人类翻译的文本以同一语言显示出与自然书面文本的不同特征。这种现象被称为翻译人员,被认为是将机器翻译(MT)评估混淆。但是,我们发现现有的翻译工作忽略了一些重要因素,结论主要是相关的,但不是因果关系。在这项工作中,我们收集了Causalmt,这是一个数据集,其中MT培训数据还标有人类翻译方向。我们检查了两个关键因素,即火车测试方向匹配(是否对齐训练和测试集中的人类翻译方向)和数据模型方向匹配(该模型是否沿与人类翻译方向相同的方向学习数据集)。我们表明,这两个因素对MT的性能具有很大的因果影响,除了测试模型方向不匹配的情况下,现有工作对TranslationEse的影响强调了。鉴于我们的发现,我们为MT培训和评估提供了一系列建议。我们的代码和数据在https://github.com/edisonni-hku/causalmt上
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在所有人类语言对之间实现通用翻译是机器翻译的圣杯(MT)研究。虽然最近在大量的多语言MT中的进展是达到这一目标的一步,但它变得明显,即简单地通过在更加平行数据上训练扩展多语言MT系统是不可编译的,因为用于低资源和非英语的标记数据的可用性 - 姓氏对禁止有限。为此,我们展示了一种务实的方法,可以使用监督和自我监督目标的混合来构建涵盖数百种语言的多语种MT模型,具体取决于不同语言对的数据可用性。我们展示这两种训练范例之间的协同作用使模型能够在零资源设置中产生高质量的翻译,甚至超过监控的用于中资和中资和中资质。我们开展广泛的实验,了解多语言监督,域错配和平行和单机数据量的效果,以了解我们自我监督的多语言模型的质量。为了展示方法的可扩展性,我们培训具有200多种语言的模型,并在几个先前研究的语言上展示了对零资源翻译的高性能。我们希望我们的调查结果将成为踏脚石,以便为下一千种语言进行翻译。
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End-to-End speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) is generally evaluated with text-based metrics. This means that generated speech has to be automatically transcribed, making the evaluation dependent on the availability and quality of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. In this paper, we propose a text-free evaluation metric for end-to-end S2ST, named BLASER, to avoid the dependency on ASR systems. BLASER leverages a multilingual multimodal encoder to directly encode the speech segments for source input, translation output and reference into a shared embedding space and computes a score of the translation quality that can be used as a proxy to human evaluation. To evaluate our approach, we construct training and evaluation sets from more than 40k human annotations covering seven language directions. The best results of BLASER are achieved by training with supervision from human rating scores. We show that when evaluated at the sentence level, BLASER correlates significantly better with human judgment compared to ASR-dependent metrics including ASR-SENTBLEU in all translation directions and ASR-COMET in five of them. Our analysis shows combining speech and text as inputs to BLASER does not increase the correlation with human scores, but best correlations are achieved when using speech, which motivates the goal of our research. Moreover, we show that using ASR for references is detrimental for text-based metrics.
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语言模型预训练的最新进展利用大规模数据集创建多语言模型。但是,这些数据集中大多遗漏了低资源语言。这主要是因为网络上没有很好地表示口语,因此被排除在用于创建数据集的大规模爬网中。此外,这些模型的下游用户仅限于最初选择用于预训练的语言的选择。这项工作调查了如何最佳利用现有的预培训模型来为16种非洲语言创建低资源翻译系统。我们关注两个问题:1)如何将预训练的模型用于初始预培训中未包含的语言? 2)生成的翻译模型如何有效地转移到新域?为了回答这些问题,我们创建了一个新的非洲新闻语料库,涵盖16种语言,其中8种语言不属于任何现有评估数据集的一部分。我们证明,将两种语言转移到其他语言和其他领域的最有效策略是,以少量的高质量翻译数据微调大型预训练模型。
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We present SpeechMatrix, a large-scale multilingual corpus of speech-to-speech translations mined from real speech of European Parliament recordings. It contains speech alignments in 136 language pairs with a total of 418 thousand hours of speech. To evaluate the quality of this parallel speech, we train bilingual speech-to-speech translation models on mined data only and establish extensive baseline results on EuroParl-ST, VoxPopuli and FLEURS test sets. Enabled by the multilinguality of SpeechMatrix, we also explore multilingual speech-to-speech translation, a topic which was addressed by few other works. We also demonstrate that model pre-training and sparse scaling using Mixture-of-Experts bring large gains to translation performance. The mined data and models are freely available.
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我们介绍Samanantar,是最大的公开可用的并行Corpora Collection,用于指示语言。该集合中的英语和11个上线语言之间总共包含4970万句对(来自两种语言系列)。具体而言,我们从现有的公共可用并行基层编译1240万句对,另外,从网络上挖掘3740万句对,导致4倍增加。我们通过组合许多语料库,工具和方法来挖掘网站的并行句子:(a)Web爬行单格式语料库,(b)文档OCR,用于从扫描的文档中提取句子,(c)用于对齐句子的多语言表示模型,以及(d)近似最近的邻居搜索搜索大量句子。人类评估新矿业的Corpora的样本验证了11种语言的高质量平行句子。此外,我们使用英语作为枢轴语言,从英式并行语料库中提取所有55个指示语言对之间的834百万句子对。我们培训了跨越Samanantar上所有这些语言的多语种NMT模型,这在公开可用的基准上表现出现有的模型和基准,例如弗洛雷斯,建立萨曼塔尔的效用。我们的数据和模型可在Https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/samanantar/上公开提供,我们希望他们能够帮助推进NMT和Multibingual NLP的研究。
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在本文中,我们分享了我们努力建立能够翻译一千多种语言的实用机器翻译(MT)系统的发现。我们在三个研究领域中描述了结果:(i)通过利用半监督预训练的语言识别和开发数据驱动的过滤技术来构建1500多种语言的清洁,网挖数据集; (ii)通过利用大规模的多语言模型来开发用于服务不足的语言的实用MT模型,该模型训练了有监督的并行数据,以使用100多种高资源语言和单语言数据集,以增加1000多种语言; (iii)研究这些语言的评估指标的局限性,并对我们MT模型的输出进行定性分析,突出显示了这些类型模型的几种频繁误差模式。我们希望我们的工作为旨在为当前研究的语言构建MT系统的从业者提供有用的见解,并突出显示可以补充Data-Sparse设置中大量多语言模型的弱点的研究方向。
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机器翻译系统(MTS)是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中,对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见,英语和一套印度语言(ILS)正式使用。与英语相反,由于语料库的不可用,IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个MNMT系统,以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统,即用于英语印度(一对多),另一个用于指示英语(多一对多),其中包含15个语言对(30个翻译说明)的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库,因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略,以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外,本文解决了语言关系的使用(在方言,脚本等方面),尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外,实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势,以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法,我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效,即一组ILS的BLEU(双语评估研究)得分。
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通常需要平行语料库来使用BLEU,流星和Bertscore等指标自动评估翻译质量。尽管基于参考的评估范式被广泛用于许多机器翻译任务中,但由于这些语言遭受了语料库的不足,因此很难将其应用于使用低资源语言的翻译。往返翻译提供了一种令人鼓舞的方法来减轻平行语料库的紧急要求,尽管不幸的是,在统计机器翻译时代,没有观察到与转发翻译相关。在本文中,我们首先观察到,正向翻译质量始终与神经机器翻译范围中相应的往返翻译质量相关。然后,我们仔细分析并揭示了统计机器翻译系统上矛盾结果的原因。其次,我们提出了一种简单而有效的回归方法,以根据各种语言对的往返翻译分数(包括非常低的资源语言之间的往返翻译得分)来预测前向翻译得分的性能。我们进行了广泛的实验,以显示1,000多个语言对的预测模型的有效性和鲁棒性。最后,我们测试了有关挑战性设置的方法,例如预测分数:i)在培训中看不见的语言对,ii)在现实世界中,WMT共享任务但在新领域中。广泛的实验证明了我们方法的鲁棒性和效用。我们相信我们的工作将激发有关非常低资源的多语言机器翻译的工作。
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我们对真正低资源语言的神经机翻译(NMT)进行了实证研究,并提出了一个训练课程,适用于缺乏并行培训数据和计算资源的情况,反映了世界上大多数世界语言和研究人员的现实致力于这些语言。以前,已经向低资源语言储存了使用后翻译(BT)和自动编码(AE)任务的无监督NMT。我们证明利用可比的数据和代码切换作为弱监管,与BT和AE目标相结合,即使仅使用适度的计算资源,低资源语言也会显着改进。在这项工作中提出的培训课程实现了Bleu分数,可通过+12.2 Bleu为古吉拉特和+3.7 Bleu为哈萨克斯培训的监督NMT培训,展示了弱势监督的巨大监督态度资源语言。在受到监督数据的培训时,我们的培训课程达到了索马里数据集(索马里29.3的BLEU的最先进的结果)。我们还观察到增加更多时间和GPU来培训可以进一步提高性能,强调报告在MT研究中的报告资源使用的重要性。
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This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.
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我们介绍了CVSS,这是一种大规模的多语言对语音转换(S2ST)语料库,从21种语言覆盖了21种语言的句子级并行S2ST对。通过将Covost 2从Covost 2的翻译文本综合将翻译文本与最先进的TTS系统合成语音,源自公共语音语音语料库和COVOST 2语音到文本转换(ST)语料库。提供了两个版本的翻译演讲:1)CVSS-C:所有翻译演讲都是一种高质量的规范声音; 2)CVSS-T:翻译语音从相应的源语音传输。此外,CVSS提供标准化的翻译文本,它与翻译语音中的发音匹配。在每个版本的CVSS上,我们建立了基线多语言直接S2ST模型和Cascade S2ST模型,验证了语料库的有效性。为了构建强大的Cascade S2ST基准,我们在Covost 2上培训了St模型,这优于前一种最先进的培训,而无需额外的数据。尽管如此,直接S2ST模型的性能在从头开始训练时接近强级联基线,并且在匹配ST模型中初始化时,仅在ASR转换转换时的0.1或0.7bleu差异。
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As machine translation (MT) metrics improve their correlation with human judgement every year, it is crucial to understand the limitations of such metrics at the segment level. Specifically, it is important to investigate metric behaviour when facing accuracy errors in MT because these can have dangerous consequences in certain contexts (e.g., legal, medical). We curate ACES, a translation accuracy challenge set, consisting of 68 phenomena ranging from simple perturbations at the word/character level to more complex errors based on discourse and real-world knowledge. We use ACES to evaluate a wide range of MT metrics including the submissions to the WMT 2022 metrics shared task and perform several analyses leading to general recommendations for metric developers. We recommend: a) combining metrics with different strengths, b) developing metrics that give more weight to the source and less to surface-level overlap with the reference and c) explicitly modelling additional language-specific information beyond what is available via multilingual embeddings.
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我们介绍了第一个用于濒危Erzya语言与俄语以及我们为训练和评估它收集的数据集的神经机器翻译系统。BLEU分别分别为Erzya和Russian的BLEU分数分别为17和19,其中一半以上的翻译被以母语为母语的人可以接受。我们还调整了模型以在Erzya和其他10种语言之间转换,但是如果没有其他并行数据,这些方向上的质量仍然很低。我们将翻译模型与收集的文本语料库一起发布,新的语言标识模型以及适合Erzya语言的多语言句子编码器。这些资源将在https://github.com/slone-nlp/myv-nmt上找到。
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Multilingual machine translation models can benefit from synergy between different language pairs, but also suffer from interference. While there is a growing number of sophisticated methods that aim to eliminate interference, our understanding of interference as a phenomenon is still limited. This work identifies the main factors that contribute to interference in multilingual machine translation. Through systematic experimentation, we find that interference (or synergy) are primarily determined by model size, data size, and the proportion of each language pair within the total dataset. We observe that substantial interference occurs mainly when the model is very small with respect to the available training data, and that using standard transformer configurations with less than one billion parameters largely alleviates interference and promotes synergy. Moreover, we show that tuning the sampling temperature to control the proportion of each language pair in the data is key to balancing the amount of interference between low and high resource language pairs effectively, and can lead to superior performance overall.
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Large language models (LLMs) that have been trained on multilingual but not parallel text exhibit a remarkable ability to translate between languages. We probe this ability in an in-depth study of the pathways language model (PaLM), which has demonstrated the strongest machine translation (MT) performance among similarly-trained LLMs to date. We investigate various strategies for choosing translation examples for few-shot prompting, concluding that example quality is the most important factor. Using optimized prompts, we revisit previous assessments of PaLM's MT capabilities with more recent test sets, modern MT metrics, and human evaluation, and find that its performance, while impressive, still lags that of state-of-the-art supervised systems. We conclude by providing an analysis of PaLM's MT output which reveals some interesting properties and prospects for future work.
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我们介绍了一种无线文字语音转换(S2ST)系统,可以将来自一种语言的语音转换为另一种语言,并且可以在不需要任何文本数据的情况下构建。与文献中的现有工作不同,我们解决了模拟多扬声器目标语音的挑战,并用现实世界的S2ST数据训练系统。我们方法的关键是一种自我监督的单位语音标准化技术,该标准化技术将预先训练的语音编码器具有来自多个扬声器的配对声音,以及单个参考扬声器,以减少由于复印件引起的变化,同时保留词汇内容。只有10分钟的语音标准化的配对数据,我们在培训\ vp〜s2st数据集上的S2ST模型时获得平均3.2 BLEU增益,而不是在未标准化的语音目标上培训的基线。我们还将自动开采的S2ST数据纳入并显示额外的2.0 BLEU增益。据我们所知,我们是第一个建立无线的S2ST技术,可以用真实世界的数据培训,并为多种语言配对工作。
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不断增长的数据量导致更大的通用模型。通常遗漏特定用例,因为通用模型在域特定情况下往往表现不佳。我们的工作通过用于从通用域(并行文本)语料库的域名数据的方法解决了这个差距,用于机器翻译的任务。所提出的方法根据具有单孔域的特定数据集的余弦相似度在并行通用域数据中排列句子。然后,我们选择具有最高相似性分数的顶级k句,以培训调整的新机器翻译系统到特定的域数据。我们的实验结果表明,在通用或通用和域数据的混合训练的域内训练的模型训练的模型。也就是说,我们的方法以低计算成本和数据大小选择高质量的域特定培训实例。
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With the recent advance in neural machine translation demonstrating its importance, research on quality estimation (QE) has been steadily progressing. QE aims to automatically predict the quality of machine translation (MT) output without reference sentences. Despite its high utility in the real world, there remain several limitations concerning manual QE data creation: inevitably incurred non-trivial costs due to the need for translation experts, and issues with data scaling and language expansion. To tackle these limitations, we present QUAK, a Korean-English synthetic QE dataset generated in a fully automatic manner. This consists of three sub-QUAK datasets QUAK-M, QUAK-P, and QUAK-H, produced through three strategies that are relatively free from language constraints. Since each strategy requires no human effort, which facilitates scalability, we scale our data up to 1.58M for QUAK-P, H and 6.58M for QUAK-M. As an experiment, we quantitatively analyze word-level QE results in various ways while performing statistical analysis. Moreover, we show that datasets scaled in an efficient way also contribute to performance improvements by observing meaningful performance gains in QUAK-M, P when adding data up to 1.58M.
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Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has obtained state-of-the art performance for several language pairs, while only using parallel data for training. Targetside monolingual data plays an important role in boosting fluency for phrasebased statistical machine translation, and we investigate the use of monolingual data for NMT. In contrast to previous work, which combines NMT models with separately trained language models, we note that encoder-decoder NMT architectures already have the capacity to learn the same information as a language model, and we explore strategies to train with monolingual data without changing the neural network architecture. By pairing monolingual training data with an automatic backtranslation, we can treat it as additional parallel training data, and we obtain substantial improvements on the WMT 15 task English↔German (+2.8-3.7 BLEU), and for the low-resourced IWSLT 14 task Turkish→English (+2.1-3.4 BLEU), obtaining new state-of-the-art results. We also show that fine-tuning on in-domain monolingual and parallel data gives substantial improvements for the IWSLT 15 task English→German.
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