虽然深入学习模型取得了前所未有的成功,但他们对逆势袭击的脆弱性引起了越来越关注,特别是在部署安全关键域名时。为了解决挑战,已经提出了鲁棒性改善的许多辩护策略,包括反应性和积极主动。从图像特征空间的角度来看,由于特征的偏移,其中一些人无法达到满足结果。此外,模型学习的功能与分类结果无直接相关。与他们不同,我们考虑基本上从模型内部进行防御方法,并在攻击前后调查神经元行为。我们观察到,通过大大改变为正确标签的神经元大大改变神经元来误导模型。受其激励,我们介绍了神经元影响的概念,进一步将神经元分为前,中间和尾部。基于它,我们提出神经元水平逆扰动(NIP),第一神经元水平反应防御方法对抗对抗攻击。通过强化前神经元并削弱尾部中的弱化,辊隙可以消除几乎所有的对抗扰动,同时仍然保持高良好的精度。此外,它可以通过适应性,尤其是更大的扰动来应对不同的扰动。在三个数据集和六种模型上进行的综合实验表明,NIP优于最先进的基线对抗11个对抗性攻击。我们进一步通过神经元激活和可视化提供可解释的证据,以便更好地理解。
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在现实世界应用中的深度神经网络(DNN)的成功受益于丰富的预训练模型。然而,回溯预训练模型可以对下游DNN的部署构成显着的特洛伊木马威胁。现有的DNN测试方法主要旨在在对抗性设置中找到错误的角壳行为,但未能发现由强大的木马攻击所制作的后门。观察特洛伊木马网络行为表明,它们不仅由先前的工作所提出的单一受损神经元反射,而且归因于在多个神经元的激活强度和频率中的关键神经路径。这项工作制定了DNN后门测试,并提出了录音机框架。通过少量良性示例的关键神经元的差异模糊,我们识别特洛伊木马路径,特别是临界人,并通过模拟所识别的路径中的关键神经元来产生后门测试示例。广泛的实验表明了追索者的优越性,比现有方法更高的检测性能。通过隐秘的混合和自适应攻击来检测到后门的录音机更好,现有方法无法检测到。此外,我们的实验表明,录音所可能会揭示模型动物园中的模型的潜在潜在的背面。
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Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in many tasks, they can often be fooled by adversarial examples that are generated by adding small but purposeful distortions to natural examples. Previous studies to defend against adversarial examples mostly focused on refining the DNN models, but have either shown limited success or required expensive computation. We propose a new strategy, feature squeezing, that can be used to harden DNN models by detecting adversarial examples. Feature squeezing reduces the search space available to an adversary by coalescing samples that correspond to many different feature vectors in the original space into a single sample. By comparing a DNN model's prediction on the original input with that on squeezed inputs, feature squeezing detects adversarial examples with high accuracy and few false positives.This paper explores two feature squeezing methods: reducing the color bit depth of each pixel and spatial smoothing. These simple strategies are inexpensive and complementary to other defenses, and can be combined in a joint detection framework to achieve high detection rates against state-of-the-art attacks.
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通过对数据集的样本应用小而有意的最差情况扰动可以产生对抗性输入,这导致甚至最先进的深神经网络,以高信任输出不正确的答案。因此,开发了一些对抗防御技术来提高模型的安全性和稳健性,并避免它们被攻击。逐渐,攻击者和捍卫者之间的游戏类似的竞争,其中两个玩家都会试图在最大化自己的收益的同时互相反对发挥最佳策略。为了解决游戏,每个玩家都基于对对手的战略选择的预测来选择反对对手的最佳策略。在这项工作中,我们正处于防守方面,以申请防止攻击的游戏理论方法。我们使用两个随机化方法,随机初始化和随机激活修剪,以创造网络的多样性。此外,我们使用一种去噪技术,超级分辨率,通过在攻击前预处理图像来改善模型的鲁棒性。我们的实验结果表明,这三种方法可以有效提高深度学习神经网络的鲁棒性。
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基于深度神经网络(DNN)的智能信息(IOT)系统已被广泛部署在现实世界中。然而,发现DNNS易受对抗性示例的影响,这提高了人们对智能物联网系统的可靠性和安全性的担忧。测试和评估IOT系统的稳健性成为必要和必要。最近已经提出了各种攻击和策略,但效率问题仍未纠正。现有方法是计算地广泛或耗时,这在实践中不适用。在本文中,我们提出了一种称为攻击启发GaN(AI-GaN)的新框架,在有条件地产生对抗性实例。曾经接受过培训,可以有效地给予对抗扰动的输入图像和目标类。我们在白盒设置的不同数据集中应用AI-GaN,黑匣子设置和由最先进的防御保护的目标模型。通过广泛的实验,AI-GaN实现了高攻击成功率,优于现有方法,并显着降低了生成时间。此外,首次,AI-GaN成功地缩放到复杂的数据集。 Cifar-100和Imagenet,所有课程中的成功率约为90美元。
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Video classification systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which can create severe security problems in video verification. Current black-box attacks need a large number of queries to succeed, resulting in high computational overhead in the process of attack. On the other hand, attacks with restricted perturbations are ineffective against defenses such as denoising or adversarial training. In this paper, we focus on unrestricted perturbations and propose StyleFool, a black-box video adversarial attack via style transfer to fool the video classification system. StyleFool first utilizes color theme proximity to select the best style image, which helps avoid unnatural details in the stylized videos. Meanwhile, the target class confidence is additionally considered in targeted attacks to influence the output distribution of the classifier by moving the stylized video closer to or even across the decision boundary. A gradient-free method is then employed to further optimize the adversarial perturbations. We carry out extensive experiments to evaluate StyleFool on two standard datasets, UCF-101 and HMDB-51. The experimental results demonstrate that StyleFool outperforms the state-of-the-art adversarial attacks in terms of both the number of queries and the robustness against existing defenses. Moreover, 50% of the stylized videos in untargeted attacks do not need any query since they can already fool the video classification model. Furthermore, we evaluate the indistinguishability through a user study to show that the adversarial samples of StyleFool look imperceptible to human eyes, despite unrestricted perturbations.
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已知深度神经网络(DNN)容易受到用不可察觉的扰动制作的对抗性示例的影响,即,输入图像的微小变化会引起错误的分类,从而威胁着基于深度学习的部署系统的可靠性。经常采用对抗训练(AT)来通过训练损坏和干净的数据的混合物来提高DNN的鲁棒性。但是,大多数基于AT的方法在处理\ textit {转移的对抗示例}方面是无效的,这些方法是生成以欺骗各种防御模型的生成的,因此无法满足现实情况下提出的概括要求。此外,对抗性训练一般的国防模型不能对具有扰动的输入产生可解释的预测,而不同的领域专家则需要一个高度可解释的强大模型才能了解DNN的行为。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种基于Jacobian规范和选择性输入梯度正则化(J-SIGR)的方法,该方法通过Jacobian归一化提出了线性化的鲁棒性,还将基于扰动的显着性图正规化,以模仿模型的可解释预测。因此,我们既可以提高DNN的防御能力和高解释性。最后,我们评估了跨不同体系结构的方法,以针对强大的对抗性攻击。实验表明,提出的J-Sigr赋予了针对转移的对抗攻击的鲁棒性,我们还表明,来自神经网络的预测易于解释。
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The authors thank Nicholas Carlini (UC Berkeley) and Dimitris Tsipras (MIT) for feedback to improve the survey quality. We also acknowledge X. Huang (Uni. Liverpool), K. R. Reddy (IISC), E. Valle (UNICAMP), Y. Yoo (CLAIR) and others for providing pointers to make the survey more comprehensive.
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are one of the most prominent technologies of our time, as they achieve state-of-the-art performance in many machine learning tasks, including but not limited to image classification, text mining, and speech processing. However, recent research on DNNs has indicated ever-increasing concern on the robustness to adversarial examples, especially for security-critical tasks such as traffic sign identification for autonomous driving. Studies have unveiled the vulnerability of a well-trained DNN by demonstrating the ability of generating barely noticeable (to both human and machines) adversarial images that lead to misclassification. Furthermore, researchers have shown that these adversarial images are highly transferable by simply training and attacking a substitute model built upon the target model, known as a black-box attack to DNNs.Similar to the setting of training substitute models, in this paper we propose an effective black-box attack that also only has access to the input (images) and the output (confidence scores) of a targeted DNN. However, different from leveraging attack transferability from substitute models, we propose zeroth order optimization (ZOO) based attacks to directly estimate the gradients of the targeted DNN for generating adversarial examples. We use zeroth order stochastic coordinate descent along with dimension reduction, hierarchical attack and importance sampling techniques to * Pin-Yu Chen and Huan Zhang contribute equally to this work.
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深度神经网络众所周知,很容易受到对抗性攻击和后门攻击的影响,在该攻击中,对输入的微小修改能够误导模型以给出错误的结果。尽管已经广泛研究了针对对抗性攻击的防御措施,但有关减轻后门攻击的调查仍处于早期阶段。尚不清楚防御这两次攻击之间是否存在任何连接和共同特征。我们对对抗性示例与深神网络的后门示例之间的联系进行了全面的研究,以寻求回答以下问题:我们可以使用对抗检测方法检测后门。我们的见解是基于这样的观察结果,即在推理过程中,对抗性示例和后门示例都有异常,与良性​​样本高度区分。结果,我们修改了四种现有的对抗防御方法来检测后门示例。广泛的评估表明,这些方法可靠地防止后门攻击,其准确性比检测对抗性实例更高。这些解决方案还揭示了模型灵敏度,激活空间和特征空间中对抗性示例,后门示例和正常样本的关系。这能够增强我们对这两次攻击和防御机会的固有特征的理解。
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大多数对抗攻击防御方法依赖于混淆渐变。这些方法在捍卫基于梯度的攻击方面是成功的;然而,它们容易被攻击绕过,该攻击不使用梯度或近似近似和使用校正梯度的攻击。不存在不存在诸如对抗培训等梯度的防御,但这些方法通常对诸如其幅度的攻击进行假设。我们提出了一种分类模型,该模型不会混淆梯度,并且通过施工而强大而不承担任何关于攻击的知识。我们的方法将分类作为优化问题,我们“反转”在不受干扰的自然图像上培训的条件发电机,以找到生成最接近查询图像的类。我们假设潜在的脆性抗逆性攻击源是前馈分类器的高度低维性质,其允许对手发现输入空间中的小扰动,从而导致输出空间的大变化。另一方面,生成模型通常是低到高维的映射。虽然该方法与防御GaN相关,但在我们的模型中使用条件生成模型和反演而不是前馈分类是临界差异。与Defense-GaN不同,它被证明生成了容易规避的混淆渐变,我们表明我们的方法不会混淆梯度。我们展示了我们的模型对黑箱攻击的极其强劲,并与自然训练的前馈分类器相比,对白盒攻击的鲁棒性提高。
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与此同时,黑匣子对抗攻击已经吸引了令人印象深刻的注意,在深度学习安全领域的实际应用,同时,由于无法访问目标模型的网络架构或内部权重,非常具有挑战性。基于假设:如果一个例子对多种型号保持过逆势,那么它更有可能将攻击能力转移到其他模型,基于集合的对抗攻击方法是高效的,用于黑匣子攻击。然而,集合攻击的方式相当不那么调查,并且现有的集合攻击只是均匀地融合所有型号的输出。在这项工作中,我们将迭代集合攻击视为随机梯度下降优化过程,其中不同模型上梯度的变化可能导致众多局部Optima差。为此,我们提出了一种新的攻击方法,称为随机方差减少了整体(SVRE)攻击,这可以降低集合模型的梯度方差,并充分利用集合攻击。标准想象数据集的经验结果表明,所提出的方法可以提高对抗性可转移性,并且优于现有的集合攻击显着。
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深度神经网络(DNNS)最近在许多分类任务中取得了巨大的成功。不幸的是,它们容易受到对抗性攻击的影响,这些攻击会产生对抗性示例,这些示例具有很小的扰动,以欺骗DNN模型,尤其是在模型共享方案中。事实证明,对抗性训练是最有效的策略,它将对抗性示例注入模型训练中,以提高DNN模型的稳健性,以对对抗性攻击。但是,基于现有的对抗性示例的对抗训练无法很好地推广到标准,不受干扰的测试数据。为了在标准准确性和对抗性鲁棒性之间取得更好的权衡,我们提出了一个新型的对抗训练框架,称为潜在边界引导的对抗训练(梯子),该训练(梯子)在潜在的边界引导的对抗性示例上对对手进行对手训练DNN模型。与大多数在输入空间中生成对抗示例的现有方法相反,梯子通过增加对潜在特征的扰动而产生了无数的高质量对抗示例。扰动是沿SVM构建的具有注意机制的决策边界的正常情况进行的。我们从边界场的角度和可视化视图分析了生成的边界引导的对抗示例的优点。与Vanilla DNN和竞争性底线相比,对MNIST,SVHN,CELEBA和CIFAR-10的广泛实验和详细分析验证了梯子在标准准确性和对抗性鲁棒性之间取得更好的权衡方面的有效性。
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Adding perturbations via utilizing auxiliary gradient information or discarding existing details of the benign images are two common approaches for generating adversarial examples. Though visual imperceptibility is the desired property of adversarial examples, conventional adversarial attacks still generate traceable adversarial perturbations. In this paper, we introduce a novel Adversarial Attack via Invertible Neural Networks (AdvINN) method to produce robust and imperceptible adversarial examples. Specifically, AdvINN fully takes advantage of the information preservation property of Invertible Neural Networks and thereby generates adversarial examples by simultaneously adding class-specific semantic information of the target class and dropping discriminant information of the original class. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet-1K demonstrate that the proposed AdvINN method can produce less imperceptible adversarial images than the state-of-the-art methods and AdvINN yields more robust adversarial examples with high confidence compared to other adversarial attacks.
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深度学习(DL)在许多与人类相关的任务中表现出巨大的成功,这导致其在许多计算机视觉的基础应用中采用,例如安全监控系统,自治车辆和医疗保健。一旦他们拥有能力克服安全关键挑战,这种安全关键型应用程序必须绘制他们的成功部署之路。在这些挑战中,防止或/和检测对抗性实例(AES)。对手可以仔细制作小型,通常是难以察觉的,称为扰动的噪声被添加到清洁图像中以产生AE。 AE的目的是愚弄DL模型,使其成为DL应用的潜在风险。在文献中提出了许多测试时间逃避攻击和对策,即防御或检测方法。此外,还发布了很少的评论和调查,理论上展示了威胁的分类和对策方法,几乎​​没有焦点检测方法。在本文中,我们专注于图像分类任务,并试图为神经网络分类器进行测试时间逃避攻击检测方法的调查。对此类方法的详细讨论提供了在四个数据集的不同场景下的八个最先进的探测器的实验结果。我们还为这一研究方向提供了潜在的挑战和未来的观点。
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With rapid progress and significant successes in a wide spectrum of applications, deep learning is being applied in many safety-critical environments. However, deep neural networks have been recently found vulnerable to well-designed input samples, called adversarial examples. Adversarial perturbations are imperceptible to human but can easily fool deep neural networks in the testing/deploying stage. The vulnerability to adversarial examples becomes one of the major risks for applying deep neural networks in safety-critical environments. Therefore, attacks and defenses on adversarial examples draw great attention. In this paper, we review recent findings on adversarial examples for deep neural networks, summarize the methods for generating adversarial examples, and propose a taxonomy of these methods. Under the taxonomy, applications for adversarial examples are investigated. We further elaborate on countermeasures for adversarial examples. In addition, three major challenges in adversarial examples and the potential solutions are discussed.
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尽管机器学习系统的效率和可扩展性,但最近的研究表明,许多分类方法,尤其是深神经网络(DNN),易受对抗的例子;即,仔细制作欺骗训练有素的分类模型的例子,同时无法区分从自然数据到人类。这使得在安全关键区域中应用DNN或相关方法可能不安全。由于这个问题是由Biggio等人确定的。 (2013)和Szegedy等人。(2014年),在这一领域已经完成了很多工作,包括开发攻击方法,以产生对抗的例子和防御技术的构建防范这些例子。本文旨在向统计界介绍这一主题及其最新发展,主要关注对抗性示例的产生和保护。在数值实验中使用的计算代码(在Python和R)公开可用于读者探讨调查的方法。本文希望提交人们将鼓励更多统计学人员在这种重要的令人兴奋的领域的产生和捍卫对抗的例子。
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Video compression plays a crucial role in video streaming and classification systems by maximizing the end-user quality of experience (QoE) at a given bandwidth budget. In this paper, we conduct the first systematic study for adversarial attacks on deep learning-based video compression and downstream classification systems. Our attack framework, dubbed RoVISQ, manipulates the Rate-Distortion ($\textit{R}$-$\textit{D}$) relationship of a video compression model to achieve one or both of the following goals: (1) increasing the network bandwidth, (2) degrading the video quality for end-users. We further devise new objectives for targeted and untargeted attacks to a downstream video classification service. Finally, we design an input-invariant perturbation that universally disrupts video compression and classification systems in real time. Unlike previously proposed attacks on video classification, our adversarial perturbations are the first to withstand compression. We empirically show the resilience of RoVISQ attacks against various defenses, i.e., adversarial training, video denoising, and JPEG compression. Our extensive experimental results on various video datasets show RoVISQ attacks deteriorate peak signal-to-noise ratio by up to 5.6dB and the bit-rate by up to $\sim$ 2.4$\times$ while achieving over 90$\%$ attack success rate on a downstream classifier. Our user study further demonstrates the effect of RoVISQ attacks on users' QoE.
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深度神经网络(DNN)受到对抗的示例攻击的威胁。对手可以通过将小型精心设计的扰动添加到输入来容易地改变DNN的输出。对手示例检测是基于强大的DNNS服务的基本工作。对手示例显示了人类和DNN在图像识别中的差异。从以人为本的角度来看,图像特征可以分为对人类可易于理解的主导特征,并且对人类来说是不可理解的隐性特征,但是被DNN利用。在本文中,我们揭示了难以察觉的对手实例是隐性特征误导性神经网络的乘积,并且对抗性攻击基本上是一种富集图像中的这些隐性特征的方法。对手实例的难以察觉表明扰动丰富了隐性特征,但几乎影响了主导特征。因此,对抗性实例对滤波偏离隐性特征敏感,而良性示例对这种操作免疫。受到这个想法的启发,我们提出了一种仅称为特征过滤器的标签的侵略性检测方法。功能过滤器利用离散余弦变换到占主导地位的大约单独的隐性功能,并获得默认隐性功能的突变图像。只有在输入和其突变体上进行DNN的预测标签,特征过滤器可以实时检测高精度和少量误报的难以察觉的对抗性示例。
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基于转移的对手示例是最重要的黑匣子攻击类别之一。然而,在对抗性扰动的可转移性和难以察觉之间存在权衡。在此方向上的事先工作经常需要固定但大量的$ \ ell_p $ -norm扰动预算,达到良好的转移成功率,导致可察觉的对抗扰动。另一方面,目前的大多数旨在产生语义保留扰动的难以限制的对抗攻击患有对目标模型的可转移性较弱。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个几何形象感知框架,以产生具有最小变化的可转移的对抗性示例。类似于在统计机器学习中的模型选择,我们利用验证模型为$ \ ell _ {\ infty} $ - norm和不受限制的威胁模型中选择每个图像的最佳扰动预算。广泛的实验验证了我们对平衡令人难以置信的难以察觉和可转移性的框架的有效性。方法论是我们进入CVPR'21安全性AI挑战者的基础:对想象成的不受限制的对抗攻击,其中我们将第1位排名第1,559支队伍,并在决赛方面超过了亚军提交的提交4.59%和23.91%分别和平均图像质量水平。代码可在https://github.com/equationliu/ga-attack获得。
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