Power grids, across the world, play an important societal and economical role by providing uninterrupted, reliable and transient-free power to several industries, businesses and household consumers. With the advent of renewable power resources and EVs resulting into uncertain generation and highly dynamic load demands, it has become ever so important to ensure robust operation of power networks through suitable management of transient stability issues and localize the events of blackouts. In the light of ever increasing stress on the modern grid infrastructure and the grid operators, this paper presents a reinforcement learning (RL) framework, PowRL, to mitigate the effects of unexpected network events, as well as reliably maintain electricity everywhere on the network at all times. The PowRL leverages a novel heuristic for overload management, along with the RL-guided decision making on optimal topology selection to ensure that the grid is operated safely and reliably (with no overloads). PowRL is benchmarked on a variety of competition datasets hosted by the L2RPN (Learning to Run a Power Network). Even with its reduced action space, PowRL tops the leaderboard in the L2RPN NeurIPS 2020 challenge (Robustness track) at an aggregate level, while also being the top performing agent in the L2RPN WCCI 2020 challenge. Moreover, detailed analysis depicts state-of-the-art performances by the PowRL agent in some of the test scenarios.

当前气候的快速变化增加了改变能源生产和消费管理的紧迫性，以减少碳和其他绿色房屋的生产。在这种情况下，法国电力网络管理公司RTE（r {\'e} seau de Transport d'{\'e} lectricit {\'e}）最近发布了一项广泛的研究结果，概述了明天法国法语的各种情况能源管理。我们提出一个挑战，将测试这种情况的可行性。目的是控制电力网络中的电力运输，同时追求多种目标：平衡生产和消费，最大程度地减少能量损失，并确保人员和设备安全，尤其是避免灾难性的失败。虽然应用程序的重要性本身提供了一个目标，但该挑战也旨在推动人工智能分支（AI）（AI）的最先进，称为强化学习（RL），该研究提供了解决控制问题的新可能性。特别是，在该应用领域中，深度学习和RL的组合组合的各个方面仍然需要利用。该挑战属于2019年开始的系列赛，名称为“学习运行电力网络”（L2RPN）。在这个新版本中，我们介绍了RTE提出的新的更现实的场景，以便到2050年到达碳中立性，将化石燃料电力产生，增加了可再生和核能的比例，并引入了电池。此外，我们使用最先进的加强学习算法提供基线来刺激未来的参与者。

The energy sector is facing rapid changes in the transition towards clean renewable sources. However, the growing share of volatile, fluctuating renewable generation such as wind or solar energy has already led to an increase in power grid congestion and network security concerns. Grid operators mitigate these by modifying either generation or demand (redispatching, curtailment, flexible loads). Unfortunately, redispatching of fossil generators leads to excessive grid operation costs and higher emissions, which is in direct opposition to the decarbonization of the energy sector. In this paper, we propose an AlphaZero-based grid topology optimization agent as a non-costly, carbon-free congestion management alternative. Our experimental evaluation confirms the potential of topology optimization for power grid operation, achieves a reduction of the average amount of required redispatching by 60%, and shows the interoperability with traditional congestion management methods. Our approach also ranked 1st in the WCCI 2022 Learning to Run a Power Network (L2RPN) competition. Based on our findings, we identify and discuss open research problems as well as technical challenges for a productive system on a real power grid.

本文介绍了电力系统运营商的域知识如何集成到强化学习（RL）框架中，以有效学习控制电网拓扑以防止热级联的代理。由于大搜索/优化空间，典型的基于RL的拓扑控制器无法表现良好。在这里，我们提出了一个基于演员 - 评论家的代理，以解决问题的组合性质，并使用由RTE，法国TSO开发的RL环境训练代理。为了解决大型优化空间的挑战，通过使用网络物理修改环境以增强代理学习来纳入训练过程中的基于奖励调整的基于课程的方法。此外，采用多种方案的并行训练方法来避免将代理偏置到几种情况，并使其稳健地对网格操作中的自然变异性。如果没有对培训过程进行这些修改，则RL代理失败了大多数测试场景，说明了正确整合物理系统的域知识以获得真实世界的RL学习的重要性。该代理通过RTE测试2019年学习，以运行电力网络挑战，并以精确度和第1位的速度授予第2位。开发的代码是公共使用开放的。

Traditional power grid systems have become obsolete under more frequent and extreme natural disasters. Reinforcement learning (RL) has been a promising solution for resilience given its successful history of power grid control. However, most power grid simulators and RL interfaces do not support simulation of power grid under large-scale blackouts or when the network is divided into sub-networks. In this study, we proposed an updated power grid simulator built on Grid2Op, an existing simulator and RL interface, and experimented on limiting the action and observation spaces of Grid2Op. By testing with DDQN and SliceRDQN algorithms, we found that reduced action spaces significantly improve training performance and efficiency. In addition, we investigated a low-rank neural network regularization method for deep Q-learning, one of the most widely used RL algorithms, in this power grid control scenario. As a result, the experiment demonstrated that in the power grid simulation environment, adopting this method will significantly increase the performance of RL agents.

单位承诺（UC）是日期电力市场中的一个基本问题，有效解决UC问题至关重要。 UC问题通常采用数学优化技术，例如动态编程，拉格朗日放松和混合二次二次编程（MIQP）。但是，这些方法的计算时间随着发电机和能源资源的数量而增加，这仍然是行业中的主要瓶颈。人工智能的最新进展证明了加强学习（RL）解决UC问题的能力。不幸的是，当UC问题的大小增长时，现有关于解决RL的UC问题的研究受到维数的诅咒。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一个优化方法辅助的集合深钢筋学习算法，其中UC问题是作为Markov决策过程（MDP）提出的，并通过集合框架中的多步进深度学习解决。所提出的算法通过解决量身定制的优化问题来确保相对较高的性能和操作约束的满意度来建立候选动作。关于IEEE 118和300总线系统的数值研究表明，我们的算法优于基线RL算法和MIQP。此外，所提出的算法在无法预见的操作条件下显示出强大的概括能力。

Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is a very traditional research area within the power systems field that seeks for the optimal operation point of electric power plants, and which needs to be solved every few minutes in real-world scenarios. However, due to the nonconvexities that arise in power generation systems, there is not yet a fast, robust solution technique for the full Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF). In the last decades, power grids have evolved into a typical dynamic, non-linear and large-scale control system, known as the power system, so searching for better and faster ACOPF solutions is becoming crucial. Appearance of Graph Neural Networks (GNN) has allowed the natural use of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms on graph data, such as power networks. On the other hand, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is known for its powerful capability to solve complex decision-making problems. Although solutions that use these two methods separately are beginning to appear in the literature, none has yet combined the advantages of both. We propose a novel architecture based on the Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm with Graph Neural Networks to solve the Optimal Power Flow. The objective is to design an architecture that learns how to solve the optimization problem and that is at the same time able to generalize to unseen scenarios. We compare our solution with the DCOPF in terms of cost after having trained our DRL agent on IEEE 30 bus system and then computing the OPF on that base network with topology changes

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

本文介绍了电力网络的问题，可以为应用多功能增强学习（Marl）创造一个令人兴奋和挑战的现实情景。脱碳的新出现趋势在配电网络上放置过大的压力。主动电压控制被视为有希望的解决方案，以减轻电力拥塞和改善电压质量，无需额外的硬件投资，利用网络中的可控装置，例如屋顶光伏（PVS）和静态VAR补偿器（SVC）。这些可控设备出现在大量广大数字中，并分布在宽的地理区域中，使Marl成为自然候选者。本文在DEC-POMDP框架中制定了主动电压控制问题，并建立了开源环境。它旨在弥合电力社区与马尔社区之间的差距，并成为马尔算法实际应用的驱动力。最后，我们分析了主动电压控制问题的特殊特征，导致最先进的Marl方法挑战，并总结了潜在的方向。

深度强化学习（DRL）赋予了各种人工智能领域，包括模式识别，机器人技术，推荐系统和游戏。同样，图神经网络（GNN）也证明了它们在图形结构数据的监督学习方面的出色表现。最近，GNN与DRL用于图形结构环境的融合引起了很多关注。本文对这些混合动力作品进行了全面评论。这些作品可以分为两类：（1）算法增强，其中DRL和GNN相互补充以获得更好的实用性； （2）特定于应用程序的增强，其中DRL和GNN相互支持。这种融合有效地解决了工程和生命科学方面的各种复杂问题。基于审查，我们进一步分析了融合这两个领域的适用性和好处，尤其是在提高通用性和降低计算复杂性方面。最后，集成DRL和GNN的关键挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向被突出显示，这将引起更广泛的机器学习社区的关注。

The exponential growth in demand for digital services drives massive datacenter energy consumption and negative environmental impacts. Promoting sustainable solutions to pressing energy and digital infrastructure challenges is crucial. Several hyperscale cloud providers have announced plans to power their datacenters using renewable energy. However, integrating renewables to power the datacenters is challenging because the power generation is intermittent, necessitating approaches to tackle power supply variability. Hand engineering domain-specific heuristics-based schedulers to meet specific objective functions in such complex dynamic green datacenter environments is time-consuming, expensive, and requires extensive tuning by domain experts. The green datacenters need smart systems and system software to employ multiple renewable energy sources (wind and solar) by intelligently adapting computing to renewable energy generation. We present RARE (Renewable energy Aware REsource management), a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) job scheduler that automatically learns effective job scheduling policies while continually adapting to datacenters' complex dynamic environment. The resulting DRL scheduler performs better than heuristic scheduling policies with different workloads and adapts to the intermittent power supply from renewables. We demonstrate DRL scheduler system design parameters that, when tuned correctly, produce better performance. Finally, we demonstrate that the DRL scheduler can learn from and improve upon existing heuristic policies using Offline Learning.

Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due to largely improved data availability and computing power in the aviation industry. Many aviation-based applications can be formulated or treated as sequential decision-making problems. Some of them are offline planning problems, while others need to be solved online and are safety-critical. In this survey paper, we first describe standard RL formulations and solutions. Then we survey the landscape of existing RL-based applications in aviation. Finally, we summarize the paper, identify the technical gaps, and suggest future directions of RL research in aviation.

Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.

Deep reinforcement learning algorithms have succeeded in several challenging domains. Classic Online RL job schedulers can learn efficient scheduling strategies but often takes thousands of timesteps to explore the environment and adapt from a randomly initialized DNN policy. Existing RL schedulers overlook the importance of learning from historical data and improving upon custom heuristic policies. Offline reinforcement learning presents the prospect of policy optimization from pre-recorded datasets without online environment interaction. Following the recent success of data-driven learning, we explore two RL methods: 1) Behaviour Cloning and 2) Offline RL, which aim to learn policies from logged data without interacting with the environment. These methods address the challenges concerning the cost of data collection and safety, particularly pertinent to real-world applications of RL. Although the data-driven RL methods generate good results, we show that the performance is highly dependent on the quality of the historical datasets. Finally, we demonstrate that by effectively incorporating prior expert demonstrations to pre-train the agent, we short-circuit the random exploration phase to learn a reasonable policy with online training. We utilize Offline RL as a \textbf{launchpad} to learn effective scheduling policies from prior experience collected using Oracle or heuristic policies. Such a framework is effective for pre-training from historical datasets and well suited to continuous improvement with online data collection.

在本文中，多种子体增强学习用于控制混合能量存储系统，通过最大化可再生能源和交易的价值来降低微电网的能量成本。该代理商必须学习在波动需求，动态批发能源价格和不可预测的可再生能源中，控制三种不同类型的能量存储系统。考虑了两种案例研究：首先看能量存储系统如何在动态定价下更好地整合可再生能源发电，第二种与这些同一代理商如何与聚合剂一起使用，以向自私外部微电网销售能量的能量减少自己的能源票据。这项工作发现，具有分散执行的多代理深度确定性政策梯度的集中学习及其最先进的变体允许多种代理方法显着地比来自单个全局代理的控制更好。还发现，在多种子体方法中使用单独的奖励功能比使用单个控制剂更好。还发现能够与其他微电网交易，而不是卖回实用电网，也发现大大增加了网格的储蓄。

智能能源网络提供了一种有效的手段，可容纳可变可再生能源（例如太阳能和风能）的高渗透率，这是能源生产深度脱碳的关键。但是，鉴于可再生能源以及能源需求的可变性，必须制定有效的控制和能源存储方案来管理可变的能源产生并实现所需的系统经济学和环境目标。在本文中，我们引入了由电池和氢能存储组成的混合储能系统，以处理与电价，可再生能源生产和消费有关的不确定性。我们旨在提高可再生能源利用率，并最大程度地减少能源成本和碳排放，同时确保网络内的能源可靠性和稳定性。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了一种多代理的深层确定性政策梯度方法，这是一种基于强化的基于强化学习的控制策略，可实时优化混合能源存储系统和能源需求的调度。提出的方法是无模型的，不需要明确的知识和智能能源网络环境的严格数学模型。基于现实世界数据的仿真结果表明：（i）混合储能系统和能源需求的集成和优化操作可将碳排放量减少78.69％，将成本节省的成本储蓄提高23.5％，可续订的能源利用率比13.2％以上。其他基线模型和（ii）所提出的算法优于最先进的自学习算法，例如Deep-Q网络。

深度强化学习（RL）导致了许多最近和开创性的进步。但是，这些进步通常以培训的基础体系结构的规模增加以及用于训练它们的RL算法的复杂性提高，而均以增加规模的成本。这些增长反过来又使研究人员更难迅速原型新想法或复制已发表的RL算法。为了解决这些问题，这项工作描述了ACME，这是一个用于构建新型RL算法的框架，这些框架是专门设计的，用于启用使用简单的模块化组件构建的代理，这些组件可以在各种执行范围内使用。尽管ACME的主要目标是为算法开发提供一个框架，但第二个目标是提供重要或最先进算法的简单参考实现。这些实现既是对我们的设计决策的验证，也是对RL研究中可重复性的重要贡献。在这项工作中，我们描述了ACME内部做出的主要设计决策，并提供了有关如何使用其组件来实施各种算法的进一步详细信息。我们的实验为许多常见和最先进的算法提供了基准，并显示了如何为更大且更复杂的环境扩展这些算法。这突出了ACME的主要优点之一，即它可用于实现大型，分布式的RL算法，这些算法可以以较大的尺度运行，同时仍保持该实现的固有可读性。这项工作提出了第二篇文章的版本，恰好与模块化的增加相吻合，对离线，模仿和从演示算法学习以及作为ACME的一部分实现的各种新代理。

防御网络攻击的计算机网络需要及时应对警报和威胁情报。关于如何响应的决定涉及基于妥协指标的多个节点跨多个节点协调动作，同时最大限度地减少对网络操作的中断。目前，PlayBooks用于自动化响应过程的部分，但通常将复杂的决策留给人类分析师。在这项工作中，我们在大型工业控制网络中提出了一种深度增强学习方法，以便在大型工业控制网络中进行自主反应和恢复。我们提出了一种基于关注的神经结构，其在保护下灵活地灵活。要培训和评估自治防御者代理，我们提出了一个适合加强学习的工业控制网络仿真环境。实验表明，学习代理可以有效减轻在执行前几个月几个月的可观察信号的进步。所提出的深度加强学习方法优于模拟中完全自动化的Playbook方法，采取更少的破坏性动作，同时在网络上保留更多节点。学习的政策对攻击者行为的变化也比PlayBook方法更加强大。

This paper presents a novel federated reinforcement learning (Fed-RL) methodology to enhance the cyber resiliency of networked microgrids. We formulate a resilient reinforcement learning (RL) training setup which (a) generates episodic trajectories injecting adversarial actions at primary control reference signals of the grid forming (GFM) inverters and (b) trains the RL agents (or controllers) to alleviate the impact of the injected adversaries. To circumvent data-sharing issues and concerns for proprietary privacy in multi-party-owned networked grids, we bring in the aspects of federated machine learning and propose a novel Fed-RL algorithm to train the RL agents. To this end, the conventional horizontal Fed-RL approaches using decoupled independent environments fail to capture the coupled dynamics in a networked microgrid, which leads us to propose a multi-agent vertically federated variation of actor-critic algorithms, namely federated soft actor-critic (FedSAC) algorithm. We created a customized simulation setup encapsulating microgrid dynamics in the GridLAB-D/HELICS co-simulation platform compatible with the OpenAI Gym interface for training RL agents. Finally, the proposed methodology is validated with numerical examples of modified IEEE 123-bus benchmark test systems consisting of three coupled microgrids.

蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCT）是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样，并存储动作的统计数据，以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而，该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术，但是，在更复杂的游戏（例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏）以及各种实用领域（例如，运输，日程安排或安全性）有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。