在可能被GPS贬低的环境中准确估计机器人相对于彼此相对的位置的能力对于执行协作任务至关重要。由于超宽带无线电等技术,因此以低成本的价格获得了代理范围测量值。但是,使用多代理系统中的范围测量的三维相对位置估计的任务遭受了未观察到的。该字母为相对位置的可观察性提供了足够的条件,并使用仅具有范围测量的简单框架,加速度计,速率陀螺仪和磁力计满足条件。该框架已在模拟和实验中进行了测试,其中使用便宜的现成硬件实现了40-50 cm的定位精度。
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基于视觉的相对本地化可以为空中群体的合作提供有效的反馈,并在以前的作品中得到了广泛的调查。但是,有限的视野(FOV)本身限制了其性能。要应对这个问题,这封信提出了一种新的分布式主动视觉相关的相对本地化框架,并将其应用于空中群中的形成控制。灵感来自鸟群本质上,我们设计了基于图形的注意力计划(GAP),以改善群体中活跃视觉的观察质量。然后,主动检测结果与来自超宽带(UWB)的板载测量和视觉惯性内径(VIO)融合,以获得实时相对位置,从而进一步改善了群体的形成控制性能。模拟和实验表明,所提出的主动视觉系统在估计和形成准确性方面优于固定视觉系统。
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A reliable self-contained navigation system is essential for autonomous vehicles. Based on our previous study on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2019}, a wheel-mounted inertial measurement unit (Wheel-IMU)-based dead reckoning (DR) system, in this paper, we propose a multiple IMUs-based DR solution for the wheeled robots. The IMUs are mounted at different places of the wheeled vehicles to acquire various dynamic information. In particular, at least one IMU has to be mounted at the wheel to measure the wheel velocity and take advantages of the rotation modulation. The system is implemented through a distributed extended Kalman filter structure where each subsystem (corresponding to each IMU) retains and updates its own states separately. The relative position constraints between the multiple IMUs are exploited to further limit the error drift and improve the system robustness. Particularly, we present the DR systems using dual Wheel-IMUs, one Wheel-IMU plus one vehicle body-mounted IMU (Body-IMU), and dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU as examples for analysis and comparison. Field tests illustrate that the proposed multi-IMU DR system outperforms the single Wheel-INS in terms of both positioning and heading accuracy. By comparing with the centralized filter, the proposed distributed filter shows unimportant accuracy degradation while holds significant computation efficiency. Moreover, among the three multi-IMU configurations, the one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU design obtains the minimum drift rate. The position drift rates of the three configurations are 0.82\% (dual Wheel-IMUs), 0.69\% (one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU), and 0.73\% (dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU), respectively.
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Positioning with one inertial measurement unit and one ranging sensor is commonly thought to be feasible only when trajectories are in certain patterns ensuring observability. For this reason, to pursue observable patterns, it is required either exciting the trajectory or searching key nodes in a long interval, which is commonly highly nonlinear and may also lack resilience. Therefore, such a positioning approach is still not widely accepted in real-world applications. To address this issue, this work first investigates the dissipative nature of flying robots considering aerial drag effects and re-formulates the corresponding positioning problem, which guarantees observability almost surely. On this basis, a dimension-reduced wriggling estimator is proposed accordingly. This estimator slides the estimation horizon in a stepping manner, and output matrices can be approximately evaluated based on the historical estimation sequence. The computational complexity is then further reduced via a dimension-reduction approach using polynomial fittings. In this way, the states of robots can be estimated via linear programming in a sufficiently long interval, and the degree of observability is thereby further enhanced because an adequate redundancy of measurements is available for each estimation. Subsequently, the estimator's convergence and numerical stability are proven theoretically. Finally, both indoor and outdoor experiments verify that the proposed estimator can achieve decimeter-level precision at hundreds of hertz per second, and it is resilient to sensors' failures. Hopefully, this study can provide a new practical approach for self-localization as well as relative positioning of cooperative agents with low-cost and lightweight sensors.
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We propose a multisensor fusion framework for onboard real-time navigation of a quadrotor in an indoor environment, by integrating sensor readings from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a camera-based object detection algorithm, and an Ultra-WideBand (UWB) localization system. The sensor readings from the camera-based object detection algorithm and the UWB localization system arrive intermittently, since the measurements are not readily available. We design a Kalman filter that manages intermittent observations in order to handle and fuse the readings and estimate the pose of the quadrotor for tracking a predefined trajectory. The system is implemented via a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation technique, in which the dynamic model of the quadrotor is simulated in an open-source 3D robotics simulator tool, and the whole navigation system is implemented on Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled edge GPU. The simulation results show that our proposed framework offers low positioning and trajectory errors, while handling intermittent sensor measurements.
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在这项工作中,研究了使用板载探测仪和机器人间距离测量值的4个自由度(3D位置和标题)机器人对机器人相对框架转换估计的问题。首先,我们对问题进行了理论分析,即CRAMER-RAO下限(CRLB),Fisher Information Matrix(FIM)及其决定因素的推导和解释。其次,我们提出了基于优化的方法来解决该问题,包括二次约束二次编程(QCQP)和相应的半决赛编程(SDP)放松。此外,我们解决了以前的工作中忽略的实际问题,例如对超宽带(UWB)和轨道仪传感器之间的空间偏移的核算,拒绝UWB异常值并在开始操作之前检查单数配置。最后,对空中机器人进行的广泛的模拟和现实生活实验表明,所提出的QCQP和SDP方法的表现优于最先进的方法,尤其是在几何差或大的测量噪声条件下。通常,QCQP方法以计算时间为代价提供了最佳结果,而SDP方法运行得更快,并且在大多数情况下非常准确。
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近年来,视觉惯性进程(VIO)取得了许多重大进展。但是,VIO方法遭受了长期轨迹的定位漂移。在本文中,我们建议通过将超宽带(UWB)的范围测量纳入VIO框架\ TextIt {Conseply},提议首次估计Jacobian Visual惯性范围射程(FEJ-VIRO)来减少VIO的定位漂移。考虑到UWB锚的初始位置通常不可用,我们提出了一个长短的窗口结构,以初始化UWB锚位置以及状态增强的协方差。初始化后,FEJ-VIRO与机器人姿势同时估算了UWB锚定位置。我们进一步分析了视觉惯性范围估计器的可观察性,并证明了理想情况下存在\ textit {fortiT {fortiT {fortiT {四},而其中一个在实际情况下由于浪费信息而消失。基于这些分析,我们利用FEJ技术来执行不可观察的方向,从而减少估计器的不一致。最后,我们通过模拟和现实世界实验验证分析并评估所提出的FEJ-VIRO。
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本文为自动驾驶车辆提供了基于激光雷达的同时定位和映射(SLAM)。研究了来自地标传感器的数据和自适应卡尔曼滤波器(KF)中的带状惯性测量单元(IMU)加上系统的可观察性。除了车辆的状态和具有里程碑意义的位置外,自我调整过滤器还估计IMU校准参数以及测量噪声的协方差。流程噪声,状态过渡矩阵和观察灵敏度矩阵的离散时间协方差矩阵以封闭形式得出,使其适合实时实现。检查3D SLAM系统的可观察性得出的结论是,该系统在地标对准的几何条件下仍然可以观察到。
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在本文中,我们使用单个摄像头和惯性测量单元(IMU)以及相应的感知共识问题(即,所有观察者的独特性和相同的ID)来解决基于视觉的检测和跟踪多个航空车的问题。我们设计了几种基于视觉的分散贝叶斯多跟踪滤波策略,以解决视觉探测器算法获得的传入的未分类测量与跟踪剂之间的关联。我们根据团队中代理的数量在不同的操作条件以及可扩展性中比较它们的准确性。该分析提供了有关给定任务最合适的设计选择的有用见解。我们进一步表明,提出的感知和推理管道包括深度神经网络(DNN),因为视觉目标检测器是轻量级的,并且能够同时运行控制和计划,并在船上进行大小,重量和功率(交换)约束机器人。实验结果表明,在各种具有挑战性的情况(例如重闭)中,有效跟踪了多个无人机。
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太空探索目睹了毅力漫游者登陆火星表面,并展示了火星直升机超越地球以外的第一次飞行。在他们在火星上的任务中,毅力漫游者和Ingenuity合作探索了火星表面,Ingenuity侦察员地形信息为Rover的安全穿越。因此,确定两个平台之间的相对姿势对于此任务的成功至关重要。在这种必要性的驱动下,这项工作提出了基于基于神经形态视觉测量(NVBM)和惯性测量的融合的强大相对定位系统。神经形态视觉的出现引发了计算机视觉社区的范式转变,这是由于其独特的工作原理由现场发生的光强度变化触发的异步事件所划定。这意味着由于照明不变性而无法在静态场景中获取观察结果。为了规避这一限制,在场景中插入了高频活动地标,以确保一致的事件射击。这些地标被用作促进相对定位的显着特征。开发了一种新型的基于事件的地标识别算法,使用高斯混合模型(GMM),用于匹配我们NVBM的地标对应。 NVBM与提议的状态估计器中的惯性测量,地标跟踪Kalman滤波器(LTKF)和翻译解耦的Kalman Filter(TDKF)分别用于地标跟踪和相对定位。该系统在各种实验中进行了测试,并且在准确性和范围方面具有优于最先进的方法。
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国家估计是自主系统的重要组成部分。已显示整合超宽带(UWB)技术可以纠正长期估计漂移并绕过环路闭合检测的复杂性。但是,机器人技术中很少有作品采用UWB作为独立的状态估计技术。这项工作的主要目的是仅使用UWB范围测量结果研究平面姿势估计,并研究估计器的统计效率。我们证明了两步方案的出色属性,该方案说,我们可以通过高斯 - 纽顿迭代的一步来完善一致的估计器在渐近上有效。基于此结果,我们设计了GN-uls估计器,并通过模拟和收集的数据集进行评估。GN-uls在我们的静态数据集上达到毫米和次级水平的准确性,并在我们的动态数据集中达到厘米和学位水平的精度,从而提出了仅将UWB用于实时状态估计的可能性。
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A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .
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包括无人驾驶汽车(UAV)在内的自动移动机器人因其在建筑中的应用而受到了极大的关注。这些平台具有极大的潜力,可以自动化和增强许多任务所需数据的质量和频率,例如施工时间表更新,检查和监视。强大的本地化是可靠部署自动机器人平台的关键推动力。自动化的机器人解决方案主要依靠全球定位系统(GPS)进行户外定位。但是,GPS信号在室内被拒绝,并且经常使用预建的环境图来室内定位。这需要通过对环境中的移动机器人进行远程操作来产生高质量的地图。这种方法不仅耗时且乏味,而且在室内建筑环境中也是不可靠的。布局随着施工的进度而变化,需要频繁的映射会话来支持自主任务。此外,依赖视觉特征的基于视觉解决方案的有效性在现场低质地和重复区域都受到高度影响。为了应对这些挑战,我们以前提出了使用Apriltags的低成本,轻巧的基于标签的视觉惯性定位方法。在这种方法中,标签是具有已知尺寸和位置的纸张可打印地标,代表环境的准图。由于标签放置/更换是一个手动过程,因此它会遭受人体错误。在这项工作中,我们研究了人体错误在手动标签安装过程中的影响,并提出了一种随机方法,以使用谎言组理论来解决这种不确定性。使用蒙特卡洛模拟,我们通过实验表明,在我们的Manifold配方中纳入的拟议随机模型可提高基于标签的定位对在现场手动标签安装中不可避免的瑕疵的鲁棒性和准确性。
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确定高精度和可扩展性的资产位置是市场上最多的调查技术之一。当需要抽取量级精度或需要在室内环境中运行时,基于卫星的定位系统(即GLONASS或GLILEO)提供的基于卫星的定位系统(即GLONASS或GALILEO)的准确性并不总是足够的。在处理室内定位系统时,可扩展性也是一种反复出现的问题。本文介绍了一种创新的UWB室内GPS,可以追踪任意数量的资产而不降低测量更新率。为了提高系统的准确性,研究了数学模型和不确定性源。结果突出了所提出的实施方式提供定位信息,其中最大误差低于20厘米。由于DTDOA传输机制,也解决了不需要从资产被跟踪的活动作用的可扩展性。
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Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) is the problem of estimating a robot's trajectory by combining information from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a camera, and is of great interest to the robotics community. This paper develops a novel Lie group symmetry for the VIO problem and applies the recently proposed equivariant filter. The symmetry is shown to be compatible with the invariance of the VIO reference frame, lead to exact linearisation of bias-free IMU dynamics, and provide equivariance of the visual measurement function. As a result, the equivariant filter (EqF) based on this Lie group is a consistent estimator for VIO with lower linearisation error in the propagation of state dynamics and a higher order equivariant output approximation than standard formulations. Experimental results on the popular EuRoC and UZH FPV datasets demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms other state-of-the-art VIO algorithms in terms of both speed and accuracy.
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姿势图优化是同时定位和映射问题的一种特殊情况,其中唯一要估计的变量是姿势变量,而唯一的测量值是施加间约束。绝大多数PGO技术都是基于顶点的(变量是机器人姿势),但是最近的工作以相对方式参数化了姿势图优化问题(变量是姿势之间的变换),利用最小循环基础来最大程度地提高范围的稀疏性。问题。我们以增量方式探索周期基础的构建,同时最大程度地提高稀疏性。我们验证一种算法,该算法逐渐构建稀疏循环基础,并将其性能与最小循环基础进行比较。此外,我们提出了一种算法,以近似两个图表的最小周期基础,这些图在多代理方案中常见。最后,姿势图优化的相对参数化仅限于使用SE(2)或SE(3)上的刚体变换作为姿势之间的约束。我们引入了一种方法,以允许在相对姿势图优化问题中使用低度测量值。我们对标准基准,模拟数据集和自定义硬件的算法进行了广泛的验证。
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姿势估计对于机器人感知,路径计划等很重要。机器人姿势可以在基质谎言组上建模,并且通常通过基于滤波器的方法进行估算。在本文中,我们在存在随机噪声的情况下建立了不变扩展Kalman滤波器(IEKF)的误差公式,并将其应用于视觉辅助惯性导航。我们通过OpenVINS平台上的数值模拟和实验评估我们的算法。在Euroc公共MAV数据集上执行的仿真和实验都表明,我们的算法优于某些基于最先进的滤波器方法,例如基于Quaternion的EKF,首先估计Jacobian EKF等。
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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去中心化的国家估计是GPS贬低的地区自动空中群体系统中最基本的组成部分之一,但它仍然是一个极具挑战性的研究主题。本文提出了Omni-swarm,一种分散的全向视觉惯性-UWB状态估计系统,用于解决这一研究利基市场。为了解决可观察性,复杂的初始化,准确性不足和缺乏全球一致性的问题,我们在Omni-warm中引入了全向感知前端。它由立体宽型摄像机和超宽带传感器,视觉惯性探测器,基于多无人机地图的本地化以及视觉无人机跟踪算法组成。前端的测量值与后端的基于图的优化融合在一起。所提出的方法可实现厘米级的相对状态估计精度,同时确保空中群中的全球一致性,这是实验结果证明的。此外,在没有任何外部设备的情况下,可以在全面的无人机间碰撞方面支持,表明全旋转的潜力是自动空中群的基础。
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超宽带(UWB)基于到达的时间差异(TDOA)的定位最近已成为一种有希望的,低成本和可扩展的室内定位解决方案,这特别适合多机器人应用。但是,似乎缺乏公共数据集来基准在混乱的室内环境中新兴的UWB TDOA定位技术。为了填补这一空白,我们提供了一个全面的数据集由UWB TDOA识别实验和基于DeCawave的DWM1000 UWB模块的飞行实验组成。在识别实验中,我们在各种视线(LOS)和非线(NLOS)条件下收集了低级信号信息,包括信噪比(SNR)和功率差值。对于飞行实验,我们使用四个不同的锚点进行了累积的$ \ sim $ 150分钟的现实飞行,平均速度为0.45 m/s。在飞行过程中收集了包括UWB TDOA,惯性测量单元(IMU),光流,飞行时间(TOF)激光器和毫米精度的地面真相数据在内的原始传感器数据。数据集和开发套件可在https://utiasdsl.github.io/util-uwb-dataset/上获得。
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