TRISTRUCCUCTIONATIOPIC(TRISO)涂层颗粒燃料是强大的核燃料,并确定其可靠性对于先进的核技术的成功至关重要。然而,Triso失效概率很小,相关的计算模型很昂贵。我们使用耦合的主动学习,多尺度建模和子集模拟来估计使用几个1D和2D模型的Triso燃料的故障概率。通过多尺度建模,我们用来自两个低保真(LF)模型的信息融合,取代了昂贵的高保真(HF)模型评估。对于1D TRISO模型,我们考虑了三种多倍性建模策略:仅克里格,Kriging LF预测加克里格校正,深神经网络(DNN)LF预测加克里格校正。虽然这些多尺度建模策略的结果令人满意地比较了从两个LF模型中使用信息融合的策略,但是通常常常称为HF模型。接下来,对于2D Triso模型,我们考虑了两个多倍性建模策略:DNN LF预测加克里格校正(数据驱动)和1D Triso LF预测加克里格校正(基于物理学)。正如所预期的那样,基于物理的策略一直需要对HF模型的最少的呼叫。然而,由于DNN预测是瞬时的,数据驱动的策略具有较低的整体模拟时间,并且1D Triso模型需要不可忽略的模拟时间。
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Estimating the probability of failure for complex real-world systems using high-fidelity computational models is often prohibitively expensive, especially when the probability is small. Exploiting low-fidelity models can make this process more feasible, but merging information from multiple low-fidelity and high-fidelity models poses several challenges. This paper presents a robust multi-fidelity surrogate modeling strategy in which the multi-fidelity surrogate is assembled using an active learning strategy using an on-the-fly model adequacy assessment set within a subset simulation framework for efficient reliability analysis. The multi-fidelity surrogate is assembled by first applying a Gaussian process correction to each low-fidelity model and assigning a model probability based on the model's local predictive accuracy and cost. Three strategies are proposed to fuse these individual surrogates into an overall surrogate model based on model averaging and deterministic/stochastic model selection. The strategies also dictate which model evaluations are necessary. No assumptions are made about the relationships between low-fidelity models, while the high-fidelity model is assumed to be the most accurate and most computationally expensive model. Through two analytical and two numerical case studies, including a case study evaluating the failure probability of Tristructural isotropic-coated (TRISO) nuclear fuels, the algorithm is shown to be highly accurate while drastically reducing the number of high-fidelity model calls (and hence computational cost).
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当采样贝叶斯推断时,一种流行的方法是使用汉密尔顿蒙特卡洛(HMC),特别是No-U-Turn采样器(NUTS),该采样器(NUTS)自动决定汉密尔顿轨迹的结束时间。但是,HMC和螺母可能需要众多目标密度的数值梯度,并且在实践中可能会缓慢。我们建议使用HMC和坚果解决贝叶斯推理问题的汉密尔顿神经网络(HNNS)。一旦训练,HNN不需要在采样过程中的目标密度的数值梯度。此外,它们满足了重要的特性,例如完美的时间可逆性和哈密顿保护性,使其非常适合在HMC和坚果中使用,因为可以显示平稳性。我们还提出了一个称为潜在HNN(L-HNN)的HNN扩展,该扩展能够预测潜在的可变输出。与HNN相比,L-HNN提供了提高表达性和减少的集成误差。最后,我们在具有在线错误监测方案的螺母中使用L-HNN,以防止低概率密度区域的样本退化。我们证明了在螺母中的L-HNN,并在线错误监视了一些涉及复杂,重尾和高本地狂热概率密度的示例。总体而言,具有在线错误监控的坚果中的L-HNN令人满意地推断了这些概率密度。与传统的螺母相比,在线错误监控的螺母中,L-HNN需要1--2个目标密度的数值梯度,并通过数量级提高了每个梯度的有效样本量(ESS)。
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在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新的高斯进程回归(GPR)方法:物理信息辅助Kriging(PHIK)。在标准数据驱动的Kriging中,感兴趣的未知功能通常被视为高斯过程,其中具有假定的静止协方差,其具有从数据估计的QuandEdmente。在PHIK中,我们从可用随机模型的实现中计算平均值和协方差函数,例如,从管理随机部分微分方程解决方案的实现。这种构造的高斯过程通常是非静止的,并且不承担特定形式的协方差。我们的方法避免了数据驱动的GPR方法中的优化步骤来识别超参数。更重要的是,我们证明了确定性线性操作员形式的物理约束在得到的预测中保证。当在随机模型实现中包含错误时,我们还提供了保留物理约束时的误差估计。为了降低获取随机模型的计算成本,我们提出了一种多级蒙特卡罗估计的平均和协方差函数。此外,我们介绍了一种有源学习算法,指导选择附加观察位置。 PHIK的效率和准确性被证明重建部分已知的修饰的Branin功能,研究三维传热问题,并从稀疏浓度测量学习保守的示踪剂分布。
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人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML)的最新表现突破,尤其是深度学习的进步(DL),功能强大,易于使用的ML库(例如Scikit-Learn,Tensorflow,Pytorch。),Pytorch。,Pytorch。。核工程师对AI/ML的前所未有的兴趣,并增加了计算能力。对于基于物理学的计算模型,已经广泛研究了验证,验证和不确定性定量(VVUQ),并且已经开发了许多方法。但是,ML模型的VVUQ的研究相对较少,尤其是在核工程中。在这项工作中,我们专注于ML模型的UQ作为ML VVUQ的初步步骤,更具体地说,是Deep Neural Networks(DNNS),因为它们是用于回归和分类任务的最广泛使用的监督ML算法。这项工作旨在量化DNN的预测或近似不确定性,当它们用作昂贵的物理模型的替代模型时。比较了DNN UQ的三种技术,即Monte Carlo辍学(MCD),深层合奏(DE)和贝叶斯神经网络(BNNS)。两个核工程示例用于基准这些方法,(1)使用野牛代码的时间依赖性裂变气体释放数据,以及(2)基于BFBT基准测试的无效分数模拟使用痕量代码。发现这三种方法通常需要不同的DNN体系结构和超参数来优化其性能。 UQ结果还取决于可用培训数据的量和数据的性质。总体而言,所有这三种方法都可以提供对近似不确定性的合理估计。当平均预测接近测试数据时,不确定性通常较小,而BNN方法通常会产生比MCD和DE更大的不确定性。
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In a fissile material, the inherent multiplicity of neutrons born through induced fissions leads to correlations in their detection statistics. The correlations between neutrons can be used to trace back some characteristics of the fissile material. This technique known as neutron noise analysis has applications in nuclear safeguards or waste identification. It provides a non-destructive examination method for an unknown fissile material. This is an example of an inverse problem where the cause is inferred from observations of the consequences. However, neutron correlation measurements are often noisy because of the stochastic nature of the underlying processes. This makes the resolution of the inverse problem more complex since the measurements are strongly dependent on the material characteristics. A minor change in the material properties can lead to very different outputs. Such an inverse problem is said to be ill-posed. For an ill-posed inverse problem the inverse uncertainty quantification is crucial. Indeed, seemingly low noise in the data can lead to strong uncertainties in the estimation of the material properties. Moreover, the analytical framework commonly used to describe neutron correlations relies on strong physical assumptions and is thus inherently biased. This paper addresses dual goals. Firstly, surrogate models are used to improve neutron correlations predictions and quantify the errors on those predictions. Then, the inverse uncertainty quantification is performed to include the impact of measurement error alongside the residual model bias.
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社会和自然中的极端事件,例如大流行尖峰,流氓波浪或结构性失败,可能会带来灾难性的后果。极端的表征很困难,因为它们很少出现,这似乎是由良性的条件引起的,并且属于复杂且通常是未知的无限维系统。这种挑战使他们将其描述为“毫无意义”。我们通过将贝叶斯实验设计(BED)中的新型训练方案与深神经操作员(DNOS)合奏结合在一起来解决这些困难。这个模型不足的框架配对了一个床方案,该床方案积极选择数据以用近似于无限二二维非线性运算符的DNO集合来量化极端事件。我们发现,这个框架不仅清楚地击败了高斯流程(GPS),而且只有两个成员的浅色合奏表现最好; 2)无论初始数据的状态如何(即有或没有极端),都会发现极端; 3)我们的方法消除了“双研究”现象; 4)与逐步全球Optima相比,使用次优的采集点的使用不会阻碍床的性能; 5)蒙特卡洛的获取优于高量级的标准优化器。这些结论共同构成了AI辅助实验基础设施的基础,该基础设施可以有效地推断并查明从物理到社会系统的许多领域的关键情况。
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本文为工程产品的计算模型或仅返回分类信息的过程提供了一种新的高效和健壮方法,用于罕见事件概率估计,例如成功或失败。对于此类模型,大多数用于估计故障概率的方法,这些方法使用结果的数值来计算梯度或估计与故障表面的接近度。即使性能函数不仅提供了二进制输出,系统的状态也可能是连续输入变量域中定义的不平滑函数,甚至是不连续的函数。在这些情况下,基于经典的梯度方法通常会失败。我们提出了一种简单而有效的算法,该算法可以从随机变量的输入域进行顺序自适应选择点,以扩展和完善简单的基于距离的替代模型。可以在连续采样的任何阶段完成两个不同的任务:(i)估计失败概率,以及(ii)如果需要进一步改进,则选择最佳的候选者进行后续模型评估。选择用于模型评估的下一个点的建议标准最大化了使用候选者分类的预期概率。因此,全球探索与本地剥削之间的完美平衡是自动维持的。该方法可以估计多种故障类型的概率。此外,当可以使用模型评估的数值来构建平滑的替代物时,该算法可以容纳此信息以提高估计概率的准确性。最后,我们定义了一种新的简单但一般的几何测量,这些测量是对稀有事实概率对单个变量的全局敏感性的定义,该度量是作为所提出算法的副产品获得的。
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We present the GPry algorithm for fast Bayesian inference of general (non-Gaussian) posteriors with a moderate number of parameters. GPry does not need any pre-training, special hardware such as GPUs, and is intended as a drop-in replacement for traditional Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inference. Our algorithm is based on generating a Gaussian Process surrogate model of the log-posterior, aided by a Support Vector Machine classifier that excludes extreme or non-finite values. An active learning scheme allows us to reduce the number of required posterior evaluations by two orders of magnitude compared to traditional Monte Carlo inference. Our algorithm allows for parallel evaluations of the posterior at optimal locations, further reducing wall-clock times. We significantly improve performance using properties of the posterior in our active learning scheme and for the definition of the GP prior. In particular we account for the expected dynamical range of the posterior in different dimensionalities. We test our model against a number of synthetic and cosmological examples. GPry outperforms traditional Monte Carlo methods when the evaluation time of the likelihood (or the calculation of theoretical observables) is of the order of seconds; for evaluation times of over a minute it can perform inference in days that would take months using traditional methods. GPry is distributed as an open source Python package (pip install gpry) and can also be found at https://github.com/jonaselgammal/GPry.
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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基于采样的推理技术是现代宇宙学数据分析的核心;然而,这些方法与维度不良,通常需要近似或顽固的可能性。在本文中,我们描述了截短的边际神经比率估计(TMNRE)(即所谓的基于模拟的推断的新方法)自然避免了这些问题,提高了$(i)$效率,$(ii)$可扩展性和$ (iii)推断后的后续后续的可信度。使用宇宙微波背景(CMB)的测量,我们表明TMNRE可以使用比传统马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法更少模拟器呼叫的数量级来实现融合的后海后。值得注意的是,所需数量的样本有效地独立于滋扰参数的数量。此外,称为\ MEMPH {本地摊销}的属性允许对基于采样的方法无法访问的严格统计一致性检查的性能。 TMNRE承诺成为宇宙学数据分析的强大工具,特别是在扩展宇宙学的背景下,其中传统的基于采样的推理方法所需的时间级数融合可以大大超过$ \ Lambda $ CDM等简单宇宙学模型的时间。为了执行这些计算,我们使用开源代码\ texttt {swyft}来使用TMNRE的实现。
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现代深度学习方法构成了令人难以置信的强大工具,以解决无数的挑战问题。然而,由于深度学习方法作为黑匣子运作,因此与其预测相关的不确定性往往是挑战量化。贝叶斯统计数据提供了一种形式主义来理解和量化与深度神经网络预测相关的不确定性。本教程概述了相关文献和完整的工具集,用于设计,实施,列车,使用和评估贝叶斯神经网络,即使用贝叶斯方法培训的随机人工神经网络。
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作为行业4.0时代的一项新兴技术,数字双胞胎因其承诺进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策制定等,通过全面对物理世界进行建模,以进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策,因此获得了前所未有的关注。互连的数字模型。在一系列两部分的论文中,我们研究了不同建模技术,孪生启用技术以及数字双胞胎常用的不确定性量化和优化方法的基本作用。第二篇论文介绍了数字双胞胎的关键启示技术的文献综述,重点是不确定性量化,优化方法,开源数据集和工具,主要发现,挑战和未来方向。讨论的重点是当前的不确定性量化和优化方法,以及如何在数字双胞胎的不同维度中应用它们。此外,本文介绍了一个案例研究,其中构建和测试了电池数字双胞胎,以说明在这两部分评论中回顾的一些建模和孪生方法。 GITHUB上可以找到用于生成案例研究中所有结果和数字的代码和预处理数据。
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支架再狭窄是由于球囊扩张和支架放置引起的血管损伤,冠状动脉窄的复发。它可能导致心绞痛症状或急性冠状动脉综合征复发。提出了具有四个不确定参数(内皮再生时间,平滑肌细胞粘合断裂,血流速度和内部弹性薄片的衰减百分比)的支架内再狭窄模型的不确定性定量。研究了两种兴趣,即血管平均横截面积和最大相对区域损失。由于模型的计算强度和不确定量化所需的评估的数量,基于具有适当正交分解的高斯过程回归的代理模型,随后在不确定量化中取代了原始的内支架再生模型。提出了对不确定性传播和敏感性分析的详细分析。在平均横截面积和最大相对面积损失上观察到大约11%和16%的不确定性,并且不确定性估计表明,更高的失败主要决定了该过程初始阶段的内部生长中的不确定性。另一方面,血流速度和内皮再生时间的不确定性主要在后期的临床相关阶段的临床相关阶段来确定患者数量的不确定性。与其他不确定参数相比,阈值应变中的不确定性相对较小。
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在2015年和2019年之间,地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”,研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用,并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人,仍然在测试阶段,承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,在研究和开发的那些中,最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。
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This paper presents a surrogate modelling technique based on domain partitioning for Bayesian parameter inference of highly nonlinear engineering models. In order to alleviate the computational burden typically involved in Bayesian inference applications, a multielement Polynomial Chaos Expansion based Kriging metamodel is proposed. The developed surrogate model combines in a piecewise function an array of local Polynomial Chaos based Kriging metamodels constructed on a finite set of non-overlapping subdomains of the stochastic input space. Therewith, the presence of non-smoothness in the response of the forward model (e.g.~ nonlinearities and sparseness) can be reproduced by the proposed metamodel with minimum computational costs owing to its local adaptation capabilities. The model parameter inference is conducted through a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach comprising adaptive exploration and delayed rejection. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach are validated through two case studies, including an analytical benchmark and a numerical case study. The latter relates the partial differential equation governing the hydrogen diffusion phenomenon of metallic materials in Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy tests.
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映射近场污染物的浓度对于跟踪城市地区意外有毒羽状分散体至关重要。通过求解大部分湍流谱,大型模拟(LES)具有准确表示污染物浓度空间变异性的潜力。找到一种合成大量信息的方法,以提高低保真操作模型的准确性(例如,提供更好的湍流封闭条款)特别有吸引力。这是一个挑战,在多质量环境中,LES的部署成本高昂,以了解羽流和示踪剂分散如何随着各种大气和源参数的变化。为了克服这个问题,我们提出了一个合并正交分解(POD)和高斯过程回归(GPR)的非侵入性降低阶模型,以预测与示踪剂浓度相关的LES现场统计。通过最大的后验(MAP)过程,GPR HyperParameter是通过POD告知的最大后验(MAP)过程来优化组件的。我们在二维案例研究上提供了详细的分析,该案例研究对应于表面安装的障碍物上的湍流大气边界层流。我们表明,障碍物上游的近源浓度异质性需要大量的POD模式才能得到充分捕获。我们还表明,逐组分的优化允许捕获POD模式中的空间尺度范围,尤其是高阶模式中较短的浓度模式。如果学习数据库由至少五十至100个LES快照制成,则可以首先估算所需的预算,以朝着更逼真的大气分散应用程序迈进,因此减少订单模型的预测仍然可以接受。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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Explicitly accounting for uncertainties is paramount to the safety of engineering structures. Optimization which is often carried out at the early stage of the structural design offers an ideal framework for this task. When the uncertainties are mainly affecting the objective function, robust design optimization is traditionally considered. This work further assumes the existence of multiple and competing objective functions that need to be dealt with simultaneously. The optimization problem is formulated by considering quantiles of the objective functions which allows for the combination of both optimality and robustness in a single metric. By introducing the concept of common random numbers, the resulting nested optimization problem may be solved using a general-purpose solver, herein the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The computational cost of such an approach is however a serious hurdle to its application in real-world problems. We therefore propose a surrogate-assisted approach using Kriging as an inexpensive approximation of the associated computational model. The proposed approach consists of sequentially carrying out NSGA-II while using an adaptively built Kriging model to estimate the quantiles. Finally, the methodology is adapted to account for mixed categorical-continuous parameters as the applications involve the selection of qualitative design parameters as well. The methodology is first applied to two analytical examples showing its efficiency. The third application relates to the selection of optimal renovation scenarios of a building considering both its life cycle cost and environmental impact. It shows that when it comes to renovation, the heating system replacement should be the priority.
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贝叶斯优化是黑匣子功能优化的流行框架。多重方法方法可以通过利用昂贵目标功能的低保真表示来加速贝叶斯优化。流行的多重贝叶斯策略依赖于采样政策,这些策略解释了在特定意见下评估目标函数的立即奖励,从而排除了更多的信息收益,这些收益可能会获得更多的步骤。本文提出了一个非侧重多倍数贝叶斯框架,以掌握优化的未来步骤的长期奖励。我们的计算策略具有两步的lookahead多因素采集函数,可最大程度地提高累积奖励,从而测量解决方案的改进,超过了前面的两个步骤。我们证明,所提出的算法在流行的基准优化问题上优于标准的多尺寸贝叶斯框架。
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