由国土安全企业与安全相关的应用程序直接激励，我们着重于对图形数据的隐私保护分析，该分析提供了代表丰富属性和关系的关键能力。特别是，我们讨论了两个方向，即保护隐私图和联合图形学习，这可以共同使每个拥有私人图形数据的多个政党之间的协作。对于每个方向，我们都确定“快速获胜”和“硬问题”。最后，我们演示了一个可以促进模型解释，解释和可视化的用户界面。我们认为，在这些方向上开发的技术将大大提高国土安全企业的能力，以应对和减轻各种安全风险。

隐私法规法（例如GDPR）将透明度和安全性作为数据处理算法的设计支柱。在这种情况下，联邦学习是保护隐私的分布式机器学习的最具影响力的框架之一，从而实现了许多自然语言处理和计算机视觉任务的惊人结果。一些联合学习框架采用差异隐私，以防止私人数据泄漏到未经授权的政党和恶意攻击者。但是，许多研究突出了标准联邦学习对中毒和推理的脆弱性，因此引起了人们对敏感数据潜在风险的担忧。为了解决此问题，我们提出了SGDE，这是一种生成数据交换协议，可改善跨索洛联合会中的用户安全性和机器学习性能。 SGDE的核心是共享具有强大差异隐私的数据生成器，保证了对私人数据培训的培训，而不是通信显式梯度信息。这些发电机合成了任意大量数据，这些数据保留了私人样品的独特特征，但有很大差异。我们展示了将SGDE纳入跨核心联合网络如何提高对联邦学习最有影响力的攻击的弹性。我们在图像和表格数据集上测试我们的方法，利用β变量自动编码器作为数据生成器，并突出了对非生成数据的本地和联合学习的公平性和绩效改进。

联合学习（FL）是一个系统，中央聚合器协调多个客户解决机器学习问题的努力。此设置允许分散培训数据以保护隐私。本文的目的是提供针对医疗保健的FL系统的概述。 FL在此根据其框架，架构和应用程序进行评估。这里显示的是，FL通过中央聚合器服务器通过共享的全球深度学习（DL）模型解决了前面的问题。本文研究了最新的发展，并提供了来自FL研究的快速增长的启发，列出了未解决的问题。在FL的背景下，描述了几种隐私方法，包括安全的多方计算，同态加密，差异隐私和随机梯度下降。此外，还提供了对各种FL类的综述，例如水平和垂直FL以及联合转移学习。 FL在无线通信，服务建议，智能医学诊断系统和医疗保健方面有应用，本文将在本文中进行讨论。我们还对现有的FL挑战进行了彻底的审查，例如隐私保护，沟通成本，系统异质性和不可靠的模型上传，然后是未来的研究指示。

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a promising distributed learning paradigm with an added advantage of data privacy. With the growing interest in having collaboration among data owners, FL has gained significant attention of organizations. The idea of FL is to enable collaborating participants train machine learning (ML) models on decentralized data without breaching privacy. In simpler words, federated learning is the approach of ``bringing the model to the data, instead of bringing the data to the mode''. Federated learning, when applied to data which is partitioned vertically across participants, is able to build a complete ML model by combining local models trained only using the data with distinct features at the local sites. This architecture of FL is referred to as vertical federated learning (VFL), which differs from the conventional FL on horizontally partitioned data. As VFL is different from conventional FL, it comes with its own issues and challenges. In this paper, we present a structured literature review discussing the state-of-the-art approaches in VFL. Additionally, the literature review highlights the existing solutions to challenges in VFL and provides potential research directions in this domain.

联邦学习的出现在维持隐私的同时，促进了机器学习模型之间的大规模数据交换。尽管历史悠久，但联邦学习正在迅速发展，以使更广泛的使用更加实用。该领域中最重要的进步之一是将转移学习纳入联邦学习，这克服了主要联合学习的基本限制，尤其是在安全方面。本章从安全的角度进行了有关联合和转移学习的交集的全面调查。这项研究的主要目标是发现可能损害使用联合和转移学习的系统的隐私和性能的潜在脆弱性和防御机制。

如今，信息技术的发展正在迅速增长。在大数据时代，个人信息的隐私更加明显。主要的挑战是找到一种方法来确保在发布和分析数据时不会披露敏感的个人信息。在信任的第三方数据策展人的假设上建立了集中式差异隐私。但是，这个假设在现实中并不总是正确的。作为一种新的隐私保护模型，当地的差异隐私具有相对强大的隐私保证。尽管联邦学习相对是一种用于分布式学习的隐私方法，但它仍然引入了各种隐私问题。为了避免隐私威胁并降低沟通成本，我们建议将联合学习和当地差异隐私与动量梯度下降整合在一起，以提高机器学习模型的性能。

In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been proposed and is known for breaking down ``data silos" and protecting the privacy of users. However, FL has not yet gained popularity in the industry, mainly due to its security, privacy, and high cost of communication. For the purpose of advancing the research in this field, building a robust FL system, and realizing the wide application of FL, this paper sorts out the possible attacks and corresponding defenses of the current FL system systematically. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the basic workflow of FL and related knowledge of attacks and defenses. It reviews a great deal of research about privacy theft and malicious attacks that have been studied in recent years. Most importantly, in view of the current three classification criteria, namely the three stages of machine learning, the three different roles in federated learning, and the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) guidelines on privacy protection, we divide attack approaches into two categories according to the training stage and the prediction stage in machine learning. Furthermore, we also identify the CIA property violated for each attack method and potential attack role. Various defense mechanisms are then analyzed separately from the level of privacy and security. Finally, we summarize the possible challenges in the application of FL from the aspect of attacks and defenses and discuss the future development direction of FL systems. In this way, the designed FL system has the ability to resist different attacks and is more secure and stable.

Today's AI still faces two major challenges. One is that in most industries, data exists in the form of isolated islands. The other is the strengthening of data privacy and security. We propose a possible solution to these challenges: secure federated learning. Beyond the federated learning framework first proposed by Google in 2016, we introduce a comprehensive secure federated learning framework, which includes horizontal federated learning, vertical federated learning and federated transfer learning. We provide definitions, architectures and applications for the federated learning framework, and provide a comprehensive survey of existing works on this subject. In addition, we propose building data networks among organizations based on federated mechanisms as an effective solution to allow knowledge to be shared without compromising user privacy.

目前，联邦图神经网络（GNN）由于其在现实中的广泛应用而没有违反隐私法规而引起了很多关注。在所有隐私保护技术中，差异隐私（DP）是最有希望的，因为它的有效性和轻度计算开销。但是，基于DP的联合GNN尚未得到很好的研究，尤其是在子图级环境中，例如推荐系统的情况。最大的挑战是如何保证隐私并在联邦GNN中解决非独立和相同分布的（非IID）数据。在本文中，我们提出了基于DP的联合GNN DP-FEDREC来填补空白。利用私有集合交叉点（PSI）来扩展每个客户端的本地图，从而解决了非IID问题。最重要的是，DP不仅应用于权重，而且应用于PSI相交图的边缘，以完全保护客户的隐私。该评估表明，DP-FEDREC通过图形扩展实现了更好的性能，而DP仅引入了很少的计算开销。

联邦学习一直是一个热门的研究主题，使不同组织的机器学习模型的协作培训在隐私限制下。随着研究人员试图支持更多具有不同隐私方法的机器学习模型，需要开发系统和基础设施，以便于开发各种联合学习算法。类似于Pytorch和Tensorflow等深度学习系统，可以增强深度学习的发展，联邦学习系统（FLSS）是等效的，并且面临各个方面的面临挑战，如有效性，效率和隐私。在本调查中，我们对联合学习系统进行了全面的审查。为实现流畅的流动和引导未来的研究，我们介绍了联合学习系统的定义并分析了系统组件。此外，我们根据六种不同方面提供联合学习系统的全面分类，包括数据分布，机器学习模型，隐私机制，通信架构，联合集市和联合的动机。分类可以帮助设计联合学习系统，如我们的案例研究所示。通过系统地总结现有联合学习系统，我们展示了设计因素，案例研究和未来的研究机会。

通信技术和互联网的最新进展与人工智能（AI）启用了智能医疗保健。传统上，由于现代医疗保健网络的高性性和日益增长的数据隐私问题，AI技术需要集中式数据收集和处理，这可能在现实的医疗环境中可能是不可行的。作为一个新兴的分布式协作AI范例，通过协调多个客户（例如，医院）来执行AI培训而不共享原始数据，对智能医疗保健特别有吸引力。因此，我们对智能医疗保健的使用提供了全面的调查。首先，我们在智能医疗保健中展示了近期进程，动机和使用FL的要求。然后讨论了近期智能医疗保健的FL设计，从资源感知FL，安全和隐私感知到激励FL和个性化FL。随后，我们对关键医疗领域的FL新兴应用提供了最先进的综述，包括健康数据管理，远程健康监测，医学成像和Covid-19检测。分析了几个最近基于智能医疗保健项目，并突出了从调查中学到的关键经验教训。最后，我们讨论了智能医疗保健未来研究的有趣研究挑战和可能的指示。

在金融和医疗保健等高度监管域中的机构通常存在围绕数据共享的限制性规则。联合学习是一种分布式学习框架，可以实现对分散数据的多机构合作，并改善了每个合作师的数据隐私的保护。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于分散的联邦学习的通信有效的方案，称为ProxyFL或基于代理的联合学习。 ProxyFL中的每个参与者都维护了两个模型，私人模型和旨在保护参与者隐私的公开共享代理模型。代理模型允许参与者之间的高效信息交换，使用PushSum方法而无需集中式服务器。所提出的方法通过允许模型异质性消除了规范联合学习的显着限制;每个参与者都可以拥有任何架构的私有模型。此外，我们通过代理通信的协议导致使用差异隐私分析的隐私保障更强。对流行的图像数据集的实验，以及使用超过30,000多个高质量的千兆的千兆子痫组织的泛癌诊断问题整个幻灯片图像，表明ProxyFL可以优于现有的现有替代方案，越来越少的沟通开销和更强大的隐私。

联合学习（FL）是一项新兴技术，可在保持数据分布和私密的同时向多个客户培训机器学习模型。根据参与的客户和模型培训量表，可以将联合学习分为两种类型：跨设备FL，客户通常是移动设备，客户编号可以达到数百万的规模；客户是组织或公司，并且客户编号通常很小（例如，一百之内）。尽管现有研究主要集中于跨设备FL，但本文旨在提供跨索洛FL的概述。更具体地说，我们首先讨论了交叉Silo FL的应用，并概述了其主要挑战。然后，我们通过关注与跨设备FL的联系和差异，对Cross-Silo FL挑战的现有方法进行系统的概述。最后，我们讨论了未来的方向和开放问题，值得社区的研究工作。

Federated learning involves training statistical models over remote devices or siloed data centers, such as mobile phones or hospitals, while keeping data localized. Training in heterogeneous and potentially massive networks introduces novel challenges that require a fundamental departure from standard approaches for large-scale machine learning, distributed optimization, and privacy-preserving data analysis. In this article, we discuss the unique characteristics and challenges of federated learning, provide a broad overview of current approaches, and outline several directions of future work that are relevant to a wide range of research communities.

Federated learning has recently been applied to recommendation systems to protect user privacy. In federated learning settings, recommendation systems can train recommendation models only collecting the intermediate parameters instead of the real user data, which greatly enhances the user privacy. Beside, federated recommendation systems enable to collaborate with other data platforms to improve recommended model performance while meeting the regulation and privacy constraints. However, federated recommendation systems faces many new challenges such as privacy, security, heterogeneity and communication costs. While significant research has been conducted in these areas, gaps in the surveying literature still exist. In this survey, we-(1) summarize some common privacy mechanisms used in federated recommendation systems and discuss the advantages and limitations of each mechanism; (2) review some robust aggregation strategies and several novel attacks against security; (3) summarize some approaches to address heterogeneity and communication costs problems; (4)introduce some open source platforms that can be used to build federated recommendation systems; (5) present some prospective research directions in the future. This survey can guide researchers and practitioners understand the research progress in these areas.

In recent years the applications of machine learning models have increased rapidly, due to the large amount of available data and technological progress.While some domains like web analysis can benefit from this with only minor restrictions, other fields like in medicine with patient data are strongerregulated. In particular \emph{data privacy} plays an important role as recently highlighted by the trustworthy AI initiative of the EU or general privacy regulations in legislation. Another major challenge is, that the required training \emph{data is} often \emph{distributed} in terms of features or samples and unavailable for classicalbatch learning approaches. In 2016 Google came up with a framework, called \emph{Federated Learning} to solve both of these problems. We provide a brief overview on existing Methods and Applications in the field of vertical and horizontal \emph{Federated Learning}, as well as \emph{Fderated Transfer Learning}.

随着物联网，AI和ML/DL算法的出现，数据驱动的医疗应用已成为一种有前途的工具，用于从医学数据设计可靠且可扩展的诊断和预后模型。近年来，这引起了从学术界到工业的广泛关注。这无疑改善了医疗保健提供的质量。但是，由于这些基于AI的医疗应用程序在满足严格的安全性，隐私和服务标准（例如低延迟）方面的困难，因此仍然采用较差。此外，医疗数据通常是分散的和私人的，这使得在人群之间产生强大的结果具有挑战性。联邦学习（FL）的最新发展使得以分布式方式训练复杂的机器学习模型成为可能。因此，FL已成为一个积极的研究领域，尤其是以分散的方式处理网络边缘的医疗数据，以保护隐私和安全问题。为此，本次调查论文重点介绍了数据共享是重大负担的医疗应用中FL技术的当前和未来。它还审查并讨论了当前的研究趋势及其设计可靠和可扩展模型的结果。我们概述了FL将军的统计问题，设备挑战，安全性，隐私问题及其在医疗领域的潜力。此外，我们的研究还集中在医疗应用上，我们重点介绍了全球癌症的负担以及有效利用FL来开发计算机辅助诊断工具来解决这些诊断工具。我们希望这篇评论是一个检查站，以彻底的方式阐明现有的最新最新作品，并为该领域提供开放的问题和未来的研究指示。

With its capability to deal with graph data, which is widely found in practical applications, graph neural networks (GNNs) have attracted significant research attention in recent years. As societies become increasingly concerned with the need for data privacy protection, GNNs face the need to adapt to this new normal. Besides, as clients in Federated Learning (FL) may have relationships, more powerful tools are required to utilize such implicit information to boost performance. This has led to the rapid development of the emerging research field of federated graph neural networks (FedGNNs). This promising interdisciplinary field is highly challenging for interested researchers to grasp. The lack of an insightful survey on this topic further exacerbates the entry difficulty. In this paper, we bridge this gap by offering a comprehensive survey of this emerging field. We propose a 2-dimensional taxonomy of the FedGNNs literature: 1) the main taxonomy provides a clear perspective on the integration of GNNs and FL by analyzing how GNNs enhance FL training as well as how FL assists GNNs training, and 2) the auxiliary taxonomy provides a view on how FedGNNs deal with heterogeneity across FL clients. Through discussions of key ideas, challenges, and limitations of existing works, we envision future research directions that can help build more robust, explainable, efficient, fair, inductive, and comprehensive FedGNNs.

联合学习是一种数据解散隐私化技术，用于以安全的方式执行机器或深度学习。在本文中，我们介绍了有关联合学习的理论方面客户次数有所不同的用例。具体而言，使用从开放数据存储库中获得的胸部X射线图像提出了医学图像分析的用例。除了与隐私相关的优势外，还将研究预测的改进（就曲线下的准确性和面积而言）和减少执行时间（集中式方法）。将从培训数据中模拟不同的客户，以不平衡的方式选择，即，他们并非都有相同数量的数据。考虑三个或十个客户之间的结果与集中案件相比。间歇性客户将分析两种遵循方法，就像在实际情况下，某些客户可能会离开培训，一些新的新方法可能会进入培训。根据准确性，曲线下的区域和执行时间的结果，结果的结果的演变显示为原始数据被划分的客户次数。最后，提出了该领域的改进和未来工作。

联合学习（FL）和分裂学习（SL）是两种新兴的协作学习方法，可能会极大地促进物联网（IoT）中无处不在的智能。联合学习使机器学习（ML）模型在本地培训的模型使用私人数据汇总为全球模型。分裂学习使ML模型的不同部分可以在学习框架中对不同工人进行协作培训。联合学习和分裂学习，每个学习都有独特的优势和各自的局限性，可能会相互补充，在物联网中无处不在的智能。因此，联合学习和分裂学习的结合最近成为一个活跃的研究领域，引起了广泛的兴趣。在本文中，我们回顾了联合学习和拆分学习方面的最新发展，并介绍了有关最先进技术的调查，该技术用于将这两种学习方法组合在基于边缘计算的物联网环境中。我们还确定了一些开放问题，并讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向，希望进一步引起研究界对这个新兴领域的兴趣。