虽然差异隐私的应用(DP)在联合学习(FL)方面进行了充分研究,但考虑到跨索洛FL的DP缺乏工作,该设置的特征是有限数量的客户,每个客户都包含许多人数据主体。在跨索洛fl中,由于现实世界中的隐私法规,通常涉及核心数据主体,而不是孤岛本身,因此客户级隐私的通常概念不太适合。在这项工作中,我们相反,考虑了更现实的孤岛特定项目级隐私的概念,其中筒仓为当地示例设定了自己的隐私目标。在这种情况下,我们重新考虑了个性化在联合学习中的作用。特别是,我们表明,均值进行的多任务学习(MR-MTL)是一个简单的个性化框架,是跨索洛FL的强大基准:在更强的隐私下,孤岛进一步激励彼此“联合”以互相“联合”减轻DP噪声,相对于标准基线方法,导致一致的改进。我们为竞争方法以及MR-MTL的理论表征提供了一项彻底的经验研究,以实现平均估计问题,从而突出了隐私与跨核数据异质性之间的相互作用。我们的工作旨在为私人跨索洛FL建立基准,并确定该领域未来工作的关键方向。
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个性化联合学习认为在异质网络中每个客户独有的学习模型。据称,最终的客户特定模型是为了改善联合网络中的准确性,公平性和鲁棒性等指标。但是,尽管该领域有很多工作,但仍不清楚:(1)哪些个性化技术在各种环境中最有效,以及(2)个性化对现实的联合应用程序的真正重要性。为了更好地回答这些问题,我们提出了Motley,这是个性化联合学习的基准。 Motley由一套来自各种问题域的跨设备和跨核管联合数据集组成,以及彻底的评估指标,以更好地理解个性化的可能影响。我们通过比较许多代表性的个性化联合学习方法来建立基准基准。这些最初的结果突出了现有方法的优势和劣势,并为社区提出了几个开放问题。 Motley旨在提供一种可再现的手段,以推进个性化和异质性的联合学习以及转移学习,元学习和多任务学习的相关领域。
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我们展示了一个联合学习框架,旨在强大地提供具有异构数据的各个客户端的良好预测性能。所提出的方法对基于SuperQualile的学习目标铰接,捕获异构客户端的误差分布的尾统计。我们提出了一种随机训练算法,其与联合平均步骤交织差异私人客户重新重量步骤。该提出的算法支持有限时间收敛保证,保证覆盖凸和非凸面设置。关于联邦学习的基准数据集的实验结果表明,我们的方法在平均误差方面与古典误差竞争,并且在误差的尾统计方面优于它们。
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隐私和沟通效率是联邦神经网络培训中的重要挑战,并将它们组合仍然是一个公开的问题。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种统一高度压缩通信和差异隐私(DP)的方法。我们引入基于相对熵编码(REC)到联合设置的压缩技术。通过对REC进行微小的修改,我们获得了一种可怕的私立学习算法,DP-REC,并展示了如何计算其隐私保证。我们的实验表明,DP-REC大大降低了通信成本,同时提供与最先进的隐私保证。
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我们考虑对跨用户设备分发的私人数据培训模型。为了确保隐私,我们添加了设备的噪声并使用安全的聚合,以便仅向服务器揭示嘈杂的总和。我们提出了一个综合的端到端系统,该系统适当地离散数据并在执行安全聚合之前添加离散的高斯噪声。我们为离散高斯人的总和提供了新的隐私分析,并仔细分析了数据量化和模块化求和算术的影响。我们的理论保证突出了沟通,隐私和准确性之间的复杂张力。我们广泛的实验结果表明,我们的解决方案基本上能够将准确性与中央差分隐私相匹配,而每个值的精度少于16位。
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我们考虑使用迷你批量梯度进行差异隐私(DP)的培训模型。现有的最先进的差异私有随机梯度下降(DP-SGD)需要通过采样或洗机来获得最佳隐私/准确性/计算权衡的隐私放大。不幸的是,在重要的实际情况下,精确采样和洗牌的精确要求可能很难获得,特别是联邦学习(FL)。我们设计和分析跟随 - 正规的领导者(DP-FTRL)的DP变体,其比较(理论上和经验地)与放大的DP-SGD相比,同时允许更灵活的数据访问模式。DP-FTRL不使用任何形式的隐私放大。该代码可在https://github.com/google-Research/federated/tree/master/dp_ftrl和https://github.com/google-reesearch/dp-ftrl处获得。
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Fairness and robustness are two important concerns for federated learning systems. In this work, we identify that robustness to data and model poisoning attacks and fairness, measured as the uniformity of performance across devices, are competing constraints in statistically heterogeneous networks. To address these constraints, we propose employing a simple, general framework for personalized federated learning, Ditto, that can inherently provide fairness and robustness benefits, and develop a scalable solver for it. Theoretically, we analyze the ability of Ditto to achieve fairness and robustness simultaneously on a class of linear problems. Empirically, across a suite of federated datasets, we show that Ditto not only achieves competitive performance relative to recent personalization methods, but also enables more accurate, robust, and fair models relative to state-of-the-art fair or robust baselines.
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联邦学习(FL)是大规模分布式学习的范例,它面临两个关键挑战:(i)从高度异构的用户数据和(ii)保护参与用户的隐私的高效培训。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的流动方法(DP-SCaffold)来通过将差异隐私(DP)约束结合到流行的脚手架算法中来解决这两个挑战。我们专注于有挑战性的环境,用户在没有任何可信中介的情况下与“诚实但奇怪的”服务器沟通,这需要确保隐私不仅可以访问最终模型的第三方,而且还要对服务器观察所有用户通信。使用DP理论的高级结果,我们建立了凸面和非凸面目标算法的融合。我们的分析清楚地突出了数据异质性下的隐私式折衷,并且当局部更新的数量和异质性水平增长时,展示了在最先进的算法DP-Fedivg上的DP-Scaffold的优越性。我们的数值结果证实了我们的分析,并表明DP-Scaffold在实践中提供了重大的收益。
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Distributing machine learning predictors enables the collection of large-scale datasets while leaving sensitive raw data at trustworthy sites. We show that locally training support vector machines (SVMs) and computing their averages leads to a learning technique that is scalable to a large number of users, satisfies differential privacy, and is applicable to non-trivial tasks, such as CIFAR-10. For a large number of participants, communication cost is one of the main challenges. We achieve a low communication cost by requiring only a single invocation of an efficient secure multiparty summation protocol. By relying on state-of-the-art feature extractors (SimCLR), we are able to utilize differentially private convex learners for non-trivial tasks such as CIFAR-10. Our experimental results illustrate that for $1{,}000$ users with $50$ data points each, our scheme outperforms state-of-the-art scalable distributed learning methods (differentially private federated learning, short DP-FL) while requiring around $500$ times fewer communication costs: For CIFAR-10, we achieve a classification accuracy of $79.7\,\%$ for an $\varepsilon = 0.59$ while DP-FL achieves $57.6\,\%$. More generally, we prove learnability properties for the average of such locally trained models: convergence and uniform stability. By only requiring strongly convex, smooth, and Lipschitz-continuous objective functions, locally trained via stochastic gradient descent (SGD), we achieve a strong utility-privacy tradeoff.
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可扩展性和隐私是交叉设备联合学习(FL)系统的两个关键问题。在这项工作中,我们确定了FL中的客户端更新的同步流动聚合不能高效地缩放到几百个并行培训之外。它导致ModelPerforce和训练速度的回报递减,Ampanysto大批量培训。另一方面,FL(即异步FL)中的客户端更新的异步聚合减轻了可扩展性问题。但是,聚合个性链子更新与安全聚合不兼容,这可能导致系统的不良隐私水平。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种新颖的缓冲异步聚合方法FedBuff,这是不可知的优化器的选择,并结合了同步和异步FL的最佳特性。我们经验证明FEDBuff比同步FL更有效,比异步FL效率更高3.3倍,同时兼容保留保护技术,如安全聚合和差异隐私。我们在平滑的非凸设置中提供理论融合保证。最后,我们显示在差异私有培训下,FedBuff可以在低隐私设置下占FEDAVGM并实现更高隐私设置的相同实用程序。
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联合学习的一个区别特征是(本地)客户数据可能具有统计异质性。这种异质性激发了个性化学习的设计,该学习是通过协作培训个人(个性化)模型的。文献中提出了各种个性化方法,似乎截然不同的形式和方法,从将单个全球模型用于本地正规化和模型插值,再到将多个全球模型用于个性化聚类等。在这项工作中,我们开始使用生成框架,可以统一几种不同的算法并暗示新算法。我们将生成框架应用于个性化的估计,并将其连接到经典的经验贝叶斯方法。我们在此框架下制定私人个性化估计。然后,我们将生成框架用于学习,该框架统一了几种已知的个性化FL算法,并提出了新算法。我们建议并研究一种基于知识蒸馏的新算法,该算法的数值优于几种已知算法。我们还为个性化学习方法开发隐私,并保证用户级的隐私和组成。我们通过数值评估估计和学习问题的性能以及隐私,证明了我们提出的方法的优势。
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聚集的联合学习(FL)已显示通过将客户分组为群集,从而产生有希望的结果。这在单独的客户群在其本地数据的分布方面有显着差异的情况下特别有效。现有的集群FL算法实质上是在试图将客户群体组合在一起,以便同一集群中的客户可以利用彼此的数据来更好地执行联合学习。但是,先前的群集FL算法试图在培训期间间接学习这些分布相似性,这可能会很耗时,因为可能需要许多回合的联合学习,直到群集的形成稳定为止。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的联合学习方法,该方法直接旨在通过分析客户数据子空间之间的主要角度来有效地识别客户之间的分布相似性。每个客户端都以单一的方式在其本地数据上应用截断的奇异值分解(SVD)步骤,以得出一小部分主向量,该量提供了一个签名,可简洁地捕获基础分布的主要特征。提供了一组主要的主向量,以便服务器可以直接识别客户端之间的分布相似性以形成簇。这是通过比较这些主要向量跨越的客户数据子空间之间主要角度的相似性来实现的。该方法提供了一个简单而有效的集群FL框架,该框架解决了广泛的数据异质性问题,而不是标签偏斜的更简单的非iids形式。我们的聚类FL方法还可以为非凸目标目标提供融合保证。我们的代码可在https://github.com/mmorafah/pacfl上找到。
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Deep neural networks have strong capabilities of memorizing the underlying training data, which can be a serious privacy concern. An effective solution to this problem is to train models with differential privacy, which provides rigorous privacy guarantees by injecting random noise to the gradients. This paper focuses on the scenario where sensitive data are distributed among multiple participants, who jointly train a model through federated learning (FL), using both secure multiparty computation (MPC) to ensure the confidentiality of each gradient update, and differential privacy to avoid data leakage in the resulting model. A major challenge in this setting is that common mechanisms for enforcing DP in deep learning, which inject real-valued noise, are fundamentally incompatible with MPC, which exchanges finite-field integers among the participants. Consequently, most existing DP mechanisms require rather high noise levels, leading to poor model utility. Motivated by this, we propose Skellam mixture mechanism (SMM), an approach to enforce DP on models built via FL. Compared to existing methods, SMM eliminates the assumption that the input gradients must be integer-valued, and, thus, reduces the amount of noise injected to preserve DP. Further, SMM allows tight privacy accounting due to the nice composition and sub-sampling properties of the Skellam distribution, which are key to accurate deep learning with DP. The theoretical analysis of SMM is highly non-trivial, especially considering (i) the complicated math of differentially private deep learning in general and (ii) the fact that the mixture of two Skellam distributions is rather complex, and to our knowledge, has not been studied in the DP literature. Extensive experiments on various practical settings demonstrate that SMM consistently and significantly outperforms existing solutions in terms of the utility of the resulting model.
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The increasing size of data generated by smartphones and IoT devices motivated the development of Federated Learning (FL), a framework for on-device collaborative training of machine learning models. First efforts in FL focused on learning a single global model with good average performance across clients, but the global model may be arbitrarily bad for a given client, due to the inherent heterogeneity of local data distributions. Federated multi-task learning (MTL) approaches can learn personalized models by formulating an opportune penalized optimization problem. The penalization term can capture complex relations among personalized models, but eschews clear statistical assumptions about local data distributions. In this work, we propose to study federated MTL under the flexible assumption that each local data distribution is a mixture of unknown underlying distributions. This assumption encompasses most of the existing personalized FL approaches and leads to federated EM-like algorithms for both client-server and fully decentralized settings. Moreover, it provides a principled way to serve personalized models to clients not seen at training time. The algorithms' convergence is analyzed through a novel federated surrogate optimization framework, which can be of general interest. Experimental results on FL benchmarks show that our approach provides models with higher accuracy and fairness than state-of-the-art methods.
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大规模的机器学习系统通常涉及分布在用户集合中的数据。联合学习算法通过将模型更新传达给中央服务器而不是整个数据集来利用此结构。在本文中,我们研究了一个个性化联合学习设置的随机优化算法,涉及符合用户级别(联合)差异隐私的本地和全球模型。在学习私人全球模型的同时,促进了隐私成本,但本地学习是完全私人的。我们提供概括保证,表明与私人集中学习协调本地学习可以产生一种普遍有用和改进的精度和隐私之间的权衡。我们通过有关合成和现实世界数据集的实验来说明我们的理论结果。
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Federated learning seeks to address the issue of isolated data islands by making clients disclose only their local training models. However, it was demonstrated that private information could still be inferred by analyzing local model parameters, such as deep neural network model weights. Recently, differential privacy has been applied to federated learning to protect data privacy, but the noise added may degrade the learning performance much. Typically, in previous work, training parameters were clipped equally and noises were added uniformly. The heterogeneity and convergence of training parameters were simply not considered. In this paper, we propose a differentially private scheme for federated learning with adaptive noise (Adap DP-FL). Specifically, due to the gradient heterogeneity, we conduct adaptive gradient clipping for different clients and different rounds; due to the gradient convergence, we add decreasing noises accordingly. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that our Adap DP-FL outperforms previous methods significantly.
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从分布式敏感数据中学习隐私的模型是一个越来越重要的问题,通常在联邦学习环境中提出。最近通过分区的变异推理算法扩展到了非私有联盟学习设置。为了保护隐私,当前的黄金标准称为差异隐私。差异隐私在强大的数学上明确定义的意义上保证了隐私。在本文中,我们介绍了差异化的分区变异推断,这是学习与联合学习环境中贝叶斯后分布的差异近似的第一个通用框架,同时最大程度地减少了通信弹的数量并为数据主体提供差异隐私保证。我们在通用框架中提出了三个替代实现,一个基于单个方面的本地优化,而两个基于扰动全局更新(一种使用联合平均版本,一个将虚拟方添加到协议中),并比较其属性,并比较其属性理论上和经验。我们表明,只要各方都有足够的本地数据,扰动本地优化与简单且复杂的模型效果很好。但是,每个方始终独立保证隐私。相比之下,扰动全局更新与相对简单的模型最有效。鉴于可以访问合适的安全原始词,例如安全聚合或安全的改组,所有各方都可以共同保证隐私。
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联合学习(FL)提供了一个有效的范式,可以共同培训分布式用户的数据的全球模型。由于本地培训数据来自可能不值得信赖的不同用户,因此一些研究表明,FL容易受到中毒攻击的影响。同时,为了保护本地用户的隐私,FL始终以差异性私人方式(DPFL)进行培训。因此,在本文中,我们问:我们是否可以利用DPFL的先天隐私权来提供对中毒攻击的认证鲁棒性?我们可以进一步改善FL的隐私以改善这种认证吗?我们首先研究了FL的用户级和实例级别的隐私,并提出了新的机制以获得改进的实例级隐私。然后,我们提供两个鲁棒性认证标准:两级DPFL的认证预测和认证攻击成本。从理论上讲,我们证明了DPFL在有限数量的对抗用户或实例下的认证鲁棒性。从经验上讲,我们进行了广泛的实验,以在对不同数据集的一系列攻击下验证我们的理论。我们表明,具有更严格的隐私保证的DPFL总是在认证攻击成本方面提供更强的鲁棒性认证,但是在隐私保护和公用事业损失之间的适当平衡下,获得了最佳认证预测。
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We demonstrate that it is possible to train large recurrent language models with user-level differential privacy guarantees with only a negligible cost in predictive accuracy. Our work builds on recent advances in the training of deep networks on user-partitioned data and privacy accounting for stochastic gradient descent. In particular, we add user-level privacy protection to the federated averaging algorithm, which makes "large step" updates from user-level data. Our work demonstrates that given a dataset with a sufficiently large number of users (a requirement easily met by even small internet-scale datasets), achieving differential privacy comes at the cost of increased computation, rather than in decreased utility as in most prior work. We find that our private LSTM language models are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to un-noised models when trained on a large dataset.
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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