Well-designed prompts can guide text-to-image models to generate amazing images. However, the performant prompts are often model-specific and misaligned with user input. Instead of laborious human engineering, we propose prompt adaptation, a general framework that automatically adapts original user input to model-preferred prompts. Specifically, we first perform supervised fine-tuning with a pretrained language model on a small collection of manually engineered prompts. Then we use reinforcement learning to explore better prompts. We define a reward function that encourages the policy to generate more aesthetically pleasing images while preserving the original user intentions. Experimental results on Stable Diffusion show that our method outperforms manual prompt engineering in terms of both automatic metrics and human preference ratings. Moreover, reinforcement learning further boosts performance, especially on out-of-domain prompts. The pretrained checkpoints are available at https://aka.ms/promptist. The demo can be found at https://aka.ms/promptist-demo.

基于变压器的语言模型能够生成流利的文本，并在各种自然语言生成任务中有效地适应。但是，已证明在大型未标记的网络文本语料库中鉴定的语言模型已被证明会遭受堕落的有毒内容和社会偏见行为的损害，从而阻碍了他们的安全部署。提出了各种排毒方法来减轻语言模型的毒性；但是，这些方法是在包含与性别，种族或宗教相关的特定社会身份的提示条件下进行排毒语言模型的。在这项研究中，我们提出了增强氧化。一种基于强化学习的方法，用于降低语言模型中的毒性。我们应对语言模型中的安全性挑战，并提出了一种新的奖励模型，该模型能够检测有毒内容并减轻对毒性预测中社会身份的意外偏见。该实验表明，用于语言模型排毒的增强方法化方法优于自动评估指标中现有的排毒方法，这表明我们在语言模型排毒中的方法能力和对生成内容中社会认同的意外偏见的能力较小。

许多文献表明，基于及时的学习是使用大型预训练的语言模型的有效方法。最近的作品还展示了通过插入适当的提示来指导聊天机器人输出的可能性。基于梯度的方法通常用于扰动提示。但是，某些语言模型甚至无法为公众提供。在这项工作中，我们首先探讨了提示和加强学习（RL）与转向模型的生成的组合，而无需访问任何模型的参数。其次，为了减少培训工作并增强对看不见的任务的普遍性，我们应用多任务学习以使模型学会更好地对新任务进行推广。实验结果表明，我们提出的方法可以成功控制几个最新的（SOTA）对话模型，而无需访问其参数。此外，该模型证明了与基线模型更少的步骤快速适应看不见的任务的强大能力。

数字艺术合成在多媒体社区中受到越来越多的关注，因为有效地与公众参与了艺术。当前的数字艺术合成方法通常使用单模式输入作为指导，从而限制了模型的表现力和生成结果的多样性。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了多模式引导的艺术品扩散（MGAD）模型，该模型是一种基于扩散的数字艺术品生成方法，它利用多模式提示作为控制无分类器扩散模型的指导。此外，对比度语言图像预处理（剪辑）模型用于统一文本和图像模式。关于生成的数字艺术绘画质量和数量的广泛实验结果证实了扩散模型和多模式指导的组合有效性。代码可从https://github.com/haha-lisa/mgad-multimodal-guided-artwork-diffusion获得。

Steering language generation towards objectives or away from undesired content has been a long-standing goal in utilizing language models (LM). Recent work has demonstrated reinforcement learning and weighted decoding as effective approaches to achieve a higher level of language control and quality with pros and cons. In this work, we propose a novel critic decoding method for controlled language generation (CriticControl) that combines the strengths of reinforcement learning and weighted decoding. Specifically, we adopt the actor-critic framework to train an LM-steering critic from non-differentiable reward models. And similar to weighted decoding, our method freezes the language model and manipulates the output token distribution using called critic, improving training efficiency and stability. Evaluation of our method on three controlled generation tasks, namely topic control, sentiment control, and detoxification, shows that our approach generates more coherent and well-controlled texts than previous methods. In addition, CriticControl demonstrates superior generalization ability in zero-shot settings. Human evaluation studies also corroborate our findings.

Recently, vector quantized autoregressive (VQ-AR) models have shown remarkable results in text-to-image synthesis by equally predicting discrete image tokens from the top left to bottom right in the latent space. Although the simple generative process surprisingly works well, is this the best way to generate the image? For instance, human creation is more inclined to the outline-to-fine of an image, while VQ-AR models themselves do not consider any relative importance of each component. In this paper, we present a progressive denoising model for high-fidelity text-to-image image generation. The proposed method takes effect by creating new image tokens from coarse to fine based on the existing context in a parallel manner and this procedure is recursively applied until an image sequence is completed. The resulting coarse-to-fine hierarchy makes the image generation process intuitive and interpretable. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the progressive model produces significantly better results when compared with the previous VQ-AR method in FID score across a wide variety of categories and aspects. Moreover, the text-to-image generation time of traditional AR increases linearly with the output image resolution and hence is quite time-consuming even for normal-size images. In contrast, our approach allows achieving a better trade-off between generation quality and speed.

及时调整是将预训练模型调整到下游任务的极其有效的工具。但是，基于标准及时的方法主要考虑下游任务的足够数据的情况。目前尚不清楚是否可以将优势传输到几杆式制度，在每个下游任务中只有有限的数据。尽管有些作品证明了在几次弹奏设置下及时调整的潜力，但通过搜索离散提示或使用有限数据调整软提示的主流方法仍然非常具有挑战性。通过广泛的实证研究，我们发现迅速调整和完全微调之间的学习差距仍然存在差距。为了弥合差距，我们提出了一个新的及时调整框架，称为软模板调整（STT）。 STT结合了手册和自动提示，并将下游分类任务视为掩盖语言建模任务。对不同设置的全面评估表明，STT可以在不引入其他参数的情况下缩小微调和基于及时的方法之间的差距。值得注意的是，它甚至可以胜过情感分类任务的时间和资源消耗的微调方法。

自主代理在Atari Games等专业领域取得了长足的进步。但是，他们通常在具有有限和手动构想的目标的孤立环境中学习Tabula Rasa，因此未能跨越各种任务和能力。受到人类如何不断学习和适应开放世界的启发，我们主张建立通才代理的三位一体：1）一个支持多种任务和目标的环境，2）多模式知识的大规模数据库和3个数据库）灵活且可扩展的代理体系结构。我们介绍了MinedoJo，这是一个建立在流行的Minecraft游戏上的新框架，该游戏具有模拟套件，其中包含数千种不同的开放式任务，以及带有Minecraft视频，教程，Wiki页面和论坛讨论的Internet规模知识库。使用Minedojo的数据，我们提出了一种新型的代理学习算法，该算法利用大型预训练的视频语言模型作为学习的奖励功能。我们的代理商能够解决以自由形式的语言指定的各种开放式任务，而无需任何手动设计的密集塑造奖励。我们开源的仿真套件和知识库（https://minedojo.org），以促进研究的研究，以通常具有能力的体现药物的目标。

预先接受的语言模型（PLM）在神经对话建模中标志着巨大的飞跃。虽然PLMS在大型文本语料库上进行预先培训，但通常在具有特定领域知识和对话风格的稀缺对话数据上进行微调。然而，在大型预先训练模型中充分利用现有知识的同时定制语言模型仍然是一个挑战。在本文中，我们提出了一种预先接受训练的对话建模的新方法，将对话生成问题作为一个快速学习任务。而不是在有限的对话数据上进行微调，我们的方法，DialogPrompt学习针对对话背景优化的连续提示嵌入，从而从大型预训练模型中促进了知识。为了鼓励模型更好地利用提示嵌入，提示编码器被设计为在输入对话框上下文中的条件。流行对话数据集的实验表明，我们的方法显着优于微调基线和通用及时学习方法。此外，人类评估强烈支持对DialialPrompt的优越性在响应生成质量方面。

鉴于大型语言模型的广泛能力，应该有可能朝着一般的文本的助手工作，这些助手与人类价值一致，这意味着它是有帮助，诚实的和无害的。在此方向上的初始遗传，我们研究简单的基线技术和评估，例如提示。我们发现，从模型规模增加适度的干预措施的好处，概括为各种对准评估，并不会损害大型模型的性能。接下来，我们调查与对齐，比较仿制，二进制歧视和排名偏好建模相关的几个培训目标的缩放趋势。我们发现排名优先级模型比模仿学习更好地表现得多，并且通常以模型大小更有利地缩放。相比之下，二进制歧视通常与模仿学习非常类似地执行和缩放。最后，我们研究了一种“偏好模型预训练阶段的培训阶段，其目的是在对人偏好的芬明时提高样本效率。

Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.

大型预训练的语言模型已经表现出了产生现实文本的强大功能。但是，控制生成结果仍然具有挑战性。以前的方法，例如提示远远不足，这限制了语言模型的使用。为了解决这一挑战，我们提出了一种创新的方法，逆提示，更好地控制文本生成。逆提示的核心思想是使用生成的文本来在波束搜索期间反转提示，这增强了提示和生成文本之间的相关性，并提供了更好的可控性。经验上，我们预先培训了大规模的汉语模型，在开放式诗歌生成和开放式长形问题的任务上使用人力评估进行系统研究。我们的研究结果表明，我们的提出方法显着优于基线，而我们的发电质量与某些任务中的某些任务接近人类性能。叙述者可以在https://pretrain.aminer.cn/apps/poetry.html上尝试我们的诗歌生成演示，而我们的QA演示可以在https://pretrain.aminer.cn/app/qa找到。对于研究人员来说，代码是在https://github.com/thudm/inverseprompting中提供的。

We present Second Thought, a new learning paradigm that enables language models (LMs) to re-align with human values. By modeling the chain-of-edits between value-unaligned and value-aligned text, with LM fine-tuning and additional refinement through reinforcement learning, Second Thought not only achieves superior performance in three value alignment benchmark datasets but also shows strong human-value transfer learning ability in few-shot scenarios. The generated editing steps also offer better interpretability and ease for interactive error correction. Extensive human evaluations further confirm its effectiveness.

While generative models produce high-quality images of concepts learned from a large-scale database, a user often wishes to synthesize instantiations of their own concepts (for example, their family, pets, or items). Can we teach a model to quickly acquire a new concept, given a few examples? Furthermore, can we compose multiple new concepts together? We propose Custom Diffusion, an efficient method for augmenting existing text-to-image models. We find that only optimizing a few parameters in the text-to-image conditioning mechanism is sufficiently powerful to represent new concepts while enabling fast tuning (~6 minutes). Additionally, we can jointly train for multiple concepts or combine multiple fine-tuned models into one via closed-form constrained optimization. Our fine-tuned model generates variations of multiple, new concepts and seamlessly composes them with existing concepts in novel settings. Our method outperforms several baselines and concurrent works, regarding both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, while being memory and computationally efficient.

文本对图像模型提供了前所未有的自由，可以通过自然语言指导创作。然而，尚不清楚如何行使这种自由以生成特定独特概念，修改其外观或以新角色和新颖场景构成它们的图像。换句话说，我们问：我们如何使用语言指导的模型将猫变成绘画，或者想象基于我们喜欢的玩具的新产品？在这里，我们提出了一种简单的方法，可以允许这种创造性自由。我们仅使用3-5个用户提供的概念（例如对象或样式）的图像，我们学会通过在冷冻文本到图像模型的嵌入空间中通过新的“单词”表示它。这些“单词”可以组成自然语言句子，以直观的方式指导个性化的创作。值得注意的是，我们发现有证据表明单词嵌入足以捕获独特而多样的概念。我们将我们的方法比较了各种基线，并证明它可以更忠实地描绘出一系列应用程序和任务的概念。我们的代码，数据和新单词将在以下网址提供：https：//textual-inversion.github.io

有效的沟通需要适应与每个交流伙伴共享的特质共同基础。我们研究了这个问题的特别具有挑战性的实例化：流行的游戏dixit。我们将一轮dixit作为多代理图像参考游戏，在其中（训练有素的）扬声器模型描述了目标图像，以使一个（预审计的）侦听器模型可以从一组干扰器中正确识别它，但另一个听众无法识别它。为了适应这种设置，演讲者必须利用与不同听众共享的共同点的差异。我们表明，在这种对比性的多代理设置中，在剪辑视觉编码器和大型语言模型之间进行基于注意力的适配器会产生与上下文相关的自然语言专业化，而无需直接监督。在一系列受控的实验中，我们表明说话者可以根据各对不同听众的特质优势和劣势来适应。此外，我们显示了说话者专业化对看不见的现实世界数据的零拍传输。我们的实验为复杂的多方设置中的自适应沟通提供了一步，并突出了Dixit等游戏带来的有趣的研究挑战。我们希望我们的工作能够激发创造性的新方法，以适应预处理的模型。

对机器学习和创造力领域的兴趣越来越大。这项调查概述了计算创造力理论，关键机器学习技术（包括生成深度学习）和相应的自动评估方法的历史和现状。在对该领域的主要贡献进行了批判性讨论之后，我们概述了当前的研究挑战和该领域的新兴机会。

生成模型的最新进展，尤其是在文本引导的扩散模型中，使得能够生产出与专业人类艺术家作品相似的美学图像。但是，必须仔细撰写称为提示的文本描述，并使用一组澄清的关键字进行扩展。由于美学在计算上的评估具有挑战性，因此需要人类反馈来确定最佳的及时及时组合和关键字组合。在本文中，我们提出了一种使用遗传算法来学习及时关键字最有用的组合的人类方法。我们还展示了这种方法如何改善描述相同描述的图像的美学吸引力。

Current advances in recommender systems have been remarkably successful in optimizing immediate engagement. However, long-term user engagement, a more desirable performance metric, remains difficult to improve. Meanwhile, recent reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have shown their effectiveness in a variety of long-term goal optimization tasks. For this reason, RL is widely considered as a promising framework for optimizing long-term user engagement in recommendation. Despite being a promising approach, the application of RL heavily relies on well-designed rewards, but designing rewards related to long-term user engagement is quite difficult. To mitigate the problem, we propose a novel paradigm, Preference-based Recommender systems (PrefRec), which allows RL recommender systems to learn from preferences about users' historical behaviors rather than explicitly defined rewards. Such preferences are easily accessible through techniques such as crowdsourcing, as they do not require any expert knowledge. With PrefRec, we can fully exploit the advantages of RL in optimizing long-term goals, while avoiding complex reward engineering. PrefRec uses the preferences to automatically train a reward function in an end-to-end manner. The reward function is then used to generate learning signals to train the recommendation policy. Furthermore, we design an effective optimization method for PrefRec, which uses an additional value function, expectile regression and reward model pre-training to improve the performance. Extensive experiments are conducted on a variety of long-term user engagement optimization tasks. The results show that PrefRec significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods in all the tasks.

人类可以利用先前的经验，并从少数示威活动中学习新颖的任务。与旨在通过更好的算法设计来快速适应的离线元强化学习相反，我们研究了建筑归纳偏见对少量学习能力的影响。我们提出了一个基于及时的决策变压器（提示-DT），该变压器利用了变压器体系结构和及时框架的顺序建模能力，以在离线RL中实现少量适应。我们设计了轨迹提示，其中包含少量演示的片段，并编码特定于任务的信息以指导策略生成。我们在五个Mujoco控制基准中进行的实验表明，提示-DT是一个强大的少数学习者，而没有对看不见的目标任务进行任何额外的填充。提示-DT的表现优于其变体和强大的元线RL基线，只有一个轨迹提示符只包含少量时间段。提示-DT也很健壮，可以提示长度更改并可以推广到分布（OOD）环境。