Motion planning and control in autonomous car racing are one of the most challenging and safety-critical tasks due to high speed and dynamism. The lower-level control nodes are expected to be highly optimized due to resource constraints of onboard embedded processing units, although there are strict latency requirements. Some of these guarantees can be provided at the application level, such as using ROS2's Real-Time executors. However, the performance can be far from satisfactory as many modern control algorithms (such as Model Predictive Control) rely on solving complicated online optimization problems at each iteration. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective multi-threading technique to optimize the throughput of online-control algorithms for resource-constrained autonomous racing platforms. We achieve this by maintaining a systematic pool of worker threads solving the optimization problem in parallel which can improve the system performance by reducing latency between control input commands. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using the Model Predictive Contouring Control (MPCC) algorithm running on Nvidia's Xavier AGX platform.
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Designing a local planner to control tractor-trailer vehicles in forward and backward maneuvering is a challenging control problem in the research community of autonomous driving systems. Considering a critical situation in the stability of tractor-trailer systems, a practical and novel approach is presented to design a non-linear MPC(NMPC) local planner for tractor-trailer autonomous vehicles in both forward and backward maneuvering. The tractor velocity and steering angle are considered to be control variables. The proposed NMPC local planner is designed to handle jackknife situations, avoiding multiple static obstacles, and path following in both forward and backward maneuvering. The challenges mentioned above are converted into a constrained problem that can be handled simultaneously by the proposed NMPC local planner. The direct multiple shooting approach is used to convert the optimal control problem(OCP) into a non-linear programming problem(NLP) that IPOPT solvers can solve in CasADi. The controller performance is evaluated through different backup and forward maneuvering scenarios in the Gazebo simulation environment in real-time. It achieves asymptotic stability in avoiding static obstacles and accurate tracking performance while respecting path constraints. Finally, the proposed NMPC local planner is integrated with an open-source autonomous driving software stack called AutowareAi.
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本文介绍了用于自动赛车的多层运动计划和控制架构,能够避免静态障碍,进行主动超越并达到75 $ m/s $以上的速度。使用的脱机全局轨迹生成和在线模型预测控制器高度基于车辆的优化和动态模型,在该模型中,在基本的Pacejka Magic公式的扩展版本中,轮胎和弯曲效果表示。使用多体汽车运动库鉴定并验证了所提出的单轨模型,这些模型允许正确模拟车辆动力学,在丢失实际实验数据时尤其有用。调整了控制器的基本正规化项和约束,以降低输入的变化速率,同时确保可接受的速度和路径跟踪。运动计划策略由一个基于Fren \'ET框架的计划者组成,该计划者考虑了Kalman过滤器产生的对手的预测。策划者选择了无碰撞路径和速度轮廓要在3秒钟的视野中跟踪,以实现不同的目标,例如跟随和超车。该提议的解决方案已应用于达拉拉AV-21赛车,并在椭圆形赛道上进行了测试,可实现高达25 $ m/s^{2} $的横向加速度。
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从教育和研究的角度来看,关于硬件的实验是机器人技术和控制的关键方面。在过去的十年中,已经介绍了许多用于车轮机器人的开源硬件和软件框架,主要采用独轮车和类似汽车的机器人的形式,目的是使更广泛的受众访问机器人并支持控制系统开发。独轮车通常很小且便宜,因此有助于在较大的机队中进行实验,但它们不适合高速运动。类似汽车的机器人更敏捷,但通常更大且更昂贵,因此需要更多的空间和金钱资源。为了弥合这一差距,我们介绍了Chronos,这是一种具有定制开源电子设备的新型汽车的1/28比例机器人,以及CRS是用于控制和机器人技术的开源软件框架。 CRS软件框架包括实施各种最新的算法,以进行控制,估计和多机构协调。通过这项工作,我们旨在更轻松地使用硬件,并减少启动新的教育和研究项目所需的工程时间。
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我们提出了通过现实的模拟和现实世界实验来支持可复制研究的多运动无人机控制(UAV)和估计系统。我们提出了一个独特的多帧本地化范式,用于同时使用多个传感器同时估算各种参考框架中的无人机状态。该系统可以在GNSS和GNSS贬低的环境中进行复杂的任务,包括室外室内过渡和执行冗余估计器,以备份不可靠的本地化源。提出了两种反馈控制设计:一个用于精确和激进的操作,另一个用于稳定和平稳的飞行,并进行嘈杂的状态估计。拟议的控制和估计管道是在3D中使用Euler/Tait-Bryan角度表示的,而无需使用Euler/Tait-Bryan角度表示。取而代之的是,我们依靠旋转矩阵和一个新颖的基于标题的惯例来代表标准多电流直升机3D中的一个自由旋转自由度。我们提供了积极维护且有据可查的开源实现,包括对无人机,传感器和本地化系统的现实模拟。拟议的系统是多年应用系统,空中群,空中操纵,运动计划和遥感的多年研究产物。我们所有的结果都得到了现实世界中的部署的支持,该系统部署将系统塑造成此处介绍的表单。此外,该系统是在我们团队从布拉格的CTU参与期间使用的,该系统在享有声望的MBZIRC 2017和2020 Robotics竞赛中,还参加了DARPA SubT挑战赛。每次,我们的团队都能在世界各地最好的竞争对手中获得最高位置。在每种情况下,挑战都促使团队改善系统,并在紧迫的期限内获得大量高质量的体验。
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Landing an unmanned aerial vehicle unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on top of an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in harsh open waters is a challenging problem, owing to forces that can damage the UAV due to a severe roll and/or pitch angle of the USV during touchdown. To tackle this, we propose a novel model predictive control (MPC) approach enabling a UAV to land autonomously on a USV in these harsh conditions. The MPC employs a novel objective function and an online decomposition of the oscillatory motion of the vessel to predict, attempt, and accomplish the landing during near-zero tilt of the landing platform. The nonlinear prediction of the motion of the vessel is performed using visual data from an onboard camera. Therefore, the system does not require any communication with the USV or a control station. The proposed method was analyzed in numerous robotics simulations in harsh and extreme conditions and further validated in various real-world scenarios.
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模型预测控制(MPC)已成为高性能自治系统嵌入式控制的流行框架。但是,为了使用MPC实现良好的控制性能,准确的动力学模型是关键。为了维持实时操作,嵌入式系统上使用的动力学模型仅限于简单的第一原则模型,该模型实质上限制了其代表性。与此类简单模型相反,机器学习方法,特别是神经网络,已被证明可以准确地建模复杂的动态效果,但是它们的较大的计算复杂性阻碍了与快速实时迭代环路的组合。通过这项工作,我们提出了实时神经MPC,这是一个将大型复杂的神经网络体系结构作为动态模型的框架,在模型预测性控制管道中。 ,展示了所描述的系统的功能,可以使用基于梯度的在线优化MPC运行以前不可行的大型建模能力。与在线优化MPC中神经网络的先前实现相比,我们可以利用嵌入式平台上50Hz实时窗口中的4000倍的型号。此外,与没有神经网络动力学的最新MPC方法相比,我们通过将位置跟踪误差降低多达82%,从而显示了对现实世界问题的可行性。
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在不久的将来,自动驾驶的开发将变得更加复杂,因为这些车辆不仅会依靠自己的传感器,而且还与其他车辆和基础设施进行交流以合作和改善驾驶体验。为此,需要进行一些研究领域,例如机器人技术,沟通和控制,以实施未来的方法。但是,每个领域首先关注其组件的开发,而组件可能对整个系统产生的影响仅在后期考虑。在这项工作中,我们集成了机器人技术,通信和控制的仿真工具,即ROS2,Omnet ++和MATLAB来评估合作驾驶场景。可以利用该框架使用指定工具来开发各个组件,而最终评估可以在完整的情况下进行,从而可以模拟高级多机器人应用程序以进行合作驾驶。此外,它可以用于集成其他工具,因为集成以模块化方式完成。我们通过在合作自适应巡航控制(CACC)和ETSI ITS-G5通信体系结构下展示排量场景来展示该框架。此外,我们比较了理论分析和实际案例研究之间控制器性能的差异。
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二次运动的准确轨迹跟踪控制对于在混乱环境中的安全导航至关重要。但是,由于非线性动态,复杂的空气动力学效应和驱动约束,这在敏捷飞行中具有挑战性。在本文中,我们通过经验比较两个最先进的控制框架:非线性模型预测控制器(NMPC)和基于差异的控制器(DFBC),通过以速度跟踪各种敏捷轨迹,最多20 m/s(即72 km/h)。比较在模拟和现实世界环境中进行,以系统地评估这两种方法从跟踪准确性,鲁棒性和计算效率的方面。我们以更高的计算时间和数值收敛问题的风险来表明NMPC在跟踪动态不可行的轨迹方面的优势。对于这两种方法,我们还定量研究了使用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)方法添加内环控制器的效果,以及添加空气动力学阻力模型的效果。我们在世界上最大的运动捕获系统之一中进行的真实实验表明,NMPC和DFBC的跟踪误差降低了78%以上,这表明有必要使用内环控制器和用于敏捷轨迹轨迹跟踪的空气动力学阻力模型。
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Motion planning is challenging for autonomous systems in multi-obstacle environments due to nonconvex collision avoidance constraints. Directly applying numerical solvers to these nonconvex formulations fails to exploit the constraint structures, resulting in excessive computation time. In this paper, we present an accelerated collision-free motion planner, namely regularized dual alternating direction method of multipliers (RDADMM or RDA for short), for the model predictive control (MPC) based motion planning problem. The proposed RDA addresses nonconvex motion planning via solving a smooth biconvex reformulation via duality and allows the collision avoidance constraints to be computed in parallel for each obstacle to reduce computation time significantly. We validate the performance of the RDA planner through path-tracking experiments with car-like robots in simulation and real world setting. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can generate smooth collision-free trajectories with less computation time compared with other benchmarks and perform robustly in cluttered environments.
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尽管机器人学课程在高等教育方面已建立,但这些课程通常专注于理论,有时缺乏对开发,部署和将软件应用于真实硬件的技术的系统覆盖。此外,大多数用于机器人教学的硬件平台是针对中学水平的年轻学生的低级玩具。为了解决这一差距,开发了一个自动驾驶汽车硬件平台,称为第1 f1 f1tth,用于教授自动驾驶系统。本文介绍了以“赛车”和替换考试的竞赛为主题的各种教育水平教学模块和软件堆栈。第1辆车提供了一个模块化硬件平台及其相关软件,用于教授自动驾驶算法的基础知识。从基本的反应方法到高级计划算法,教学模块通过使用第1辆车的自动驾驶来增强学生的计算思维。第1辆汽车填补了研究平台和低端玩具车之间的空白,并提供了学习自主系统中主题的动手经验。多年的四所大学为他们的学期本科和研究生课程采用了教学模块。学生反馈用于分析第1个平台的有效性。超过80%的学生强烈同意,硬件平台和模块大大激发了他们的学习,而超过70%的学生强烈同意,硬件增强了他们对学科的理解。调查结果表明,超过80%的学生强烈同意竞争激励他们参加课程。
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在腿部机器人技术中,计划和执行敏捷的机动演习一直是一个长期的挑战。它需要实时得出运动计划和本地反馈政策,以处理动力学动量的非物质。为此,我们提出了一个混合预测控制器,该控制器考虑了机器人的致动界限和全身动力学。它将反馈政策与触觉信息相结合,以在本地预测未来的行动。由于采用可行性驱动的方法,它在几毫秒内收敛。我们的预测控制器使Anymal机器人能够在现实的场景中生成敏捷操作。关键要素是跟踪本地反馈策略,因为与全身控制相反,它们达到了所需的角动量。据我们所知,我们的预测控制器是第一个处理驱动限制,生成敏捷的机动操作以及执行低级扭矩控制的最佳反馈策略,而无需使用单独的全身控制器。
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Automated Driving Systems (ADS) have rapidly evolved in recent years and their architecture becomes sophisticated. Ensuring robustness, reliability and safety of performance is particularly important. The main challenge in building an ADS is the ability to meet certain stringent performance requirements in terms of both making safe operational decisions and finishing processing in real-time. Middlewares play a crucial role to handle these requirements in ADS. The way middlewares share data between the different system components has a direct impact on the overall performance, particularly the latency overhead. To this end, this paper presents FastCycle as a lightweight multi-threaded zero-copy messaging broker to meet the requirements of a high fidelity ADS in terms of modularity, real-time performance and security. We discuss the architecture and the main features of the proposed framework. Evaluation of the proposed framework based on standard metrics in comparison with popular middlewares used in robotics and automated driving shows the improved performance of our framework. The implementation of FastCycle and the associated comparisons with other frameworks are open sourced.
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在本文中,我们提出了一种反应性约束导航方案,并避免了无人驾驶汽车(UAV)的嵌入式障碍物,以便在障碍物密集的环境中实现导航。拟议的导航体系结构基于非线性模型预测控制(NMPC),并利用板载2D激光雷达来检测障碍物并在线转换环境的关键几何信息为NMPC的参数约束,以限制可用位置空间的可用位置空间无人机。本文还重点介绍了所提出的反应导航方案的现实实施和实验验证,并将其应用于多个具有挑战性的实验室实验中,我们还与相关的反应性障碍物避免方法进行了比较。提出的方法中使用的求解器是优化引擎(开放)和近端平均牛顿进行最佳控制(PANOC)算法,其中采用了惩罚方法来正确考虑导航任务期间的障碍和输入约束。拟议的新颖方案允许快速解决方案,同时使用有限的车载计算能力,这是无人机的整体闭环性能的必需功能,并在多个实时场景中应用。内置障碍物避免和实时适用性的结合使所提出的反应性约束导航方案成为无人机的优雅框架,能够执行快速的非线性控制,本地路径计划和避免障碍物,所有框架都嵌入了控制层中。
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本文提出了一种新颖的方法,用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分,拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反,该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署,并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划,面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域,以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用,以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索,而对环境结构没有任何假设,同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道,用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外,在定性和定量评估的各种环境中,在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证,UAV系统的性能得到了支持。
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自主赛车是一项研究领域,由于它将自动驾驶算法推向极限,并作为一般自主驾驶的催化剂。对于规模的自主赛车平台,计算约束和复杂性通常会限制模型预测控制(MPC)的使用。结果,几何控制器是最常部署的控制器。它们在实施和操作简单性的同时被证明是性能。然而,他们固有地缺乏模型动力学的结合,因此将赛车限制在可以忽略轮胎滑动的速度域。本文介绍了基于模型和加速度的追求(MAP)基于高性能模型的轨迹跟踪算法,该算法在利用轮胎动力学的同时保留了几何方法的简单性。与最先进的几何控制器相比,所提出的算法允许在前所未有的速度上准确跟踪轨迹。在横向跟踪误差方面,在实验上验证了地图控制器,并胜过参考几何控制器四倍,以高达11m/s的测试速度产生0.055m的跟踪误差。
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Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are key components of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and all-terrain Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGVs) are indispensable tools for a wide range of applications such as disaster response, automated mining, agriculture, military operations, search and rescue missions, and planetary exploration. Experimental validation is a requisite for CAV and AGV research, but requires a large, safe experimental environment when using full-size vehicles which is time-consuming and expensive. To address these challenges, we developed XTENTH-CAR (eXperimental one-TENTH scaled vehicle platform for Connected autonomy and All-terrain Research), an open-source, cost-effective proportionally one-tenth scaled experimental vehicle platform governed by the same physics as a full-size on-road vehicle. XTENTH-CAR is equipped with the best-in-class NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin System on Module (SOM), stereo camera, 2D LiDAR and open-source Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) with drivers written in the new Robot Operating System (ROS 2) to facilitate experimental CAV and AGV perception, motion planning and control research, that incorporate state-of-the-art computationally expensive algorithms such as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). XTENTH-CAR is designed for compact experimental environments, and aims to increase the accessibility of experimental CAV and AGV research with low upfront costs, and complete Autonomous Vehicle (AV) hardware and software architectures similar to the full-sized X-CAR experimental vehicle platform, enabling efficient cross-platform development between small-scale and full-scale vehicles.
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延迟在迅速变化的环境中运行的自主系统的危害安全性,例如在自动驾驶和高速赛车方面的交通参与者的非确定性。不幸的是,在传统的控制器设计或在物理世界中部署之前,通常不考虑延迟。在本文中,从非线性优化到运动计划和控制以及执行器引起的其他不可避免的延迟的计算延迟被系统地和统一解决。为了处理所有这些延迟,在我们的框架中:1)我们提出了一种新的过滤方法,而没有事先了解动态和干扰分布的知识,以适应,安全地估算时间变化的计算延迟; 2)我们为转向延迟建模驱动动力学; 3)所有约束优化均在强大的管模型预测控制器中实现。对于应用的优点,我们证明我们的方法适合自动驾驶和自动赛车。我们的方法是独立延迟补偿控制器的新型设计。此外,在假设无延迟作为主要控制器的学习控制器的情况下,我们的方法是主要控制器的安全保护器。
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室内运动计划的重点是解决通过混乱环境导航代理的问题。迄今为止,在该领域已经完成了很多工作,但是这些方法通常无法找到计算廉价的在线路径计划和路径最佳之间的最佳平衡。除此之外,这些作品通常证明是单一启动单目标世界的最佳性。为了应对这些挑战,我们为在未知室内环境中进行导航的多个路径路径计划者和控制器堆栈,在该环境中,路点将目标与机器人必须在达到目标之前必须穿越的中介点一起。我们的方法利用全球规划师(在任何瞬间找到下一个最佳航路点),本地规划师(计划通往特定航路点的路径)以及自适应模型预测性控制策略(用于强大的系统控制和更快的操作) 。我们在一组随机生成的障碍图,中间航路点和起始目标对上评估了算法,结果表明计算成本显着降低,具有高度准确性和可靠的控制。
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Recently, numerous studies have investigated cooperative traffic systems using the communication among vehicle-to-everything (V2X). Unfortunately, when multiple autonomous vehicles are deployed while exposed to communication failure, there might be a conflict of ideal conditions between various autonomous vehicles leading to adversarial situation on the roads. In South Korea, virtual and real-world urban autonomous multi-vehicle races were held in March and November of 2021, respectively. During the competition, multiple vehicles were involved simultaneously, which required maneuvers such as overtaking low-speed vehicles, negotiating intersections, and obeying traffic laws. In this study, we introduce a fully autonomous driving software stack to deploy a competitive driving model, which enabled us to win the urban autonomous multi-vehicle races. We evaluate module-based systems such as navigation, perception, and planning in real and virtual environments. Additionally, an analysis of traffic is performed after collecting multiple vehicle position data over communication to gain additional insight into a multi-agent autonomous driving scenario. Finally, we propose a method for analyzing traffic in order to compare the spatial distribution of multiple autonomous vehicles. We study the similarity distribution between each team's driving log data to determine the impact of competitive autonomous driving on the traffic environment.
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