太空探索目睹了毅力漫游者登陆火星表面,并展示了火星直升机超越地球以外的第一次飞行。在他们在火星上的任务中,毅力漫游者和Ingenuity合作探索了火星表面,Ingenuity侦察员地形信息为Rover的安全穿越。因此,确定两个平台之间的相对姿势对于此任务的成功至关重要。在这种必要性的驱动下,这项工作提出了基于基于神经形态视觉测量(NVBM)和惯性测量的融合的强大相对定位系统。神经形态视觉的出现引发了计算机视觉社区的范式转变,这是由于其独特的工作原理由现场发生的光强度变化触发的异步事件所划定。这意味着由于照明不变性而无法在静态场景中获取观察结果。为了规避这一限制,在场景中插入了高频活动地标,以确保一致的事件射击。这些地标被用作促进相对定位的显着特征。开发了一种新型的基于事件的地标识别算法,使用高斯混合模型(GMM),用于匹配我们NVBM的地标对应。 NVBM与提议的状态估计器中的惯性测量,地标跟踪Kalman滤波器(LTKF)和翻译解耦的Kalman Filter(TDKF)分别用于地标跟踪和相对定位。该系统在各种实验中进行了测试,并且在准确性和范围方面具有优于最先进的方法。
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We propose a multisensor fusion framework for onboard real-time navigation of a quadrotor in an indoor environment, by integrating sensor readings from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a camera-based object detection algorithm, and an Ultra-WideBand (UWB) localization system. The sensor readings from the camera-based object detection algorithm and the UWB localization system arrive intermittently, since the measurements are not readily available. We design a Kalman filter that manages intermittent observations in order to handle and fuse the readings and estimate the pose of the quadrotor for tracking a predefined trajectory. The system is implemented via a Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation technique, in which the dynamic model of the quadrotor is simulated in an open-source 3D robotics simulator tool, and the whole navigation system is implemented on Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled edge GPU. The simulation results show that our proposed framework offers low positioning and trajectory errors, while handling intermittent sensor measurements.
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安装在微空中车辆(MAV)上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而,合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达(GPSAR)系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成,使得在地面上方,雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形(GPSAR)轨迹的生成和自动执行,以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动(RTK)全局导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量值,以获得精确,高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明,传感器时机为0.8美元,正如0.1美元的那样,定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比,双位置因子配方可提高高达40%,批量定位精度高达59%。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度,使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。
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本文提出了一种新颖的方法,用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分,拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反,该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署,并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划,面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域,以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用,以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索,而对环境结构没有任何假设,同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道,用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外,在定性和定量评估的各种环境中,在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证,UAV系统的性能得到了支持。
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事件摄像机是运动激活的传感器,可捕获像素级照明的变化,而不是具有固定帧速率的强度图像。与标准摄像机相比,它可以在高速运动和高动态范围场景中提供可靠的视觉感知。但是,当相机和场景之间的相对运动受到限制时,例如在静态状态下,事件摄像机仅输出一点信息甚至噪音。尽管标准相机可以在大多数情况下,尤其是在良好的照明条件下提供丰富的感知信息。这两个相机完全是互补的。在本文中,我们提出了一种具有鲁棒性,高智能和实时优化的基于事件的视觉惯性镜(VIO)方法,具有事件角度,基于线的事件功能和基于点的图像功能。提出的方法旨在利用人为场景中的自然场景和基于线路的功能中的基于点的功能,以通过设计良好设计的功能管理提供更多其他结构或约束信息。公共基准数据集中的实验表明,与基于图像或基于事件的VIO相比,我们的方法可以实现卓越的性能。最后,我们使用我们的方法演示了机上闭环自动驾驶四极管飞行和大规模室外实验。评估的视频在我们的项目网站上介绍:https://b23.tv/oe3qm6j
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我们提供了一种基于因子图优化的多摄像性视觉惯性内径系统,该系统通过同时使用所有相机估计运动,同时保留固定的整体特征预算。我们专注于在挑战环境中的运动跟踪,例如狭窄的走廊,具有侵略性动作的黑暗空间,突然的照明变化。这些方案导致传统的单眼或立体声测量失败。在理论上,使用额外的相机跟踪运动,但它会导致额外的复杂性和计算负担。为了克服这些挑战,我们介绍了两种新的方法来改善多相机特征跟踪。首先,除了从一体相机移动到另一个相机时,我们连续地跟踪特征的代替跟踪特征。这提高了准确性并实现了更紧凑的因子图表示。其次,我们选择跨摄像机的跟踪功能的固定预算,以降低反向结束优化时间。我们发现,使用较小的信息性功能可以保持相同的跟踪精度。我们所提出的方法使用由IMU和四个摄像机(前立体网和两个侧面)组成的硬件同步装置进行广泛测试,包括:地下矿,大型开放空间,以及带狭窄楼梯和走廊的建筑室内设计。与立体声最新的视觉惯性内径测量方法相比,我们的方法将漂移率,相对姿势误差,高达80%的翻译和旋转39%降低。
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滑动检测对于在外星人表面驾驶的流浪者的安全性和效率至关重要。当前的行星流动站滑移检测系统依赖于视觉感知,假设可以在环境中获得足够的视觉特征。然而,基于视觉的方法容易受到感知降解的行星环境,具有主要低地形特征,例如岩石岩,冰川地形,盐散发物以及较差的照明条件,例如黑暗的洞穴和永久阴影区域。仅依靠视觉传感器进行滑动检测也需要额外的计算功率,并降低了流动站的遍历速率。本文回答了如何检测行星漫游者的车轮滑移而不取决于视觉感知的问题。在这方面,我们提出了一个滑动检测系统,该系统从本体感受的本地化框架中获取信息,该框架能够提供数百米的可靠,连续和计算有效的状态估计。这是通过使用零速度更新,零角度更新和非独立限制作为惯性导航系统框架的伪测量更新来完成的。对所提出的方法进行了对实际硬件的评估,并在行星 - 分析环境中进行了现场测试。该方法仅使用IMU和车轮编码器就可以达到150 m左右的92%滑动检测精度。
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The performance of inertial navigation systems is largely dependent on the stable flow of external measurements and information to guarantee continuous filter updates and bind the inertial solution drift. Platforms in different operational environments may be prevented at some point from receiving external measurements, thus exposing their navigation solution to drift. Over the years, a wide variety of works have been proposed to overcome this shortcoming, by exploiting knowledge of the system current conditions and turning it into an applicable source of information to update the navigation filter. This paper aims to provide an extensive survey of information aided navigation, broadly classified into direct, indirect, and model aiding. Each approach is described by the notable works that implemented its concept, use cases, relevant state updates, and their corresponding measurement models. By matching the appropriate constraint to a given scenario, one will be able to improve the navigation solution accuracy, compensate for the lost information, and uncover certain internal states, that would otherwise remain unobservable.
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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We propose AstroSLAM, a standalone vision-based solution for autonomous online navigation around an unknown target small celestial body. AstroSLAM is predicated on the formulation of the SLAM problem as an incrementally growing factor graph, facilitated by the use of the GTSAM library and the iSAM2 engine. By combining sensor fusion with orbital motion priors, we achieve improved performance over a baseline SLAM solution. We incorporate orbital motion constraints into the factor graph by devising a novel relative dynamics factor, which links the relative pose of the spacecraft to the problem of predicting trajectories stemming from the motion of the spacecraft in the vicinity of the small body. We demonstrate the excellent performance of AstroSLAM using both real legacy mission imagery and trajectory data courtesy of NASA's Planetary Data System, as well as real in-lab imagery data generated on a 3 degree-of-freedom spacecraft simulator test-bed.
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Precise geolocalization is crucial for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, most current deployed UAVs rely on the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) or high precision inertial navigation systems (INS) for geolocalization. In this paper, we propose to use a lightweight visual-inertial system with a 2D georeference map to obtain accurate and consecutive geodetic positions for UAVs. The proposed system firstly integrates a micro inertial measurement unit (MIMU) and a monocular camera as odometry to consecutively estimate the navigation states and reconstruct the 3D position of the observed visual features in the local world frame. To obtain the geolocation, the visual features tracked by the odometry are further registered to the 2D georeferenced map. While most conventional methods perform image-level aerial image registration, we propose to align the reconstructed points to the map points in the geodetic frame; this helps to filter out the large portion of outliers and decouples the negative effects from the horizontal angles. The registered points are then used to relocalize the vehicle in the geodetic frame. Finally, a pose graph is deployed to fuse the geolocation from the aerial image registration and the local navigation result from the visual-inertial odometry (VIO) to achieve consecutive and drift-free geolocalization performance. We have validated the proposed method by installing the sensors to a UAV body rigidly and have conducted two flights in different environments with unknown initials. The results show that the proposed method can achieve less than 4m position error in flight at 100m high and less than 9m position error in flight about 300m high.
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本文通过讨论参加了为期三年的SubT竞赛的六支球队的不同大满贯策略和成果,报道了地下大满贯的现状。特别是,本文有四个主要目标。首先,我们审查团队采用的算法,架构和系统;特别重点是以激光雷达以激光雷达为中心的SLAM解决方案(几乎所有竞争中所有团队的首选方法),异质的多机器人操作(包括空中机器人和地面机器人)和现实世界的地下操作(从存在需要处理严格的计算约束的晦涩之处)。我们不会回避讨论不同SubT SLAM系统背后的肮脏细节,这些系统通常会从技术论文中省略。其次,我们通过强调当前的SLAM系统的可能性以及我们认为与一些良好的系统工程有关的范围来讨论该领域的成熟度。第三,我们概述了我们认为是基本的开放问题,这些问题可能需要进一步的研究才能突破。最后,我们提供了在SubT挑战和相关工作期间生产的开源SLAM实现和数据集的列表,并构成了研究人员和从业人员的有用资源。
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本文为自动驾驶车辆提供了基于激光雷达的同时定位和映射(SLAM)。研究了来自地标传感器的数据和自适应卡尔曼滤波器(KF)中的带状惯性测量单元(IMU)加上系统的可观察性。除了车辆的状态和具有里程碑意义的位置外,自我调整过滤器还估计IMU校准参数以及测量噪声的协方差。流程噪声,状态过渡矩阵和观察灵敏度矩阵的离散时间协方差矩阵以封闭形式得出,使其适合实时实现。检查3D SLAM系统的可观察性得出的结论是,该系统在地标对准的几何条件下仍然可以观察到。
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A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .
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基于视觉的相对本地化可以为空中群体的合作提供有效的反馈,并在以前的作品中得到了广泛的调查。但是,有限的视野(FOV)本身限制了其性能。要应对这个问题,这封信提出了一种新的分布式主动视觉相关的相对本地化框架,并将其应用于空中群中的形成控制。灵感来自鸟群本质上,我们设计了基于图形的注意力计划(GAP),以改善群体中活跃视觉的观察质量。然后,主动检测结果与来自超宽带(UWB)的板载测量和视觉惯性内径(VIO)融合,以获得实时相对位置,从而进一步改善了群体的形成控制性能。模拟和实验表明,所提出的主动视觉系统在估计和形成准确性方面优于固定视觉系统。
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Accurate and safety-quantifiable localization is of great significance for safety-critical autonomous systems, such as unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The visual odometry-based method can provide accurate positioning in a short period but is subjected to drift over time. Moreover, the quantification of the safety of the localization solution (the error is bounded by a certain value) is still a challenge. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes a safety-quantifiable line feature-based visual localization method with a prior map. The visual-inertial odometry provides a high-frequency local pose estimation which serves as the initial guess for the visual localization. By obtaining a visual line feature pair association, a foot point-based constraint is proposed to construct the cost function between the 2D lines extracted from the real-time image and the 3D lines extracted from the high-precision prior 3D point cloud map. Moreover, a global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) inspired method is employed to quantify the safety of the derived localization solution. Among that, an outlier rejection (also well-known as fault detection and exclusion) strategy is employed via the weighted sum of squares residual with a Chi-squared probability distribution. A protection level (PL) scheme considering multiple outliers is derived and utilized to quantify the potential error bound of the localization solution in both position and rotation domains. The effectiveness of the proposed safety-quantifiable localization system is verified using the datasets collected in the UAV indoor and UGV outdoor environments.
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去中心化的国家估计是GPS贬低的地区自动空中群体系统中最基本的组成部分之一,但它仍然是一个极具挑战性的研究主题。本文提出了Omni-swarm,一种分散的全向视觉惯性-UWB状态估计系统,用于解决这一研究利基市场。为了解决可观察性,复杂的初始化,准确性不足和缺乏全球一致性的问题,我们在Omni-warm中引入了全向感知前端。它由立体宽型摄像机和超宽带传感器,视觉惯性探测器,基于多无人机地图的本地化以及视觉无人机跟踪算法组成。前端的测量值与后端的基于图的优化融合在一起。所提出的方法可实现厘米级的相对状态估计精度,同时确保空中群中的全球一致性,这是实验结果证明的。此外,在没有任何外部设备的情况下,可以在全面的无人机间碰撞方面支持,表明全旋转的潜力是自动空中群的基础。
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在这封信中,我们提出了一个可靠的实时,实时的,惯性导航系统(INS) - 中心的GNSS-视觉惯性导航系统(IC-GVIN),用于轮式机器人,其中在两个状态估计中都可以完全利用精确的INS和视觉过程。为了改善系统的鲁棒性,通过严格的离群策略,在整个基于关键帧的视觉过程中采用了INS信息。采用GNSS来执行IC-GVIN的准确和方便的初始化,并进一步用于在大规模环境中实现绝对定位。 IMU,Visual和GNSS测量值紧密地融合在因子图优化的框架内。进行了专用的实验,以评估轮式机器人上IC-GVIN的鲁棒性和准确性。 IC-GVIN在带有移动对象的各种视觉降低场景中表现出卓越的鲁棒性。与最先进的视觉惯性导航系统相比,所提出的方法在各种环境中都能提高鲁棒性和准确性。我们开源的代码与GitHub上的数据集结合在一起
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包括无人驾驶汽车(UAV)在内的自动移动机器人因其在建筑中的应用而受到了极大的关注。这些平台具有极大的潜力,可以自动化和增强许多任务所需数据的质量和频率,例如施工时间表更新,检查和监视。强大的本地化是可靠部署自动机器人平台的关键推动力。自动化的机器人解决方案主要依靠全球定位系统(GPS)进行户外定位。但是,GPS信号在室内被拒绝,并且经常使用预建的环境图来室内定位。这需要通过对环境中的移动机器人进行远程操作来产生高质量的地图。这种方法不仅耗时且乏味,而且在室内建筑环境中也是不可靠的。布局随着施工的进度而变化,需要频繁的映射会话来支持自主任务。此外,依赖视觉特征的基于视觉解决方案的有效性在现场低质地和重复区域都受到高度影响。为了应对这些挑战,我们以前提出了使用Apriltags的低成本,轻巧的基于标签的视觉惯性定位方法。在这种方法中,标签是具有已知尺寸和位置的纸张可打印地标,代表环境的准图。由于标签放置/更换是一个手动过程,因此它会遭受人体错误。在这项工作中,我们研究了人体错误在手动标签安装过程中的影响,并提出了一种随机方法,以使用谎言组理论来解决这种不确定性。使用蒙特卡洛模拟,我们通过实验表明,在我们的Manifold配方中纳入的拟议随机模型可提高基于标签的定位对在现场手动标签安装中不可避免的瑕疵的鲁棒性和准确性。
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在本文中,我们使用单个摄像头和惯性测量单元(IMU)以及相应的感知共识问题(即,所有观察者的独特性和相同的ID)来解决基于视觉的检测和跟踪多个航空车的问题。我们设计了几种基于视觉的分散贝叶斯多跟踪滤波策略,以解决视觉探测器算法获得的传入的未分类测量与跟踪剂之间的关联。我们根据团队中代理的数量在不同的操作条件以及可扩展性中比较它们的准确性。该分析提供了有关给定任务最合适的设计选择的有用见解。我们进一步表明,提出的感知和推理管道包括深度神经网络(DNN),因为视觉目标检测器是轻量级的,并且能够同时运行控制和计划,并在船上进行大小,重量和功率(交换)约束机器人。实验结果表明,在各种具有挑战性的情况(例如重闭)中,有效跟踪了多个无人机。
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