our formulations and results will help researchers to develop more powerful defenses.

深度卷积神经网络可以准确地分类各种自然图像，但是在设计时可能很容易被欺骗，图像中嵌入了不可察觉的扰动。在本文中，我们设计了一种多管齐下的培训，输入转换和图像集成系统，该系统是攻击不可知论的，不容易估计。我们的系统结合了两个新型功能。第一个是一个转换层，该转换层从集体级训练数据示例中计算级别的多项式内核，并且迭代更新在推理时间上基于其特征内核差异的输入图像副本，以创建转换后的输入集合。第二个是一个分类系统，该系统将未防御网络的预测结合在一起，对被过滤图像的合奏进行了硬投票。我们在CIFAR10数据集上的评估显示，我们的系统提高了未防御性网络在不同距离指标下的各种有界和无限的白色盒子攻击的鲁棒性，同时牺牲了清洁图像的精度很小。反对自适应的全知攻击者创建端到端攻击，我们的系统成功地增强了对抗训练的网络的现有鲁棒性，为此，我们的方法最有效地应用了。

深度卷积神经网络（CNN）很容易被输入图像的细微，不可察觉的变化所欺骗。为了解决此漏洞，对抗训练会创建扰动模式，并将其包括在培训设置中以鲁棒性化模型。与仅使用阶级有限信息的现有对抗训练方法（例如，使用交叉渗透损失）相反，我们建议利用功能空间中的其他信息来促进更强的对手，这些信息又用于学习强大的模型。具体来说，我们将使用另一类的目标样本的样式和内容信息以及其班级边界信息来创建对抗性扰动。我们以深入监督的方式应用了我们提出的多任务目标，从而提取了多尺度特征知识，以创建最大程度地分开对手。随后，我们提出了一种最大边缘对抗训练方法，该方法可最大程度地减少源图像与其对手之间的距离，并最大程度地提高对手和目标图像之间的距离。与最先进的防御能力相比，我们的对抗训练方法表明了强大的鲁棒性，可以很好地推广到自然发生的损坏和数据分配变化，并保留了清洁示例的模型准确性。

Adaptive attacks have (rightfully) become the de facto standard for evaluating defenses to adversarial examples. We find, however, that typical adaptive evaluations are incomplete. We demonstrate that thirteen defenses recently published at ICLR, ICML and NeurIPS-and which illustrate a diverse set of defense strategies-can be circumvented despite attempting to perform evaluations using adaptive attacks. While prior evaluation papers focused mainly on the end result-showing that a defense was ineffective-this paper focuses on laying out the methodology and the approach necessary to perform an adaptive attack. Some of our attack strategies are generalizable, but no single strategy would have been sufficient for all defenses. This underlines our key message that adaptive attacks cannot be automated and always require careful and appropriate tuning to a given defense. We hope that these analyses will serve as guidance on how to properly perform adaptive attacks against defenses to adversarial examples, and thus will allow the community to make further progress in building more robust models.

Adversarial examples are perturbed inputs designed to fool machine learning models. Adversarial training injects such examples into training data to increase robustness. To scale this technique to large datasets, perturbations are crafted using fast single-step methods that maximize a linear approximation of the model's loss. We show that this form of adversarial training converges to a degenerate global minimum, wherein small curvature artifacts near the data points obfuscate a linear approximation of the loss. The model thus learns to generate weak perturbations, rather than defend against strong ones. As a result, we find that adversarial training remains vulnerable to black-box attacks, where we transfer perturbations computed on undefended models, as well as to a powerful novel single-step attack that escapes the non-smooth vicinity of the input data via a small random step. We further introduce Ensemble Adversarial Training, a technique that augments training data with perturbations transferred from other models. On ImageNet, Ensemble Adversarial Training yields models with stronger robustness to blackbox attacks. In particular, our most robust model won the first round of the NIPS 2017 competition on Defenses against Adversarial Attacks (Kurakin et al., 2017c). However, subsequent work found that more elaborate black-box attacks could significantly enhance transferability and reduce the accuracy of our models.

Adversarial training is an effective approach to make deep neural networks robust against adversarial attacks. Recently, different adversarial training defenses are proposed that not only maintain a high clean accuracy but also show significant robustness against popular and well studied adversarial attacks such as PGD. High adversarial robustness can also arise if an attack fails to find adversarial gradient directions, a phenomenon known as `gradient masking'. In this work, we analyse the effect of label smoothing on adversarial training as one of the potential causes of gradient masking. We then develop a guided mechanism to avoid local minima during attack optimization, leading to a novel attack dubbed Guided Projected Gradient Attack (G-PGA). Our attack approach is based on a `match and deceive' loss that finds optimal adversarial directions through guidance from a surrogate model. Our modified attack does not require random restarts, large number of attack iterations or search for an optimal step-size. Furthermore, our proposed G-PGA is generic, thus it can be combined with an ensemble attack strategy as we demonstrate for the case of Auto-Attack, leading to efficiency and convergence speed improvements. More than an effective attack, G-PGA can be used as a diagnostic tool to reveal elusive robustness due to gradient masking in adversarial defenses.

由于对抗性攻击的存在，深度学习分类器的安全性是一个关键的研究领域。这种攻击通常依赖于可转移性的原则，其中在代理分类器上制作的对手示例倾向于误导目标分类器，即使两个分类器都有相当不同的架构，也要误导目标分类器。抗逆性攻击的集合方法表明，对抗性示例的可能性不太可能在具有不同决策边界的集合中误导多个分类器。然而，最近的集合方法已被证明是易受强烈的对手或表现出缺乏结束到最终评估的影响。本文试图开发一种新的集合方法，该方法在训练过程中使用成对对手稳健的损失（PARL）功能来构造多种不同分类器。 PARL在同时在集合中的每个分类器中输入每个层的梯度。与之前的集合方法相比，建议的培训程序使PARL能够实现对黑盒转移攻击的更高稳健性，而不会对清洁实例的准确性产生不利影响。我们还评估了白盒攻击存在下的稳健性，其中使用目标分类器的参数制作了对抗示例。我们使用标准图像分类数据集在使用标准Reset20分类器培训的标准图像分类数据集目前，使用标准Reset20分类器，以展示所提出的集合方法的稳健性。

对抗性例子的现象说明了深神经网络最基本的漏洞之一。在推出这一固有的弱点的各种技术中，对抗性训练已成为学习健壮模型的最有效策略。通常，这是通过平衡强大和自然目标来实现的。在这项工作中，我们旨在通过执行域不变的功能表示，进一步优化鲁棒和标准准确性之间的权衡。我们提出了一种新的对抗训练方法，域不变的对手学习（DIAL），该方法学习了一个既健壮又不变的功能表示形式。拨盘使用自然域及其相应的对抗域上的域对抗神经网络（DANN）的变体。在源域由自然示例组成和目标域组成的情况下，是对抗性扰动的示例，我们的方法学习了一个被限制的特征表示，以免区分自然和对抗性示例，因此可以实现更强大的表示。拨盘是一种通用和模块化技术，可以轻松地将其纳入任何对抗训练方法中。我们的实验表明，将拨号纳入对抗训练过程中可以提高鲁棒性和标准精度。

已知神经网络容易受到对抗性攻击的影响 - 轻微但精心构建的输入扰动，这会造成巨大损害网络的性能。已经提出了许多防御方法来通过培训对抗对抗扰动的投入来改善深网络的稳健性。然而，这些模型通常仍然容易受到在训练期间没有看到的新类型的攻击，甚至在以前看到的攻击中稍微强大。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的对抗性稳健性的方法，这在域适应领域的见解中建立了洞察力。我们的方法称为对抗性特征脱敏（AFD），目的是学习功能，这些特征是不变的对输入的对抗扰动。这是通过游戏实现的，我们学习了预测和鲁棒（对对抗性攻击不敏感）的特征，即不能用于区分自然和对抗数据。若干基准测试的经验结果证明了提出的方法对广泛的攻击类型和攻击优势的有效性。我们的代码可在https://github.com/bashivanlab/afd获得。

对抗性的鲁棒性已经成为深度学习的核心目标，无论是在理论和实践中。然而，成功的方法来改善对抗的鲁棒性（如逆势训练）在不受干扰的数据上大大伤害了泛化性能。这可能会对对抗性鲁棒性如何影响现实世界系统的影响（即，如果它可以提高未受干扰的数据的准确性），许多人可能选择放弃鲁棒性）。我们提出内插对抗培训，该培训最近雇用了在对抗培训框架内基于插值的基于插值的培训方法。在CiFar -10上，对抗性训练增加了标准测试错误（当没有对手时）从4.43％到12.32％，而我们的内插对抗培训我们保留了对抗性的鲁棒性，同时实现了仅6.45％的标准测试误差。通过我们的技术，强大模型标准误差的相对增加从178.1％降至仅为45.5％。此外，我们提供内插对抗性培训的数学分析，以确认其效率，并在鲁棒性和泛化方面展示其优势。

We identify obfuscated gradients, a kind of gradient masking, as a phenomenon that leads to a false sense of security in defenses against adversarial examples. While defenses that cause obfuscated gradients appear to defeat iterative optimizationbased attacks, we find defenses relying on this effect can be circumvented. We describe characteristic behaviors of defenses exhibiting the effect, and for each of the three types of obfuscated gradients we discover, we develop attack techniques to overcome it. In a case study, examining noncertified white-box-secure defenses at ICLR 2018, we find obfuscated gradients are a common occurrence, with 7 of 9 defenses relying on obfuscated gradients. Our new attacks successfully circumvent 6 completely, and 1 partially, in the original threat model each paper considers.

深度学习模型在众多图像识别，分类和重建任务中表现出令人难以置信的性能。虽然由于其预测能力而非常吸引人和有价值，但一个共同的威胁仍然挑战。一个专门训练的攻击者可以引入恶意输入扰动来欺骗网络，从而导致可能有害的错误预测。此外，当对手完全访问目标模型（白盒）时，这些攻击可以成功，即使这种访问受限（黑盒设置）。模型的集合可以防止这种攻击，但在其成员（攻击转移性）中的共享漏洞下可能是脆弱的。为此，这项工作提出了一种新的多样性促进深度集成的学习方法。该想法是促进巩固地图多样性（SMD）在集合成员上，以防止攻击者通过在我们的学习目标中引入额外的术语来实现所有集合成员。在培训期间，这有助于我们最大限度地减少模型炼塞之间的对齐，以减少共享成员漏洞，从而增加对对手的合并稳健性。我们经验展示了与中型和高强度白盒攻击相比，集合成员与改进性能之间的可转换性降低。此外，我们证明我们的方法与现有方法相结合，优于白色盒子和黑匣子攻击下的防御最先进的集合算法。

The problem of adversarial defenses for image classification, where the goal is to robustify a classifier against adversarial examples, is considered. Inspired by the hypothesis that these examples lie beyond the natural image manifold, a novel aDversarIal defenSe with local impliCit functiOns (DISCO) is proposed to remove adversarial perturbations by localized manifold projections. DISCO consumes an adversarial image and a query pixel location and outputs a clean RGB value at the location. It is implemented with an encoder and a local implicit module, where the former produces per-pixel deep features and the latter uses the features in the neighborhood of query pixel for predicting the clean RGB value. Extensive experiments demonstrate that both DISCO and its cascade version outperform prior defenses, regardless of whether the defense is known to the attacker. DISCO is also shown to be data and parameter efficient and to mount defenses that transfers across datasets, classifiers and attacks.

Neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which poses a threat to their application in security sensitive systems. We propose high-level representation guided denoiser (HGD) as a defense for image classification. Standard denoiser suffers from the error amplification effect, in which small residual adversarial noise is progressively amplified and leads to wrong classifications. HGD overcomes this problem by using a loss function defined as the difference between the target model's outputs activated by the clean image and denoised image. Compared with ensemble adversarial training which is the state-of-the-art defending method on large images, HGD has three advantages. First, with HGD as a defense, the target model is more robust to either white-box or black-box adversarial attacks. Second, HGD can be trained on a small subset of the images and generalizes well to other images and unseen classes. Third, HGD can be transferred to defend models other than the one guiding it. In NIPS competition on defense against adversarial attacks, our HGD solution won the first place and outperformed other models by a large margin. 1 * Equal contribution.

通过对数据集的样本应用小而有意的最差情况扰动可以产生对抗性输入，这导致甚至最先进的深神经网络，以高信任输出不正确的答案。因此，开发了一些对抗防御技术来提高模型的安全性和稳健性，并避免它们被攻击。逐渐，攻击者和捍卫者之间的游戏类似的竞争，其中两个玩家都会试图在最大化自己的收益的同时互相反对发挥最佳策略。为了解决游戏，每个玩家都基于对对手的战略选择的预测来选择反对对手的最佳策略。在这项工作中，我们正处于防守方面，以申请防止攻击的游戏理论方法。我们使用两个随机化方法，随机初始化和随机激活修剪，以创造网络的多样性。此外，我们使用一种去噪技术，超级分辨率，通过在攻击前预处理图像来改善模型的鲁棒性。我们的实验结果表明，这三种方法可以有效提高深度学习神经网络的鲁棒性。

深度神经网络容易受到称为对抗性攻击的小输入扰动。通过迭代最大限度地减少网络对真正阶级标签的信心来构建这些对手的事实，我们提出了旨在反对这种效果的反对派层。特别地，我们的层在对手1的相反方向上产生输入扰动，并馈送分类器的输入的扰动版本。我们的方法是无培训和理论上的支持。我们通过将我们的层与名义上和强大的培训模型组合来验证我们的方法的有效性，并从黑盒进行大规模实验到CIFAR10，CIFAR100和ImageNet的自适应攻击。我们的层显着提高了模型鲁棒性，同时在清洁准确性上没有成本。

有必要提高某些特殊班级的表现，或者特别保护它们免受对抗学习的攻击。本文提出了一个将成本敏感分类和对抗性学习结合在一起的框架，以训练可以区分受保护和未受保护的类的模型，以使受保护的类别不太容易受到对抗性示例的影响。在此框架中，我们发现在训练深神经网络（称为Min-Max属性）期间，一个有趣的现象，即卷积层中大多数参数的绝对值。基于这种最小的最大属性，该属性是在随机分布的角度制定和分析的，我们进一步建立了一个针对对抗性示例的新防御模型，以改善对抗性鲁棒性。构建模型的一个优点是，它的性能比标准模型更好，并且可以与对抗性训练相结合，以提高性能。在实验上证实，对于所有类别的平均准确性，我们的模型在没有发生攻击时几乎与现有模型一样，并且在发生攻击时比现有模型更好。具体而言，关于受保护类的准确性，提议的模型比发生攻击时的现有模型要好得多。

已证明深度神经网络容易受到对抗噪声的影响，从而促进了针对对抗攻击的防御。受到对抗噪声包含良好的特征的动机，并且对抗数据和自然数据之间的关系可以帮助推断自然数据并做出可靠的预测，在本文中，我们研究通过学习对抗性标签之间的过渡关系来建模对抗性噪声（即用于生成对抗数据的翻转标签）和天然标签（即自然数据的地面真实标签）。具体而言，我们引入了一个依赖实例的过渡矩阵来关联对抗标签和天然标签，可以将其无缝嵌入目标模型（使我们能够建模更强的自适应对手噪声）。经验评估表明，我们的方法可以有效提高对抗性的准确性。